Will in psychology. What is will? The concept of will

Very often one hears from people that they cannot do this or that act because they do not have enough. For example, start exercising every morning or stop eating sweets in large quantities. This requires a certain amount of effort on the part of the individual. What is will? Does it exist in every person? Is it possible to develop willpower?

The concept of will

Will is a function of the human psyche, thanks to which we have the opportunity to exercise control over our actions and manage actions, making this or that decision, to achieve our goals.

The will encourages people to achieve their desires and at the same time allows them to be controlled. With the help of it, a person is able to overcome difficulties, get out of difficult life situations. People whose will is not developed prefer to go with the flow, do not seek to change their existence for the better. It is easier for them to give up their dreams than to make an effort on themselves and take action.

Volitional qualities of a person

The concept of will includes a number of qualities of human character. These include, above all, self-control and endurance. These qualities are manifested in restraining, when necessary, their emotions in order to avoid committing rash actions that can lead to disastrous consequences. For example, you should not start a fight, even if you have been insulted or humiliated.

Another strong-willed quality is decisiveness. It consists in overcoming internal doubts and hesitations, quickly moving on to active actions, whether it be setting a goal or taking steps towards achieving it.

The independence of a person is also one of the volitional qualities. People should be able to make decisions, guided only by their own principles and beliefs, be independent of other people's opinions.

Strong-willed qualities can also include perseverance and stubbornness, as well as determination. They help a person not to deviate from what was planned, to continue to strive and act, even if not everything works out right away.

Freedom and will

Very often the word "will" is associated with freedom. In expressions such as "release" or "unleash", these words are almost synonymous. However, there are significant differences between the two words. Will is a broader concept, in contrast to freedom, which implies the ability of a person to live and act as he wants. At the same time, the will can to some extent restrict freedom, force a person to act not only as he wants, but also as common sense requires.

There is also the concept of "free will", which means that a person has a choice independent of external circumstances. People have the right to make their own decisions - how to live, what values to set as priorities for themselves, what goals to choose and how to strive to achieve them.

What is the will of God

Many people wonder whether a person has a choice at all and whether he can influence his own destiny. What is the will of God? How does it manifest itself in our world and can it be influenced?

God's will implies that everything that happens in our lives is predetermined from above. There is nothing that can happen without the knowledge and permission of God. The will of the Almighty is unchanging and does not depend on any external factors. People are not able to influence her, no matter how much they wish. It is hidden, inaccessible to the understanding of mankind.

Hiding behind God's will, people could do anything - kill, steal, while saying that it was destined to do so. However, this is far from being the case, and the responsibility of a person for his evil deeds is not removed. In addition to the hidden, there is also a comprehensible, or open, God's will for people. It is reflected in the Bible and tells people how they should live, what to fear and what to strive for. A person is responsible to God when he does not do His will, rejects His laws and neglects them.

The will of the Russian people

Each country, as a rule, has its own distinctive features inherent in its inhabitants. Russia is famous for the unbending willpower of its people. In the history of our state there are many examples of its manifestation. Only thanks to unprecedented willpower Russia has managed to win in many wars and maintain its sovereignty to this day.

One of the most striking examples, when the will of the people manifested itself in full force, is the blockade of Leningrad. It lasted almost 900 days. During this time, many people died of starvation, but the city did not give up, despite all the difficulties.

Of course, not all Russian people have a powerful will. At all times and in our country there have been many traitors, cowards, ready to sell their fatherland. However, most Russian people still have willpower, and it manifests itself not only in a dangerous time for the country, but also in everyday life.

How to develop willpower

Very often people decide to dramatically and radically change their lives, gathering all their will into a fist. For example, a person wants to start playing sports from tomorrow. To do this, he decides to get up early every morning, do exercises, run, and after work go to the gym. However, out of habit, after a couple of days of such a rhythm of life, a person gets so tired that he completely abandons his idea, and he no longer wants to train willpower. As a result, instead of a positive result, it turned out only worse.

How to develop strong-willed qualities without harming yourself? First you need to stop postponing the start of your actions, referring to some reasons. For example, promises “I will start doing exercises from Monday” or “I will not eat sweets from the beginning of the month” do not strengthen willpower, but, on the contrary, make it even weaker.

What is will? It is the ability to manage behavior in order to achieve one's goals. That is why you need to start moving towards them today. It’s much easier to get up and do a few exercises right now than to jump straight into heavy loads later.

Willpower training is a systematic process. It is impossible to become a strong-willed person in one day, you need to go to this for a long time and gradually. Every time you make even a small effort on yourself, you get closer to your goal. The main thing is not to kill the desire to develop willpower with wrong actions.

1. The concept of will………………………………………………………………………...5

2. The structure of volitional action…………………………………………..…………….6

3. Volitional regulation of behavior ……………………………………………………… 10

4. Volitional properties of personality …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Techniques and methods of self-education of the will …………………………………….….….16

6. Free will and personal responsibility………….………………………...18

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….........19

List of used literature………………………………………………...21

Application…………………………………………….………………………..…….22

Introduction

The concept of “will” is used by psychiatry, psychology, physiology and philosophy. In the explanatory dictionary, Ozhegov's will is interpreted "as the ability to achieve the goals set for oneself." In antiquity, in European culture, the idea of the will, as an integral part of the mental life of a person, was fundamentally different from the one prevailing at the present time. So, Socrates compared the will with the direction (in the sense of action) of the flight of an arrow, understanding by this the indisputable fact that the arrow is still destined to break off the bowstring, but the will allows it to do this only when the target is correctly chosen. Philosophers of the school of Plato defined the will as “purposefulness combined with correct reasoning; prudent aspiration; reasonable natural desire. Zeno opposed will to desire. The Greek philosophers ascribed to the will a mainly restraining role. In their understanding, the will played the role of internal censorship rather than being a creative agent.

The modern idea of will has been enriched by attributing additional characteristics to this concept. In the modern philosophical understanding, will has become inseparable from action.

Modern psychiatry considers the will as a mental process, which consists in the ability for active planned activity aimed at satisfying human needs.

