Increasing the volume of cylinders gas 21 Volga. Soviet car GAZ-M21 "Volga": description, specifications

The main part of the produced Volg M-21 and GAZ-21 was installed ZMZ engine-21.
It was an all-aluminum overhead valve lower engine with a working volume of 2.445 liters. Since it is structurally similar in many respects to the engines of the ZMZ-402.10 type (Volga, GAZelle), which are widely known in our time, it is easiest to describe the features of its design by contrasting it with this family.

The GAZ-21 engine was adapted for use lubricants with an extremely low level of quality available at that time in the USSR - the instruction recommended the use of "industrial oil-50, machine oil SU, automobile M8B or autotractor AS-9.5", which was an advantage over foreign models. At the same time, the use of low-quality lubricants led to a decrease in the service interval (oil change every 3000 km with a significant reduction under difficult operating conditions) and a decrease in engine durability. Gasoline was also used very low, by European standards, grade - with an octane rating of at least 70 according to the motor method (in the version for the domestic market).

At the same time, in terms of durability, the Volga engine was at least not inferior to foreign engines similar in working volume - a resource guaranteed by the plant up to the first overhaul was 200 thousand km, but in practice, with proper and careful operation, the engine could “depart” and 500 thousand. For comparison, in the USA for much larger passenger cars a good indicator was considered to be a mileage to overhaul of 140 thousand miles (~ 250 thousand km), and for a heavy class truck with diesel engine an excellent indicator was 400 thousand km. The high maintainability, which makes it possible to carry out a major overhaul of the motor in artisanal conditions, without boring the cylinder walls requiring sophisticated equipment, in fact made the Volgovsky motor practically “eternal”.

The main features of the ZMZ-21 in comparison with the "402" family are: a cylinder head with valves of a smaller diameter and a different location of the water pump (the pump was lubricated not with antifreeze, but with a grease gun through a grease gun with lithol); compression ratio for gasoline grades A-72 or A-80 (the latter should not be confused with the modern AI-80 / A-76; depending on the modification, it is normal or for export); two-stage oil purification system (two partial-flow filters - coarse and fine); rectangular intake manifold with mounting for a single-chamber carburetor; contact system ignition. It is essential that there is an upper plane on the cylinder block that fixes the sleeves (on the ZMZ-402, the sleeves are placed in an open block). There were other less noticeable differences as well. From the foregoing, it follows that, in general, the differences between the engines of the ZMZ-21 and ZMZ-402 families are insignificant. Carburetor engines Volga of all families (-21, -24, -31xx) and GAZelles, except for engines of the 406th family, are, in principle, interchangeable in assembly, but taking into account some minor modifications to the crankcase, transmission and attachments. The possibilities of detailed interchangeability are much narrower. The situation with UMP engines is much better in both respects.

The block was aluminum, cast in a chill mold. Sleeves - wet, replaceable, made of gray cast iron, planted in a block with an interference fit. Cast aluminum cylinder head with plug-in cast iron valve seats. Candles were screwed into it on the left. On the right side of the engine there was an intake manifold with a single-chamber carburetor and an exhaust manifold, DC generator, oil pre-filter and drain cock. On the left were the starter, breaker-distributor, oil dipstick and fuel pump. Pistons - aluminum tinned, with three piston rings - two compression and one oil scraper. Piston pin offset 1.5 mm to the right to reduce engine noise. The crankshaft is five-bearing, cast iron, thin-walled, bimetallic (steel-babbit) liners. Valve diameters: intake - 44 mm, exhaust - 36 mm.

K-22I carburetors were used (on all cars of the first and second series and on part of the third series until the end of the 1960s), K-105 (on a small part of the early third series - 1962-1965) and K-124 (on the late third series), all single-chamber type. After the end of the production of GAZ-21, K-129 was produced as a spare part for it, very slightly different from K-124. All four models of carburetors are completely interchangeable as an assembly, and K-124 and K-129 are also in most parts.

Power ranged from 70 hp. and 80 hp (early modifications, standard and export configurations) up to 75 hp and 85 hp (late modifications) at ~4000 rpm. The increase in power on export modifications was achieved by reducing the height of the cylinder head, subject to the use of higher-octane fuel available abroad. The torque was 166.7 Nm on the base modification and was achieved in the region of ~ 2200 rpm. Thus, in terms of its characteristics, the engine is close to modern passenger diesel engines, and not gasoline engines.