A volitional act is a complex, multi-stage process, including a need (desire), which determines the motivation of behavior, awareness of the need, the struggle of motives, the choice of a method of implementation, the launch of implementation, control of implementation.

The purpose of the work: the concept of will in psychology.

Target resolution based on tasks:

1) to reveal the concept of will in psychology;

2) characterize the volitional properties of the personality;

3) emphasize both the importance of free will and the importance of personal responsibility.

The relevance of this topic does not raise any doubts, since "the rudiments of the will are already contained in the needs as the initial motivations of a person to act" .

The main features of an act of will:

1) the application of efforts to perform an act of will;

2) the presence of a well-thought-out plan for the implementation of a behavioral act;

3) increased attention to such a behavioral act and the lack of direct pleasure received in the process and as a result of its execution;

4) often the efforts of the will are directed not only to victory over circumstances, but to overcoming oneself.

At present, there is no unified theory of will in psychological science, although many scientists are making attempts to develop a holistic doctrine of will with its terminological certainty and unambiguity. Apparently, this situation with the study of the will is connected with the struggle between the reactive and active concepts of human behavior that has been going on since the beginning of the 20th century. For the first conception, the concept of will is practically not needed, because its supporters represent all human behavior as a person's reactions to external and internal stimuli. Supporters of the active concept of human behavior, which has recently become the leading one, understand human behavior as initially active, and the person himself is endowed with the ability to consciously choose forms of behavior.

So, we have revealed the definition of will, and now we need to consider how a volitional action begins, what is its structure.

2. volitional structure

Where does volitional action begin? Of course, with awareness of the purpose of the action and the motive associated with it. With a clear awareness of the goal and the motive that causes it, the desire for the goal is usually called desire (See Appendix).

But not every striving for a goal is conscious. Depending on the degree of awareness of needs, they are divided into drives and desires. If the desire is conscious, then the attraction is always vague, unclear: a person realizes that he wants something, something is missing, or he needs something, but he does not understand what exactly. As a rule, people experience attraction as a specific painful state in the form of longing or uncertainty. Because of its indeterminacy, attraction cannot develop into purposeful activity. For this reason, attraction is often viewed as a transitional state. The need presented in it, as a rule, either fades away, or is realized and turns into a specific desire.

However, not every desire leads to action. Desire itself does not contain an active element. Before a desire turns into a direct motive, and then into a goal, it is evaluated by a person, that is, it is “filtered” through a person’s value system and receives a certain emotional coloring. Everything that is connected with the realization of the goal, in the emotional sphere, is painted in positive tones, just like everything that is an obstacle to achieving the goal, causes negative emotions.

Desire sharpens, having a motivating force, awareness of the purpose of future action and the construction of its plan. In turn, in the formation of the goal, its content, character and meaning play a peculiar role. The greater the goal, the more powerful aspiration can be evoked by it.

Not always the desire is immediately translated into reality. A person sometimes has several uncoordinated and even contradictory desires at once, and he finds himself in a very difficult position, not knowing which one to realize. The mental state, which is characterized by a clash of several desires or several different motives for activity, is commonly called the struggle of motives. The struggle of motives contains a person's assessment of those reasons that speak for and against the need to act in a certain direction, pondering how to act. The final moment of the struggle of motives is the decision, which consists in choosing a goal and a method of action. When making a decision, a person shows determination; at the same time, he feels responsible for the further course of events.

The executive stage of volitional action has a complex structure. First of all, the execution of the adopted decision is connected with one time or another, i.e. with a certain period. If the execution of the decision is postponed for a long time, then in this case it is customary to talk about the intention to execute the decision. We usually talk about intention when we are faced with complex activities.

Intention, in its essence, is an internal preparation for a delayed action and represents a direction fixed by a decision towards the achievement of a goal. But intention alone is not enough. As in any other volitional action, if there is an intention, one can single out the stage of planning ways to achieve the goal. The plan can be detailed to varying degrees. In this case, the planned action is not implemented immediately. It takes a conscious effort to make it happen. “Under volitional effort is understood a special state of internal tension, or activity, which causes the mobilization of a person’s internal resources necessary to perform the intended action. Therefore, volitional efforts are always associated with a significant expenditure of energy.

This final stage of volitional action can be expressed in two ways: in some cases it manifests itself in an external action, in other cases, on the contrary, it consists in refraining from any external action (such a manifestation is usually called an internal volitional action).

Volitional effort is qualitatively different from muscle tension. In an effort of will, external movements can be represented minimally, and internal tension can be very significant. At the same time, in any volitional effort, to one degree or another, there is also muscle tension.

Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior (activity and communication), associated with overcoming internal and external obstacles. This is the ability of a person, which manifests itself in self-determination and self-regulation of his behavior and mental phenomena.

The main features of an act of will:

a) the application of efforts to perform an act of will;

b) the presence of a well-thought-out plan for the implementation of a behavioral act;

c) increased attention to such a behavioral act and the lack of direct pleasure received in the process and as a result of its execution;

d) often the efforts of the will are directed not only to victory over circumstances, but to overcoming oneself.

Volitional regulation of behavior. Volitional regulation of behavior is characterized by the state of optimal mobilization of the individual, the required mode of activity, and the concentration of this activity in the required direction.

The main psychological function of the will is to increase motivation and improve the regulation of actions on this basis. In this, volitional actions differ from impulsive ones, i.e. actions performed involuntarily and insufficiently controlled by consciousness.

At the level of personality, the manifestation of will finds its expression in such properties as strength of will(the degree of necessary willpower to achieve the goal), persistence(the ability of a person to mobilize their capabilities for a long overcoming of difficulties), excerpt(the ability to slow down actions, feelings, thoughts that interfere with the implementation of the decision), energy and others. These are the primary (basic) volitional personal qualities that determine the majority of behavioral acts.

There are also secondary, developing in ontogenesis later than the primary, volitional qualities: determination(the ability to make and implement quick, informed and firm decisions), courage(the ability to overcome fear and take justified risks in order to achieve the goal, despite the dangers to personal well-being), composure(the ability to control the sensual side of one's psyche and subordinate one's behavior to the solution of consciously set tasks), self confidence. These qualities should be considered not only as volitional, but also as characterological.

The tertiary ones include volitional qualities that are closely related to moral ones: a responsibility(a quality that characterizes a person in terms of fulfilling her moral requirements), discipline(conscious submission of one's behavior to generally accepted norms, established order), adherence to principles(fidelity to a certain idea in beliefs and consistent implementation of this idea in behavior), obligation(the ability to voluntarily assume duties and fulfill them). This group also includes the qualities of the will associated with the attitude of a person to work: efficiency, initiative(the ability to work creatively, taking actions on one’s own initiative), organization(reasonable planning and ordering of their work), diligence(diligence, fulfillment of assignments and their duties on time), etc. The tertiary qualities of the will are usually formed only by adolescence, i.e. the moment when there is already experience of volitional actions.

Volitional actions can be divided into simple and complex. In a simple volitional act, the impulse to action (motive) passes into the action itself almost automatically. In a complex volitional act, an action is preceded by taking into account its consequences, awareness of motives, decision-making, the emergence of an intention to carry it out, drawing up a plan for its implementation, etc.

The development of the will in a person is connected with:

a) with the transformation of involuntary mental processes into arbitrary ones;

b) with the acquisition by a person of control over his behavior;

c) with the development of volitional qualities of the individual;

d) with the fact that a person consciously sets himself more and more difficult tasks and pursues more and more distant goals that require significant volitional efforts for a long time.

The formation of volitional qualities of a personality can be viewed as a movement from primary to secondary and further to tertiary qualities.

Free will and personal responsibility. Consideration of the psychological interpretation of personality involves the interpretation of the phenomenon of its spiritual freedom. Personal freedom in psychological terms is, first of all, free will. It is determined in relation to two quantities: to the vital drives and the social conditions of human life. Inclinations (biological impulses) are transformed in him under the influence of his self-awareness, the spiritual and moral coordinates of his personality. Moreover, man is the only living being who at any moment can say "no" to his inclinations, and who does not always have to say "yes" to them (M. Scheler).

Man is not free from social conditions. But he is free to take a stand in relation to them, since these conditions do not completely condition him. It depends on him - within his limits - whether he will surrender, whether he will give in to the conditions (V. Frankl). In this regard, freedom is when a person himself must decide whether to choose good or yield to evil (F.M. Dostoevsky).

However, freedom is only one side of a holistic phenomenon, the positive aspect of which is to be responsible. Individual freedom can turn into simple arbitrariness if it is not experienced from the point of view of responsibility (V. Frankl). A person is doomed to freedom and, at the same time, cannot escape responsibility. It is another matter that for many people, peace is more expensive than a free choice between good and evil, and therefore they readily "write off" their sins (ignorant deeds, meanness, betrayal) on "objective conditions" - the imperfection of society, bad educators, dysfunctional families, in which they grew up, etc. The Marxist thesis about the fundamental dependence of good and evil in a person on external (social) conditions has always been a pretext for avoiding personal responsibility.

test questions

1. What are the concepts and main signs of will?

2. Show the importance of will in the organization of activities and communication.

3. What is the volitional regulation of behavior?

4. What are the primary, secondary and tertiary volitional qualities of a person?

5. Do you consider yourself a strong-willed person?

6. Try using the questionnaire to determine the degree of development of your willpower. When answering the questions, mark in the table with a "+" sign one of the three answers chosen by you: "yes", "don't know (sometimes)", "no":

1. Are you able to complete the work you started that is not interesting to you, regardless of the fact that time and circumstances allow you to break away and then return to it again?

2. Do you overcome internal resistance without much effort when you need to do something unpleasant for you (for example, go on duty on a day off)?

3. When you find yourself in a conflict situation - at work (study) or at home - are you able to pull yourself together enough to look at the situation soberly with maximum objectivity?

4. If you are on a diet, can you overcome culinary temptations?

5. Will you find the strength to get up earlier than usual in the morning, as planned in the evening?

6. Will you stay at the scene to testify?

7. Do you respond quickly to emails?

8. If you are afraid of an upcoming flight on an airplane or a visit to the dentist's office, can you easily overcome this feeling and not change your mind at the last moment?

9. Will you take a very unpleasant drug that your doctor strongly recommends to you?

10. Will you rashly keep this word, even if its implementation will bring you a lot of trouble, in other words - are you a man of your word?

11. Do you hesitate to go on a business trip (business trip) to an unfamiliar city?

12. Do you strictly adhere to the daily routine: the time of waking up, eating, studying, cleaning and other things?

13. Do you disapprove of library debtors?

14. The most interesting TV show will not make you put off urgent work. Is it so?

15. Will you be able to interrupt the quarrel and shut up, no matter how offensive the words "of the opposite side" seem to you?

Answer options

Answer number

Total

I don't know sometimes

Key to the questionnaire

Summarize the answers received according to the point system: "yes" - 2 points; "no" - 0 points; "I don't know" - 1 point.

0 - 12 points. With willpower, things are not going well for you. You just do what is easier and more interesting, even if it might hurt you in some way. You often treat your duties carelessly, which can cause various troubles for you. Your position is expressed by the well-known dictum "What do I need more than anyone else?.." You perceive any request, any duty almost as physical pain. The point here is not only a weak will, but also selfishness. Try to look at yourself taking into account such an assessment, maybe this will help you change your attitude towards others and “remake” something in your character. If you succeed, you will only benefit from this.

13 - 21 points. Your willpower is average. If you encounter an obstacle, you take action to overcome it. But if you see a workaround, you will immediately use it. Don't overdo it, but keep your word. You will try to do unpleasant work, although you will grumble. You will not take on extra responsibilities of your own free will. This sometimes negatively affects the attitude of leaders towards you, and it does not characterize you from the best side in the eyes of the people around you. If you want to achieve more in life, train your will.