BRIEF TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Engine type: Four-stroke, carburetor, gasoline, overhead valve, four-cylinder
Cylinder arrangement: Vertical, in line
Cylinder diameter and piston stroke in mm: 92X92
Cylinder displacement in l: 2.445
Cylinder firing order: 1–2–4–3
Compression ratio: 6.7
Fuel: Gasoline A-72 (A-76, A-80)
Maximum power at 4000 rpm in l. p.: 75 (80, 85)
Maximum torque at 2000 rpm in kGm: 17 (18, 19)
Weight of the engine complete with gearbox, central brake and all equipment (without oil and water) in kg: 20

1 - lever for manual pumping of gasoline
2 - oil level indicator
3 - fuel pump
4 - crankcase ventilation exhaust pipe
5 - inlet pipe of the water pump
4 - fuel fine filter
7 - ignition distributor
8 - adjusting nuts of the octane corrector of the ignition distributor
9 - starter
10 - coarse oil filter
11 - drain cock of the water jacket of the cylinder block
12 - body heater radiator tap
13 - inlet pipe
14 - exhaust manifold
15 - carburetor
16 - air filter
17 - carburetor guard
18 - generator mounting plate
19 - generator
20 - oil pressure sensor

The ZMZ-21A engine was used on RAF minibuses and ErAZ vans; the latter were produced back in the 1980s. The Ulyanovsk Engine Building Plant based on it created its own version of the UMZ-451 engine, which was installed on UAZ vehicles for a long time. The differences between UMZ-451 and ZMZ-21A are minimal, especially in the first releases: at first glance, this is the same engine.

classmates

This car, the Volga GAZ 21, still looks luxurious. Years, even decades, have passed, many car models on our roads have changed, foreign-made cars have actively and firmly come into our lives.

Classic Volga GAZ 21

And I must say that this happened quite naturally, because it happens everywhere. But the car many years ago, which embodied power, beauty, prosperity and elegance, remained the same, elegant, beautiful, and still attracts the attention of passers-by on the street, passing by them.

Yes, there are many cars that are more powerful, specifications, which are significantly superior to this miracle of the Soviet automobile industry. Yes, the fuel consumption of this car does not at all meet modern requirements related to the widespread struggle for energy saving, but few motorists, approaching a GAZ 21 car seen on the street, or even more so, do not catch themselves wanting to carefully stroke its hood, touch roof or racks.

car GAZ M21 1956 release

At the very beginning of the fifties, the Soviet automotive industry faced the need to create such a car. Produced at that time "Victory" was enough quality car. But it was decided to expand the lineup on Soviet highways.

As a prototype of the then novelty of the domestic auto industry, many found the features of some Chevrolet models or Ford developments, but here we can hardly talk about any plagiarism.

At that time, many automakers bought samples of competitors' models, disassembled them almost by cogs, studying the types of material used to manufacture certain parts.

The types of connections of parts, various design solutions, and so on were studied. The corps of Soviet automobile designers followed the same path.

Scheme of the device 21 Volga

Many cars produced at that time had bulging headlights, a predatory-aggressive hood profile, or a grille pattern. Something could repeat, something.

The “twenty-first”, and in fact, the first model of the “Volga”, was produced for fourteen years, having survived many tests, upgrades, design changes, body types (“sedan”, “station wagon”). Let's start with history.

The history of the creation of a truly legendary Soviet car began back in 1953, when it was decided to start developing a car model that largely repeats the lines and general outline of the then American design school, but still managed to give it certain authentic features.

Volga gas 21 1953 release

Features that allow us to talk about originality, about the dissimilarity of design characteristics, design features that so distinguished our Volga. It is known that in the following 1954, the first, not yet serial, but experimental, but already fully operational samples appeared.

They were then also equipped with experimental engines with overhead valves and a hemisphere-shaped combustion chamber, and their characteristic feature was the presence of a camshaft chain drive. Experiments with such a design gave negative results and it was decided not to send them into serial production.

Initially, two projects were developed, one was called the GAZ M21 Volga, the other was the GAZ M21 Zvezda. By the way, the star located on the radiator grill of a single-beam structure has long been a hallmark and the car model itself was named after it.

Radiator grille GAZ 21 of the third series

"Volga" with this type of grille was popularly called "Marshal" or "Zhukovskaya". The first years of its existence, the car was doomed to constant comparison with the no less legendary Pobeda car.

But the Volga, even in tests, proved to be much better, it surpassed the Pobeda in most technical characteristics, it was more dynamic, more maneuverable and surpassed in fuel economy.

Production in those years was still quite imperfect, although progress in the automotive industry was, of course, evident, but the path from testing a new car model to its entry into a series, that is, into serial production, took years.

So the first series of the Volga car was released already in 1956, that is, years after the start of design development.

Start of mass production

But the result obtained is worthy of spending some time describing the design of a new (then still, new) car. First, two were developed, automatic and mechanical. Both gearboxes had three steps. At the same time, which is typical, the main gear on this car model had a cone-shaped design, it was later models that had a hypoid main gear.