22 - 30 points. Your will power is fine. You can rely on - you will not let you down. You are not afraid of new assignments, or long trips, or those things that scare others. But sometimes your firm and uncompromising position on unprincipled issues annoys others. Willpower is very good, but you also need to have such qualities as flexibility, condescension, kindness.

LITERATURE

Vygotsky L.S. Sobr. op. In 6 vols. T. 3. - M., 1983. - S. 454 - 465.

Vysotsky A.I. Volitional activity of schoolchildren and methods of its study. - Chelyabinsk, 1979. - S. 67.

Gomezo M.V., Domashenko I.A. Atlas of psychology. - S. 194, 204 - 213.

Kotyplo V.K. The development of volitional behavior in preschoolers. - Kyiv, 1971. - S. 11 - 51.

Nemov R.S. Psychology. Book. 1. - S. 357 - 366.

General psychology. - M., 1986. - S. 385 - 400.

Psychological dictionary. - S. 53, 54.

Psychology. Dictionary. - S. 62, 63.

Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. T. 2. - S. 182 - 211.

Compilation of tests for the selection of candidates for employment (Methodology of the USA). - S. 20 - 22.

Experimental studies of volitional activity. - Ryazan, 1986. - S. 3 - 23.

Will is perhaps one of the most complex concepts in the world of psychology. Belief in yourself and your own strengths, the ability to discipline yourself, the manifestation of determination at the right time, courage and patience - these are all phenomena that are reunited into one, forming the main character of our article. Psychology covers several interpretations of the concept of will. In our article we will try to learn about this mystery as much as possible.

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What is will: definitions

Will is a conscious regulation by each individual of his actions and actions, the implementation of which requires moral and physical costs.
Will is a form of mental reflection, in which the reflected object is the set goal, the motivation for achieving it and the existing objective obstacles to implementation; reflected is considered to be a subjective goal, the struggle of contradictions, one's own volitional effort; the result of the manifestation of the will is the achievement of the goal and the satisfaction of one's own desires. It is worth noting that the obstacles that a person has to face are both internal and external.
Will is a side of consciousness, which is a kind of lever of activity and regulation of the beginning, designed to create efforts and hold them for as long as necessary.

In short, we can combine all of the above and conclude that that the will is the ability of each person, which manifests itself in self-determination and self-regulation by him of his own activities and various mental processes.

Will and its main features

Modern psychology divides this phenomenon into three the most common type in the human psyche:

The development of the will in the character of man

This distinctive feature of human character distinguishes us from the behavior of other living beings on the planet. It is commonly believed that this is a conscious quality that was formed as a result of the formation of society and social labor. The will closely interacts with the cognitive and emotional processes that take place in the human psyche.

She is subject to have only two functions:

brake;
incentive.

The functioning of the first quality manifests itself in the form of restraint of those actions that contradict your prejudices, signs, moral standards, and so on. As for the second quality, it encourages us to take action and achieve our goals. Thanks to the combination of these two interacting functions, each person has the opportunity to develop your willpower to overcome life's difficulties that stand in the way of one's own realization and happiness.

It is worth noting that if the quality of living conditions, starting from birth, were unfavorable, then the likelihood that the child will have well-developed volitional qualities is small. But believe and know that courage, perseverance, determination and discipline can always be developed through painstaking work on yourself. To do this, it is necessary to devote time to various activities, suppressing external and internal obstacles.

List of factors, which contribute to inhibition of the development of volitional qualities in children:

spoiled;
tough parents who believe that suppressing the decisions of the child will do him good.

Will Characteristics

Close relationship with the concept and motive of "should";
Formation of a clear intellectual plan that allows you to go to the implementation of the plan;
Conscious mediation;
Interaction with other mental processes, for example: emotions, attention, thinking, memory, etc.

Will in the structure of character and its education

Self-education and development of one's own volitional qualities is an integral part of the self-improvement of each individual, on the basis of which it is necessary to develop rules and programs for the development of self-education of "willpower".

If a willpower to consider as spontaneous control, it must include self-stimulation, self-determination, self-control, and self-initiation. Let's look at each concept in more detail.

Self-determination (motivation)

Determination or, as we used to say, motivation is the conditionality of human behavior, which was prompted by certain factors or reasons. In the arbitrary behavior of a person, the cause of action and deed is hidden in the person himself. It is he who is responsible for the reaction of the body to the stimulus. However, decision making is a more complex process, which covers more flowing phenomena.

Motivation is the process of forming the intention to act or not to act. The formed foundation of one's act is called a motive. Quite often, in order to try to understand the reason for the actions of another person, we ask ourselves, and what motive prompted the person to take this action.

Summing up all of the above, I would like to note that in one person all the components of volitional qualities are manifested inhomogeneously: some are better, others are worse. This indicates that the will is heterogeneous and depending on various life situations. Therefore, it can be assumed that there is no unique willpower for all cases, otherwise it would be manifested by one person either extremely successfully or consistently poorly.

But that doesn't mean it doesn't make sense. engage in self-improvement and cultivating your willpower. It should be assumed that significant difficulties can be encountered along the way, therefore it is necessary to acquire patience, wisdom, tact and human sensitivity. read it on our website

Thus, volitional processes perform three main functions:

initiator, or incentive, providing the beginning of this or that action in order to overcome the emerging obstacles;

stabilizing associated with volitional efforts to maintain activity at the proper level in the event of external and internal interference;

brake which is to restrain other, often strong desires that are not consistent with the main goals of the activity.

act of will

The most important place in the problem of will is occupied by the concept of "volitional act". Each volitional act has a certain content, the most important components of which are decision-making and its execution. These elements of the volitional act often cause significant mental stress, similar in nature to the state stress.

The following main components are distinguished in the structure of a volitional act:

urge to commit a volitional action, caused by a particular need. Moreover, the degree of awareness of this need can be different: from a vaguely realized attraction to a clearly realized goal;

the presence of one or more motives and the establishment of the order of their implementation:

"struggle of motives" in the process of choosing one or another of conflicting motives;

making a decision in the process of choosing one or another variant of behavior. At this stage, either a feeling of relief or a state of anxiety associated with uncertainty about the correctness of the decision may arise;

implementation of the decision taken, the implementation of one or another option of action.