The then GAZ M 21 car had an independent type rear suspension and hydraulic shock absorbers of a lever design. The rear suspension was also independent, based on springs in a shape resembling a semi-ellipse.

Well, what about appearance, then until now, as many motorists like to joke, the main one, billowing in front of the hood.
And from this main part" before front glass there was molding. Instead of the former "Marshal's", a new radiator grill appeared, the so-called "shark teeth", where vertical wide racks were interspersed with holes. What added to the overall design of a special flavor.

The interior of the car deserves special attention. For all the then Soviet penchant for gigantism, the salon, even at that time, seemed huge. The capacity of the entire car still gives rise to legends. By the way, big sizes, say, the trunk is an absolute plus, because the modern owner of the GAZ 21 or those who still have the GAZ M 21 can consider themselves lucky owners, if you will, of a semi-truck car model. The weight of the cargo that the Volga can transfer is hardly comparable with any other passenger car.

semi-truck Volga gas 21

However, back to the interior of our car. back seat in it, almost no one calls it a seat, because it is rather a sofa. At the same time, the front sofa had to be divided in half, otherwise there would simply be nowhere to put the gear lever.

So, 1957 is officially considered the beginning of serial production.

But although serial production began, the engine that was equipped with the GAZ M 21, the predecessor of the GAZ 21, was borrowed from earlier cars, such as Pobeda or ZIM. Nevertheless, the Volga received its engine, but a little later, and, in the same year, it was new engine ZMZ - 21, produced at the Zavolzhsky Motor Plant, built specifically for this purpose. As for the technical characteristics of this engine, it had a volume of 2.4 liters and a power of seventy Horse power.
It was an aluminum engine, an overhead valve design, quite innovative for its time.

Operational data and technical characteristics of the Volga GAZ-21

The GAZ 21 car became a worthy successor to the Pobeda M-20 and lasted on the assembly line for almost 14 years. During this time, the car was upgraded twice, but even the first production cars were very popular and had some success.

Example Volga GAZ 21 black

The unpretentiousness of the car and excellent technical characteristics contributed to the popularity. "Volga" was successfully used in a taxi and as company car, also the model was available for private use. For technical and performance characteristics the legendary car is worth focusing on.

Dimensions GAZ 21

It cannot be said that by the standards of Volga cars, the GAZ 21 was compact. Although the car belonged to the middle class, its dimensions are quite impressive. The sedan model has a length of 4.77 m, a width of 1.8 m and a height of 1.62 m. Such dimensions allowed the cabin to be quite spacious and comfortable, it easily accommodated five people, including the driver. Distance between axles ( wheelbase) at the Volga is 2.7 m. The body has 4 doors.

GAZ 22 is also in production - a station wagon version of a passenger car.

It looks like a classic Volga Gaz-22 station wagon

This modification appeared in serial production later, it was produced since 1962 (GAZ 21 since 1956). In terms of dimensions, the GAZ 22 is slightly longer (4.81 m), a fifth door (tailgate) is provided on the rear of the body.

The tailgate consisted of two halves - upper and lower. The salon allowed to transport already 7 people, and it contained three rows of seats. The last row folded, and the volume luggage compartment increased markedly. There were no other fundamental differences between GAZ 22 and GAZ 21.

Unlike its predecessor "Victory", "Volga" had good visibility due to the installed panoramic windshield. The track of the front wheels of the 21st is 1.41m, rear wheels- track 1, 42 m. GAZ21 has a good turning radius, and in general almost does not lag behind modern cars by this indicator.

Originally painted Volga 21

Operating data

According to the car's operating manual, GAZ 21 has the following characteristics:

The safety of the car was not at the highest level. The reason for this was the complete absence of seat belts. In addition, the tie rods were so located that in case of any serious impact, a hard steering in the cabin shifted back, and the driver's chance to survive was not very big.

Engine Specifications

In the sixties of the last century, constructively, ZMZ 21 was considered the perfect engine, not only by Soviet standards, but also in world terms.

Graphs showing the characteristics of the engine gas 21

Not all engines of those years had an overhead valve arrangement and an aluminum block with a cylinder head.

ZMZ 21 (ZMZ-21A) was installed on the GAZ 21 model from 1957 and had the following characteristics:

Transmission and clutch specifications

The GAZ 21 car model has rear drive wheels (wheel formula 4x2). The first Volga models were produced in two versions - with a three-stage mechanical box gears and with an automatic three-speed gearbox.

FROM automatic transmission"Volga" was produced for a short time, in the Soviet Union there was not enough skilled craftsmen for service automatic transmission, there was no special oil in the right amount. Moreover, for 4 cylinder engine there was a weak acceleration of the car, maximum speed was less than with a manual transmission.