At each of these stages of a volitional act, a person shows will, controls and corrects his actions. At each of these moments, he compares the result obtained with the ideal image of the goal that was created in advance.

AT volitional actions the personality of a person, its main features are clearly manifested.

Will manifests itself in such personality traits as:

purposefulness;

independence;

determination;

persistence;

excerpt;

self-control;

Each of these properties is opposed by opposite character traits, in which lack of will is expressed, i.e. lack of one's own will and submission to someone else's will.

The most important volitional property of a person is purposefulness how human capacity achieve your life goals.

Independence manifests itself in the ability to perform actions and make decisions based on internal motivation and one's own knowledge, skills and abilities. A dependent person is focused on subordination to another, on shifting responsibility to him for his actions.

Determination It is expressed in the ability to make a well-considered decision in a timely manner and without hesitation and put it into practice. The actions of a decisive person are characterized by thoughtfulness and speed, courage, confidence in their actions. The opposite of decisiveness is indecision. A person characterized by indecision constantly doubts, hesitates in making decisions and using the chosen methods of decision. An indecisive person, even having made a decision, begins to doubt again, waits for what others will do.

Endurance and self-control there is the ability to control oneself, one's actions and the external manifestation of emotions, constantly control them, even with failures and big failures. The opposite of endurance is the inability to restrain oneself, which is caused by the lack of special education and self-education.

persistence It is expressed in the ability to achieve the set goal, overcoming difficulties on the way to its achievement. A persistent person does not deviate from the decision made, and in case of failures, he acts with redoubled energy. A person deprived of perseverance, at the first failure, deviates from the decision made.

Discipline means the conscious submission of one's behavior to certain norms and requirements. Discipline manifests itself in various forms, both in behavior and in thinking, and is the opposite of indiscipline.

Courage and boldness are manifested in the readiness and ability to fight, to overcome difficulties and dangers on the way to achieving the goal, in the readiness to defend one's life position. Courage is opposed to such a quality as cowardice, usually caused by fear.

The formation of the listed volitional properties of the personality is determined mainly by the purposeful education of the will, which should be inseparable from the education of feelings.

Development of the emotional-volitional sphere of personality.

Cognizing reality, a person in one way or another relates to the objects and phenomena surrounding him: to things, events, other people, his personality. Some phenomena really please him, others make him sad, some cause admiration, others revolt, and so on. Joy, sadness, admiration, indignation, anger, etc. - all these are different types of a person's subjective attitude to reality. This relation of a person to the surrounding world is not only understood by him and experienced in actions, but also experienced in the form of emotions. Emotions are a special class of mental processes and states associated with instincts, needs and motives, reflecting in the form of direct experience (satisfaction, joy, fear, etc.) the significance of phenomena and situations affecting the individual for the implementation of his life. Accompanying almost any manifestation of the subject's activity, emotions serve as one of the main mechanisms of internal regulation of mental activity and behavior aimed at meeting actual needs. Human emotions have a long history of phylogenetic development, during which they began to perform a number of the following specific functions. 1. The adaptive function of emotions gives a person the opportunity to adapt to environmental conditions. 2. The signal function is expressed in the fact that experiences arise and change in connection with ongoing changes in the environment or in the human body. 3. The incentive function, as it were, determines the direction of the search that can satisfy the solution of the problem. Emotional experience contains an image of the object of satisfying the need and a biased attitude towards it, which prompts a person to act. 4. The reinforcing function is expressed in the fact that significant events that cause a strong emotional reaction are quickly and permanently imprinted in memory. 5. The switching function is revealed in the competition of motives, as a result of which the dominant need is determined. 6. The communicative function lies in the fact that mimic and pantomimic movements allow a person to convey their experiences to other people, to inform them about their attitude to objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality. There are different types of emotions and emotional states: mood, affect, passion, fear, stress, frustration. Mood is a general, more or less stable emotional state that colors a person's behavior for a certain period of time. Mood influences to varying degrees on all mental processes occurring in a given segment of a person's life. The mood depends on the general state of health of the work of the endocrine glands, the tone of the body's vital activity. It is an emotional reaction not to the immediate consequences of certain events, but to their significance in a person's life in the context of his life plans, interests and expectations. Frustration is a psychological state caused by failure to satisfy a need or desire. The state of frustration is accompanied by various negative experiences: disappointment, irritation, anxiety, despair, etc. Frustrations arise in situations of conflict, when, for example, the satisfaction of a need encounters insurmountable or insurmountable obstacles. A high level of frustration leads to disorganization of activity and a decrease in its effectiveness. Frequent frustrations lead to the formation of negative behavioral traits, aggressiveness, and increased excitability. An affect is a short-term, rapidly flowing state of strong emotional arousal that occurs as a result of frustration or some other reason that strongly affects the psyche, usually associated with the dissatisfaction of very important human needs. With affects, sharp changes in the activity of consciousness are observed. Its volume narrows and is limited to a small number of ideas and perceptions that are closely related to the emotion experienced. Disturbances of consciousness may lead to an inability to subsequently recall the episodes of the event that caused the affect, and in the case of an exceptionally strong affect, they can result in loss of consciousness and complete amnesia. Passion is a strongly pronounced passion of a person for someone or something, accompanied by deep emotional experiences associated with the corresponding object. In terms of intensity of emotional excitement, passion approaches affect, and in terms of duration and stability, it resembles mood. The main sign of passion is its effectiveness, the confluence of strong-willed and emotional moments. Passion, possessing great power, is one of the essential motivations for activity. The unity of the moral, rational principle and passion often acts as the driving force behind great deeds, exploits, and discoveries. Fear is an unconditioned reflex emotional reaction to danger, which manifests itself in a sharp change in the vital activity of the organism. Instinctive fear is triggered by a stimulus that signals possible physical pain. Socially determined causes of fear - the threat of public censure, loss of labor results, humiliation, etc. Stress is a state of mental tension that occurs in a person in the process of activity in the most difficult, difficult conditions, both in everyday life and under special circumstances. As the founder of the doctrine of stress G. Selye emphasized, stress is an indispensable component of life. It can not only lower, but also increase the body's resistance to negative factors. To breed these polar functions of stress, G. Selye proposed to distinguish between “stress” itself, as a mechanism necessary for the body to overcome adverse external influences, and “distress” as a state that is certainly harmful to health (the word “distress” can be translated as “exhaustion”, “unhappiness "). Thus, stress is a tension that mobilizes and activates the body to fight the source of negative emotions. Distress is an excessive stress that reduces the body's ability to adequately respond to the demands of the external environment. Depending on the type of stressor and the nature of its influence, different types of stress are distinguished, in the most general classification - physiological stress and psychological stress. Under physiological stress, the human body responds not only with a protective reaction (a change in adaptive activity), but also with a complex generalized reaction, often little dependent on the specific stimulus. Psychological stress, in turn, is divided into information stress and emotional stress. Information stress occurs in situations of information loads, when the subject does not cope with the task, does not have time to make the right decisions at the required pace. Emotional stress appears in situations of threat, danger, resentment, etc. At the same time, its various forms - impulsive, inhibitory, generalized - lead to changes in the course of mental processes, emotional shifts, transformation of the motivational structure of activity, violations of motor and speech behavior. A person's behavior in a stressful situation depends on many conditions, but above all on his psychological preparation, which includes the ability to quickly assess the situation, the skills of instant orientation in unexpected circumstances, strong-willed composure and determination, experience of behavior in similar situations. Emotions are integral reactions of the body to the impact of factors of the external and internal environment, as well as to the results of its own activity. Emotions are a direct form of expression of feelings. Feelings - a person's stable emotional relationship to the phenomena of reality, reflecting the significance of these phenomena in connection with his needs and motives; the highest product of the development of emotional processes in social conditions. Having a strictly causal nature, feelings are somehow subjective, since the same phenomena for different people can have different meanings. The same feeling can be realized in different emotions. This is due to the complexity of phenomena, the versatility and multiplicity of their relationships with each other. Human feelings are social in nature. Emotions are relatively weakly manifested in external behavior, sometimes they are not noticeable at all. Feelings, on the contrary, are outwardly very noticeable. They are a product of the cultural and historical development of a person, they play a motivating role in life and work. Depending on the orientation, feelings are divided into: moral (experiences by a person of his relationship to other people, to society); intellectual (feelings associated with cognitive activity); aesthetic (feelings of beauty, which are especially pronounced when perceiving works of art, natural phenomena, events of social life); practical (feelings associated with human activities); parental (feelings associated with the attitude towards children), etc. Higher feelings (moral, aesthetic, intellectual) are peculiar only to a person and are experienced by him in activity and communication. In defining these feelings as the highest, such features are emphasized as: generalization, stability and irreducibility to momentary emotional experiences. Moral feelings are feelings that reflect a person's attitude to the requirements of public morality. Moral norms are formed and changed in the process of the historical development of society, depending on its traditions, customs, religion, dominant ideology, etc. Moral feelings include: a sense of duty, humanity, benevolence, love, friendship, patriotism, sympathy, etc. Aesthetic feelings are feelings that arise in a person in connection with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his aesthetic needs. These are the feelings that express the attitude of the subject to various facts of life and their reflection in art as something beautiful or ugly, tragic or comic, sublime or vulgar, elegant or rude. Intellectual feelings are feelings associated with human cognitive activity. The existence of intellectual feelings (surprise, curiosity, curiosity, joy about the discovery made, doubts about the correctness of the decision, confidence in the correctness of the proof, etc.) is a clear evidence of the relationship between intellectual and emotional moments. The creative life and activity of people who solve practical problems require great activity and exertion of physical and spiritual strength from a person. That is why everyone who has specific goals in his life and makes quite definite efforts to implement them and translate his plans into reality must have the necessary strong-willed qualities. Will is the ability of a person to act in the direction of a consciously set goal, while overcoming external and internal obstacles (that is, his immediate desires and aspirations). Will is an important component of the human psyche, it is inextricably linked with the motivational sphere of the personality, cognitive and emotional processes. The main function of the will is the strengthening of motivation and the improvement on this basis of the conscious regulation of actions. The main functions of the will: 1) the choice of motives and goals; 2) regulation of the impulse to action in case of insufficient or excessive motivation; 3) organization of mental processes into an adequate system of actions performed by a person; 4) mobilization of mental and physical capabilities in overcoming obstacles that arise on the way to achieving the goals. Volitional action is associated with the awareness of the purpose of the activity, its significance, the subordination of one's impulses to conscious control and the change in the surrounding reality in accordance with one's intentions. A volitional action has the following characteristics: - it is conscious, purposeful, intentional, accepted for implementation by its own conscious decision; - is an action necessary for external (social) or personal reasons, i.e. there are always grounds on which an action is accepted for execution; - has an initial or manifested in the implementation of the lack of motivation (or inhibition); - as a result, it is provided with additional motivation (inhibition) due to the functioning of certain mechanisms and ends with the achievement of the intended goal. Volitional actions are distinguished by the degree of complexity. In the case when the goal is clearly visible in the impulse and it directly turns into action, one speaks of a simple volitional act. A complex volitional act is preceded by taking into account the consequences, understanding the motives, making a decision, drawing up a plan for its implementation. A complex volitional act consists of the following actions: 1) awareness of the goal and the desire to achieve it; 2) awareness of a number of opportunities to achieve the goal; 3) the emergence of motives that support or refute these possibilities; 4) struggle of motives and choice; 5) accepting one of the possibilities as a version; 6) overcoming external obstacles in the implementation of the decision and achieving the goal. The volitional action of each person has its own special uniqueness, as it is a reflection of a relatively stable personality structure. Within the framework of individual differences in the volitional sphere, the selected parameters can characterize both the volitional act as a whole and its individual links. In particular, one of the main characteristics of the will is its strength. Willpower is manifested at all stages of a volitional act, but most clearly in what obstacles are overcome with the help of volitional actions and what results are obtained. It is the obstacles overcome through willpower that are an objective indicator of the manifestation of willpower. Analyzing the individual links of the volitional act, we can conclude that the first, starting stage of volitional action largely depends on such personality traits as purposefulness, initiative, independence, endurance and self-control. Purposefulness is the ability of a person to subordinate his actions to set goals. Purposefulness is the most important motivational-volitional quality of a person, which determines the content and level of development of all other volitional qualities. There are strategic purposefulness - the ability of a person to be guided in all his life by certain principles and ideals; and operational purposefulness - the ability to set clear goals for individual actions and not be distracted from them in the process of execution. Initiative - the ability to work creatively, taking action on one's own initiative. For many people, the most difficult thing is to overcome their inertia, they cannot do something on their own, without stimulation from outside. The independence of a volitional act is manifested in the ability not to be influenced by various factors, to critically evaluate the advice and suggestions of other people, to act on the basis of one's views and beliefs. Independent people without outside help see the problem and, based on it, set a goal. Usually such people actively defend their point of view, their understanding of the task, goal and ways of its implementation. Endurance - the ability to slow down actions, feelings, thoughts that interfere with the implementation of the decision. It is the ability to constantly control one's behavior. It is often difficult to resist impulsive actions in an emotionally charged environment. A seasoned person will always be able to choose the level of activity that corresponds to the conditions and is justified by the circumstances. In the future, this ensures success in achieving the goal. Self-control is the ability of a person to maintain inner peace, to act reasonably and balancedly in difficult life situations. Initiative, independence as the volitional qualities of a person are opposed to such qualities as suggestibility, pliability, inertia, but they must be distinguished from negativism as an unmotivated tendency to act contrary to others. An individual parameter that characterizes the features of the stage of actualization of one or more motives and the stage of decision-making is decisiveness - the ability to make and implement quick, reasonable and firm decisions. Decisiveness is realized in the choice of the dominant motive and adequate means to achieve the goal. It is especially pronounced in difficult situations where the action is associated with a certain risk. To make a decision in a timely manner means to make it exactly at the moment when circumstances require it. An essential prerequisite for decisiveness is courage - the ability to face fear and take justified risks in order to achieve one's goal. The qualities opposite to decisiveness are indecisiveness, impulsiveness and inconsistency. The most important characteristic of the stage of performance of activity is perseverance, or perseverance. Perseverance, or perseverance, is the ability of a person to mobilize his capabilities for a long struggle with difficulties. A persistent person is able to find in the surrounding conditions exactly what will help achieve the goal. Persistent people do not stop at failure, do not give in to doubt, do not pay attention to the reproaches or opposition of other people. Perseverance should be distinguished from stubbornness - the quality of a person, expressed in the desire to act in his own way, contrary to reasonable arguments, requests, advice, instructions from other people.