GAZ released in mass production about 1500-1700 cars with automatic gearboxes, with a total number of about 640 thousand copies of the Volga 21. There is an opinion that only 700 cars were produced with automatic transmission, but this is not so.

Clutch diagram twenty-first Volga

About 700 units were produced in 1957, and about the same in 1959. In 1958, about a hundred automatic cars rolled off the assembly line.

The manual gearbox was inherited from the GAZ M 20, it only differed in the presence of a hand brake, which was installed on the back of the box (drum type).

Since the manual transmission was originally developed for the ZIM 12 car, it had a sufficient margin of safety.

The disadvantages of the design include unsynchronized first gear and manual control of the box. It is believed that a 4-speed "mechanics" was installed on the GAZ 21. But the plant did not release cars in this configuration from the assembly line, except that the craftsmen made changes to the design with their own hands.

The gear selector, located on the steering, had long rods.

Scheme of the gearshift device in the Volga

New rods behaved normally, but with increasing mileage, the connections in them wore out, and various defects appeared. Two gears could turn on at once, the gear could “fly out”. When you turn on two gears, you had to climb under the hood and move the levers to the desired position. The rods often required adjustment and lubrication.

The clutch on the Volga also got from the Pobeda, but already had a hydraulic drive, on the GAZ M 20 there was a mechanical switch. The new clutch had advantages:

It became easier to squeeze the pedal;
Dirt and water stopped flying into the cabin, as the slot around the pedal, which was necessary with a mechanical drive, was eliminated.

Transmission and clutch technical data:

Fuel system

Fuel system on GAZ 21 carburetor type.

It looks like the fuel pump of the twenty-first Volga

The fuel tank was located at the rear under the bottom of the body and had a capacity of 60 liters. Fuel was pumped through pipes by a gasoline pump into the carburetor, and from the carburetor it was sprayed into the engine intake manifold. Gasoline pump mechanical type with a glass top. The transparent cover had its own conveniences - it was clear whether gasoline was entering the pump or not. In the future, such a cover was abandoned, they often cracked.

The carburetor on the Volga had three modifications, the brand changed depending on the year of manufacture. The first batch includes cars manufactured in 1956-58, the second series GAZ 21 includes cars until 1962. The third generation was produced from 1962 to 1970. Initially, the Volga was equipped with a K-22I carburetor, they were installed mainly on models of the first and second series.

An example of a carburetor for the Volga

In 1962–65, the K-105 carburetor appeared on the machines, and towards the end of the production of the “21” car, a model of the K124 device appeared.

After the serial production of the machine was discontinued, the K-129 modification was in spare parts, not much different from the K-124. All carburetors then were still single-chamber, and the seat in the manifold for them was unified. That is, the interchangeability of devices was complete.

Suspension characteristics

Front suspension "Volga" 21 spring, independent. The steering knuckles have a pivot connection. On the first models of the car, the upper suspension arms also served as shock absorbers - shock absorber fluid was supplied to them through rubber hoses. But such a scheme was very inconvenient, and in the future, telescopic shock absorbers more familiar to our times began to be installed.
The front suspension consisted of the following parts:

Front carrier beam. It was the basis of the suspension, and all other parts were attached to it;
Levers - two lower and two upper. All levers are composite, each of two parts. TO lower arms the lower platform is attached under the spring, the upper platform is the beam itself;
Springs. They provide a smooth ride when driving a car;
Pivot stand. Connects the suspension arms. Attached to her rounded fist. There are only two racks, one for each wheel;
Rounded fist. There are also two of them - right and left, and they are not interchangeable with each other;
Front hub. One from each wheel, the front hubs are the same, interchangeable. Studs are pressed into the hubs, and the wheels are screwed with nuts.

The GAZ 21 model is a car, which was first presented to the Russian automobile company GAZ (Gorky Automobile Factory) in October 1956. It was the first Volga in the domestic automotive industry. At that time, three cars were assembled, and already mass production of the model was launched in April 1957. The team that worked on the creation of the GAZ 21 included representatives of several countries: lead designer Alexander Nevzorov, designer Lev Yeremeev, American engineer Harry Ewart (development of an overhead valve engine) and Englishman John Williams, who was involved in a parallel exterior project. It is worth noting that in 1958 at the international exhibition in Brussels, where the best samples of the world industry were presented, the GAZ 21 Volga was awarded the Grand Prix. GAZ 21 was exported to 75 countries of the world.

For 14 years of production, the car has undergone various changes, both in appearance and in technical terms. 53 modifications were developed, differing in design, construction, and body shape (the body was all-metal). The most common are taxi, station wagon (GAZ 22), ambulance. There were also quite specific versions, like GAZ 21 AYu and GAZ 21 GYu, which were specially assembled to work in a tropical climate.

The first "Volga" were equipped with an automatic transmission (the first serial domestic car with automatic transmission), which was in turn original, and not borrowed from American automakers. But due to the fact that it required specialized repairs at official service stations, this limited sales in parts of the country remote from the capital. Therefore, it was decided to replace the “automatic” with a three-speed manual transmission with synchronizers in second and third gears. In total, about 700 cars were mass-produced with automatic boxes programs that were sold and donated mainly to famous people. Equipping with "automatic machines" by order was carried out until 1962.

Under the hood of a GAZ 21 car, a 2.5-liter four-cylinder engine was installed, the power of which was 75-80 horsepower. With such a power unit, the maximum speed of the car was 130 km / h. The suspension had telescopic shock absorbers instead of the lever ones characteristic of that time. Note that there were also diesel copies of the 21st Volga. Diesel units, however, were foreign-made. The first diesel engine for GAZ 21 was the English 1.6-liter 48-horsepower Perkins. Then it was replaced by a 2.3-liter power unit from Rover company with a capacity of 62 hp. And the last option was the “diesel” from Peugeot with a volume of 1.9 liters in 58 hp. A total of 167 diesel copies of the GAZ 21 were produced.

The interior of the GAZ 21 car was very spacious and had excellent visibility. The interior also underwent changes more than once during production. These include various options for the interior finishing materials used and various adjustments to the instrument cluster on the dashboard.

On July 15, 1970, the last Volga GAZ 21 was assembled. During the entire production period, 638,875 cars were assembled.

When they talk about the engine for the GAZ 21 car, they mean the ZMZ 21 model. But the serial production of the Volga began without the participation of this engine internal combustion(ICE),
On the first samples of the "twenty-first" an improved lower valve was installed. Only after some time the new power unit went into series, firmly taking the lead.

An example of a classic Volga 21 in gray

A new overhead valve engine for (later GAZ 21) began to be developed back in 1954 - at first it was equipped with a chain drive. But it did not go into the series, for the first time the modified internal combustion engine appeared in the series only from the middle of 1957, almost a year after the start of production of the car.

At first he was engaged in assembling the engine, but in November 1959 the engine for the Volga began to be produced in the city of Zavolzhye, Gorky Region. The new ICE received the ZMZ 21 index, and was in production until the end of the production of the GAZ 21 car (until 1970).

To date, the ZMZ 21 motor model could be considered obsolete, if not for some points. The fact is that the Ulyanovsk Motor Plant took the model of this engine as a basis.

This is how the ZMZ 21 engine installed on the twenty-first Volga looks like

For example, the UMZ 417 brand in basic details (including the block, block head and piston group) is practically no different from the base model 21. On the first Ulyanovsk engines (UMZ 451), a crankshaft from the Volgovsky motor was also installed, but UMZ 417 was the first issues have already been equipped with a shaft from the 402nd engine.

And in the 2000s, the gland packing finally disappeared in the design, the crankshaft received a rear oil seal from the VAZ 2108.

The modern three-liter internal combustion engine UMP also has the roots of ZMZ 21, circuit diagram motor operation is the same as the prototype.

Typical malfunctions

Like any other motor, ZMZ 21 has its most vulnerabilities. Here are some of them:

Engine disassembly

To carry out a major overhaul of the engine, it is first dismantled from the car, and then disassembled. So, the order of disassembly:

Drain first motor oil from the engine sump. To drain, unscrew the plug located at the bottom of the oil sump.
We start disassembly from the top. We unscrew the valve cover, it is attached with 6 bolts.
We unscrew the 4 nuts of the rocker arm axle and dismantle the axle. We take out 8 push rods.
We turn off 10 nuts securing the cylinder head, and remove the cylinder head assembly with manifolds and carburetor.
We twist the two nuts of the distributor drive and take it out.
Everything, disassembly from above is finished. We turn the engine over and dismantle the engine tray. It is attached with 18 nuts. Usually the crankcase sticks in place, so do not be afraid to make some effort to remove it. The main thing is to unscrew all the nuts.
It looks like the crankcase of the Volga 21
Then we dismantle the oil pump, it is mounted on two studs and fixed with nuts.
The next step is to unscrew the ratchet. You can use a wrench, but many minders remove the ratchet with sharp hammer blows of 0.8 kg. The main thing is to move the ratchet from its place, then it is easily twisted by hand.
We dismantle the pulley crankshaft- it is fixed with six bolts.
Then you need to compress the crankshaft hub. This will require a puller. You can try to do without a puller, using a soft metal drift (copper, bronze, brass) and a heavy hammer. But this method requires some skill.
We unscrew the cover of the timing gears (7 nuts), dismantle it.
We unscrew the nuts securing the connecting rod caps, remove the caps, knock out the pistons assembly with the connecting rod from the block.
Knock out carefully, without damaging the parts. It is necessary to remove the connecting rods with the piston from the block one at a time, and not all at once. Lids should be snapped into place immediately. It should be remembered that the connecting rod caps must not be confused in places - they must be on the same connecting rods on which they stood before disassembly.
We unscrew the nuts from the main bearing caps (yokes), dismantle the caps and remove the crankshaft assembly with the flywheel, clutch and crankshaft gear. The yoke is also better to immediately bait in its place.
We remove the two pusher covers (each is attached to 1 nut), take out the pushers. There are two bolts under the timing gear, and at a certain position of the gear, the bolts can be unscrewed with a 12 socket wrench or socket. We turn off both bolts and take out the camshaft assembly with the gear.