The concept of mental state, its types.

mental states- integral characteristics of mental activity for a certain period of time. They accompany a person's life - his relationship with other people, society, etc.

In any of them, three dimensions can be distinguished: ♦ motivational-incentive; ♦ emotional-evaluative; ♦ activation-energetic. The first one is decisive.

There are mental states of both an individual and a community of people (micro- and macrogroups, peoples, societies). In the sociological and socio-psychological literature, two types of them are specially considered - public opinion and public mood.

Mental states of a person are characterized by integrity, mobility and relative stability, interconnection with mental processes and personality traits, individual originality and typicality, diversity, polarity.

Integrity is manifested in the fact that they characterize all mental activity in a certain period of time, express a specific ratio of all components of the psyche.

Mobility lies in variability, in the presence of stages of flow (beginning, certain dynamics and end).

Mental states are relatively stable, their dynamics is less pronounced than those of processes (cognitive, volitional, emotional). At the same time, mental processes, states and personality traits are closely interconnected. States affect processes, being the background of their flow. At the same time, they act as building material for the formation of personality traits, primarily character traits. For example, the state of concentration mobilizes the processes of attention, perception, memory, thinking, will and emotions of a person. In turn, it, repeatedly repeated, can become a quality of personality - concentration.

Mental states are characterized by extreme diversity and polarity. The latter concept means that each of them corresponds to the opposite (confidence/uncertainty, activity/passivity, frustration/tolerance, etc.).

Mental states of a person can be classified.

The division is based on a number of reasons:

1. Depending on the role of the individual and the situation in the occurrence of mental states - personal and situational.

2. Depending on the dominant (leading) components (if any) - intellectual, volitional, emotional etc.

3. Depending on the degree of depth - (more or less) deep or superficial.

4. Depending on the flow time - short-term, long-term, long-term etc.

5. Depending on the influence on the personality - positive and negative, sthenic that increase vitality, and asthenic.

6. Depending on the degree of awareness - more or less aware.

7. Depending on the reasons causing them.

8. Depending on the degree of adequacy of the objective situation that caused them.

It is possible to identify typical positive and negative mental states that are characteristic of most people both in everyday life (love, happiness, grief, etc.) and in professional activities associated with extreme conditions. This should include professional suitability, awareness of the importance of one's profession, joy from success in work, strong-willed activity, etc.

Of great importance for the effectiveness of labor activity is the mental state of professional interest, associated with the awareness of the significance of such activities, the desire to learn more about it and active actions in the relevant field, concentration of attention on objects from this professional sphere, on which the consciousness of a specialist is focused.

The diversity and creative nature of labor activity make it possible for a worker to develop mental states that are close in content and structure to the state of creative inspiration characteristic of scientists, writers, artists, actors, and musicians. It is expressed in a creative upsurge, a sharpening of perception, an increase in the ability to reproduce what was previously imprinted, an increase in the power of the imagination, the emergence of a number of combinations of original impressions, etc.

The mental state of readiness for it as a whole and for its components is important for the effectiveness of professional activity.

Along with positive (sthenic) states, negative (asthenic) states can also occur in a person in the course of his life. For example, indecision appears not only in the absence of independence, self-confidence, but also because of the novelty, ambiguity, confusion of a particular life situation. Extreme conditions lead to states of mental stress.