Technical characteristics of GAZ-21 "VOLGA" cars

Car model M-21A, M-21T, GAZ-21T passenger taxi

Car model M-21, M-21B, M-21V, M-21I, M-21L, GAZ-21R, GAZ-21US passenger, passenger, general use

Car model M-21D, M-21E, M-21K, M-21M, M-21P, GAZ-21S, GAZ-21N passenger, passenger, export equipment

Number of seats (including driver's seat) 5
dimensions(nominal):
Length 4770mm (second edition) 4830mm (third edition)
Width 1800 mm
height in running order without load 1620 mm
Base (distance between axes) 2700 mm
Front wheel track 1410 mm
Track rear wheels 1420 mm
The lowest points of a fully loaded vehicle with normal tire pressures:
front suspension cross member 200 mm
muffler pipe 190 mm
Carter rear axle(on flange) 190 mm
The smallest turning radius along the track of the outer wheel is 6.3 m
Approach angles with full load:

Front 27°
rear 19°
The highest speed with a rated load on horizontal sections of a flat highway 130 km / h
Vehicle weight (dry) 1360 kg

Note. The dry weight of the vehicle does not include the weight of fuel, water, lubricants, spare wheel and driver's tool kit, totaling approximately 100 kg.

Fuel grade Automobile gasoline A-72
Control consumption of gasoline in the summer on a flat highway with a full load at a speed of 40-50 km / h. No more than 9 liters per 100 km

Note. The control consumption of gasoline is an indicator that determines the health of the car. The rate of consumption of gasoline is not set by the plant. The temporary state rate of gasoline consumption is 13.5 liters per 100 kilometers.

Engine and chassis serial numbers are on a plate located under the hood. The engine number is also stamped on the cylinder block on the left side, in the middle of the upper part.

ENGINE

Type Four-stroke, carburetor, gasoline.
Number and arrangement of cylinders 4, vertically in one row.
Bore 92 mm
Stroke 92 mm
Working volume 2.445 l
Compression ratio 6.6
Power and speed 70 hp at 4000 rpm
Torque maximum 17 kgm
Cylinder order 1-2-4-3
Engine suspension At 3 points on rubber cushions: two in front and one in the rear.
Cylinder block Cast aluminum alloy, wet
easily removable cast iron sleeves. In the upper part they have an insert made of anti-corrosion wear-resistant cast iron.
Block head Aluminum alloy.
Pistons Made of aluminum alloy, tin-plated.
Piston rings 2 compression and 1 oil scraper ring on each piston.
The top compression ring is chrome-plated, the rest are tin-plated.
Number of crankshaft bearings 5
Crankshaft - cast magnesium iron with counterweights, statically and dynamically balanced. The surface of the necks is hardened.
Bearing shells Thin-walled, bimetallic.
Camshaft and its drive Steel, forged, driven by a pair of gears
Distribution phases (with a calculated gap: Inlet: opening 24 ° before TDC, closing 64 ° after BDC. 0.35 mm between rocker arm and valve). Release: opening 50° before BDC, closing 22° after TDC.

Valves. The upper ones are installed in the head of the block, vertically in one row.
Inlet valve disc diameter: 44 mm, exhaust - 36 mm
Valve seats Plug-in. Made from special cast iron.
Push rods Made of duralumin with steel tips.
Rocker arms Steel, forged, equipped with an adjusting bolt and
locknut to set the clearance between the valve and the rocker arm.
Gas pipeline Located with right side engine. In the central part
gas pipeline has an automatically operating device for heating the working
mixture, equipped with a control valve.
Muffler Oval shape with asbestos heat and sound insulation.
Lubrication system Combined. Crankshaft and camshaft bearings, connecting rod bearings, rocker arm bearings and upper rod ends are lubricated under pressure, the rest of the parts are splash lubricated.
Oil sump Steel, forged
Oil intake from the crankcase Floating oil receiver
Oil filters Two: coarse cleaning - lamellar, filtering 100% of the oil supplied by the pump to the line, and fine cleaning - with a replaceable filter element, partial filtration.
Fine filter elements Replaceable, type DASFO-2
valves oil system Two: reduction, piston type - installed on the right side (it is forbidden to change their adjustment) of the engine, in the front, and bypass - in the coarse filter housing
Crankcase ventilation Forced
Air filter...... Inertia-oil, mesh with suction silencer
Carburetor Type K-22I or K-105. (second issue) Type K-124. (third issue)
Gasoline pump Diaphragm, with an upper sump in which a strainer is placed, and a lever for manual pumping
Gasoline tank Forged from two halves, located in the rear of the body under the floor.
Engine cooling system Liquid, closed, with forced circulation.
Radiator Tubular, with corrugated plates between the tubes, three-row.
Radiator cap Sealed. Equipped with two valves.
Radiator Shutters Installed in front of the radiator. The size of the opening of the valves. manually adjustable from the driver's seat.
The thermostat is installed in the branch pipe of the block head. The thermostat valve starts to open at a coolant temperature of 70°C: the valve opens fully at a coolant temperature of 83°C
Water pump Centrifugal with mechanical self-tightening gland
Fan Four-bladed, stamped
Drive fan and water pump V-belt from the crankshaft.

CHASSIS

Clutch Single disc dry hydraulic drive shutdown
Clutch Cylinder Size Master Cylinder Diameter 22mm
Working cylinder diameter 24 mm
Gearbox Mechanical, three-speed, has three gears forward and one reverse. It is equipped with a synchronizer on the second and third gears.
The shift lever is mounted on the steering column
gear ratios

1 gear - 3.115
2nd gear - 1,772
3rd gear - 1,000
Reverse - 3,738
Cardan transmission Open type. It has two shafts and three cardan shafts with needle bearings. Equipped with an intermediate support.
Rear axle Split, with a cast iron crankcase and a forged steel cover, connected by a flange in a vertical plane
Main gear Hypoid. Ratio - 4,555 (41: 9)
Differential Tapered, with two satellites
Axles Flanged, semi-floating
Power transmission from the rear axle The pushing force and reaction moment of the rear axle are taken up by the springs.

CHASSIS

Wheels Stamped, disk. Spare wheel fits in the trunk.
Tires Low pressure, size 6.70 - 15
Front wheel hubs Cast from ductile iron, on ball angular contact bearings.
Front suspension Independent, linkage, on twisted coil springs, mounted on a detachable cross member. All hinges of the suspension arms are made using threaded pins and bushings.
Stabilizer roll stability Torsion type, located in front of the front suspension.
Front shock absorbers Hydraulic, piston, lever, double-acting.
Rear suspension Spring. Leaf springs, longitudinal, semi-elliptic, covered with covers. All suspension joints are equipped with rubber bushings.

Rear shock absorbers Hydraulic, piston, linkage, (second issue) telescopic (third issue)

Frame Short frame at the front of the vehicle only.

STEERING

Steering type Globoidal worm with double roller
Gear ratio 18.2 (average)
Wheel Diameter 430 mm with three spokes
Free travel of the steering wheel In the position of movement in a straight line - no more than 5 °, in extreme positions - up to 30 °
Steering trapezoid Front

BRAKES

Main Shoe, on all 4 wheels
Parking brake Central, drum type
Brake drive Foot hydraulic - acts on all four wheels from the pedal. Manual mechanical - operates from a lever located under the instrument panel.
Size of brake cylinders: Diameters of the main and wheel brake cylinders - 32 mm

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTS

Rated voltage in the network 12 volts
Wiring system Single wire,

"plus" is connected to "mass" (until 1960),

"minus" connected to "mass" (after 1960)
Generator Type G12 shunt, power 220 watts
Relay - Regulator Type PP24. It has three machines: reverse current relay, regulator
voltage and current limiter.
Accumulator battery Type 6-STE-54-EM with a capacity of 54 a.m. h.
Ignition and starter switch Type VK21
Ignition coil Type B7, with additional resistance, automatically switched off when the engine is started by a starter
Ignition distributor Type R-3B, with centrifugal and vacuum ignition timing controller and octane corrector.
Glow plugs With thermal characteristic A14U (A11). thread diameter 14 mm
Extinguishing resistance Type SE12; included in the high voltage wire circuit of each spark plug
Starter Type CT21 with remote control
Starter relay Type PC24
Light switch reversing Type VK20-B
Central light switch Type P38
Foot Light Switch Type P39
Headlights Type FG21, with "distant" and "dipped" beam. Semi-collapsible optical elements with lamps in 50X21 candle are installed in the headlights
Sidelights Type PF21, with double-filament lamps in 6X21 candle for indicating turn and parking light.
Rear lamps Type FP25, provide rear position light, stop light, white light when reversing and indicate the direction of the turn.
Equipped with double-filament lamps in 6x21 candles and single-filament lamps in 21 candles
License plate light With 6 candles
Plafond Type PK4 with a lamp of 6 candles
Plafond switches Manual, type VK24-A and two door type VK2-A
Underhood lamp Type PD1K with a switch and a lamp of 3 candles
Power socket For switching on a portable lamp; located under the instrument panel
Trunk lighting type FP12, turns on automatically when the trunk lid is opened (when the parking light is on)
Portable lamp Type PLT-36 with a lamp of 15 candles
Light switch "Stop" Type VK19
Sound signals Type C28 and C29. Set of two tones
Signal Relay Type RS3-B
Fuses Push-button bimetallic fuse type PR2-B in the lighting circuit. Three fuses in the block type PR12-V2
Electrical wire connectors Type PS2-A2 - 2 pcs. PS-1-A2 - 4 pcs.
Low Voltage Wire Type AOL
Cigarette Lighter Type PT4
Turn signal switch Type П43
Turn signal interrupter Type PC55.

Heater fan electric motor Type ME13 with a power of 20 watts
Electric motor switch Type P42 with rheostat and turn signal lamp
Windshield wiper Type SL45, electric, with two brushes. Has a two speed switch.
The instrument cluster Type KP21 consists of an ammeter, a gasoline level gauge, an oil pressure gauge, a water temperature gauge and a speedometer with a distance meter. Illuminated by 4 lamps in 1 candle
Pilot lamp water temperature (Red) Type PD-20-V with MM7 sensor. Lights up when the water temperature rises to 92-98C
Hand brake warning lamp (red) Type PD20 with switch type VK2-A. Lights up when the handbrake is applied and the ignition is on.
High Beam Warning Lamp Illuminates when the high beams are on
The turn signal indicator light flashes when the turn signal is on
Hours Type АЧВ with electric winding from the accumulator battery. Illuminated by two lamps in 1 candle
Radio

(taxi cars do not have a receiver)

The first issue of Type A-8, dual-band, with smooth and push-button tuning (with a plus on the case) the second issue of Type A-12, dual-range, with smooth and push-button tuning (with a plus on the case until 1960, and, accordingly, with a minus after 1960 ), power supply unit BP-12 or VP-9

The third issue of Type A-18, Tri-band, with smooth and push-button tuning (with a minus on the case), power supply P4A (P4V)

Antenna Type АР41-B telescopic

BODY

Body Closed, four-door, all-metal, load-bearing
Body equipment Rear rack. Storage box in instrument panel, windshield wiper, mirror, 2 sun visors, ashtray, cigarette lighter, body heater and windshield defroster
Seats Front and rear, soft, spring. front seat- adjustable, has a folding back that allows you to turn the seat into a bed.
Hood One-piece front opening
Heating, ventilation and windshield blowing Fresh air entering the body through the ventilation hatch is heated by a water heating radiator and supplied by an electric fan to the front compartment of the body and to blow the windshield. In summer, the heating radiator is switched off and the system is used as supply ventilation. In addition, ventilation is carried out by lowering the windows in the doors and turning part of the front door glass

EQUIPMENT

The driver's tool is attached to the car: two bags with a set of tools, a jack, a starting handle, a hand pump and a portable lamp.

REFILLING CAPACITIES AND RATES

Petrol tank 60 l
Cooling system 11.5 l
Engine lubrication system 6.2 l
Air filter 0.3 l
Transmission housing 0.8 l
Rear axle housing 0.9 l
Steering gear housing 0.25 l
Central lubrication system 0.6 l
Front shock absorbers 0.235 l (each)
Rear shock absorbers 0.145 l (each)
Brake and clutch drive system 0.7 l
Front hubs 120 g (each)

ADJUSTMENT DATA

Gap between rocker arm and valve. 0.25 mm, cold engine.
Oil pressure in the engine (for control, not subject to adjustment) From 2 to 4 kg / cm2 at a speed of 50 km / h. On a cold run. For a warm engine - at least 0.5 kg / cm2
Fan belt deflection 10 - 15 mm
The gap between the electrodes of the candles 0.8 - 0.9 mm
Breaker gap 0.35 - 0.45 mm
normal temperature water in the radiator 75 - 85°С
Clutch pedal free travel 32 - 40 mm
Brake pedal free play 10 - 15 mm
Tire pressure 1.7 kg/cm2

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