Psychologists also talk about the state of purely operating room(operator, business) tension, which arises as a result of the complexity of the activity performed (these are difficulties in sensory discrimination, the state of vigilance, the complexity of visual-motor coordination, intellectual load, etc.), and emotional tension caused by emotional extreme conditions (working with people, including patients, offenders, etc.).

Regulation and self-regulation of mental states.

Regulation of mental states It is carried out through treatment (psychiatry), as well as through the provision of psychological assistance and support. Psychological assistance and support, unlike psychotherapy, is carried out not by psychotherapists, but by practical psychologists through analysis of the client's psyche, individual and group consultations, and trainings. Methods of psychological influence. The method of presenting models is based on the use of the mechanisms of mental infection, suggestion and imitation in the process of presenting as models: the behavior of other people, movie characters, fiction, fairy tales, parables, anecdotes. Discussion - discussion of any customer problems in order to find optimal solutions. The main mechanism of psychological influence here is persuasion - the process of influencing consciousness by the power of logical evidence. Training - a method of influence aimed at creating new mental formations, or at changing and developing existing ones. During the training, various exercises, role-playing games, psycho-gymnastics are used. Mental self-regulation based on the arbitrary control of one's own mental state. It assumes the presence or development of appropriate skills, including the skills of psychoprophylaxis and psychohygiene. For a student, for example, these are the following skills: - the ability to overcome excessive anxiety; a feeling of uncertainty, fear and anxiety, indecision and constraint at seminars, exams, tests; - the ability to prevent and relieve stress manifestations, excessive tension and excitement; - the ability to mobilize one's will or internal forces to create a working mood, the necessary well-being; - the ability to control the pace and tone of one's speech, breathing, muscle tension, etc.; - the ability to discharge in the types of activities replacing studies: physical labor, physical education, disco, cinema, fiction, etc. In practical psychology, various methods of psychophysical self-regulation have been developed. The most famous of these is autogenic training. In terms of psychophysical self-regulation, books by the American psychologist and educator Dale Carnegie, other psychologists, as well as special guidelines developed for these purposes, can be useful.

Characteristics of temperament, its typology.

The first attempt to create a personality typology was the division of people into four temperaments, which dates back to the time of antiquity and is associated with the names of famous doctors of that era: Hippocrates and Galen. According to this typology, people are divided into four types: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. Each temperament indicates the way a person thinks and behaves emotionally. Each type of temperament is associated with certain features that characterize the human nervous system. These are: stability - instability; dynamism - inertia; The comparison showed that sanguine and phlegmatic people are people with a stable nervous system, and choleric and melancholic people are unstable. A person's belonging to one or another temperament is reflected in the style of his behavior and relationships with others. The sanguine person can be described as a lively, mobile, quickly responding to surrounding events, relatively easily experiencing failures and troubles. He quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly converges with people, his feelings easily arise and are replaced by new ones, rich facial expressions, mobility, expressiveness, sometimes superficiality, inconstancy are characteristic. Sanguine people traditionally include Napoleon, D "Artagnan from A. Dumas's The Three Musketeers. Choleric can be described as fast, impetuous, able to devote himself to business with passion, but unbalanced, prone to violent emotional outbursts and sudden mood swings. He is characterized by increased excitability, strong emotionality, sometimes irritability, affectivity.To choleric people traditionally include A. S. Pushkin, A. V. Suvorov, Athos from the "Three Musketeers" by A. Dumas. Phlegmatic can be described as slow, unflappable, with steady aspirations and more or less constant mood, with a weak external expression of mental states.It is characteristic that new forms of behavior are developed in him slowly, but persist for a long time, he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to affects, he is characterized by evenness, calmness, endurance, sometimes lethargy, indifference to others, phlegmatic people traditionally include I. A. Krylov, M. I. Kutuzov, Porthos from the “Three Muskets ditch "A. Dumas. The melancholic can be described as easily vulnerable, inclined to deeply experience even minor failures, but outwardly sluggishly reacting to the environment. He is inhibited, it is difficult for him to concentrate on one thing for a long time, strong influences lead to stupor, sometimes he is characterized by isolation, fearfulness, anxiety. Melancholics traditionally include N.V. Gogol, P.I. Tchaikovsky, Aramis from The Three Musketeers by A. Dumas. Types of Pavlov's temperament. Types of temperament I.P. Pavlova are built on the basis of types of the nervous system. I.P. Pavlov showed that the basis of higher nervous activity is three components: strength (the individual maintains a high level of performance during long and hard work, quickly recovers, does not respond to weak stimuli), balance (the individual remains calm in an exciting environment, easily suppresses his inadequate desires ) and mobility (the individual quickly responds to changes in the situation, easily acquires new skills). The combination of these components, according to Pavlov, gives an explanation of the classical temperaments of Hippocrates: - a sanguine person has a strong, balanced, mobile type of higher nervous activity; - choleric - a strong, unbalanced, mobile type of higher nervous activity; - phlegmatic - a strong, balanced, inert type of higher nervous activity; - melancholic - weak, unbalanced, inert type of higher nervous activity. Classification of temperamental groups So, choleric and sanguine people have a more active temperament, while melancholic and phlegmatic people are somewhat passive. The most lively and mobile people are choleric and sanguine. Moreover, the choleric is the most unbalanced of them, and this is clearly seen by the fact that he is unbalanced both externally and internally. Sanguine is internally balanced, although outwardly it can be very emotional. The melancholic, on the contrary, is unbalanced internally, although outwardly this does not always manifest itself. Belonging to one of the four temperamental groups can be determined by the reaction that manifests itself in him to the obstacle that has arisen on his way: the choleric sweeps away the obstacle; the sanguine bypasses; the phlegmatic often does not even notice; the melancholic stops before an obstacle. Usually, there are practically no pure temperaments. Each person has a combination of two temperaments, one of which is the main one, and the other is additional. But the constant manifestation of only the main and additional temperament is the exception rather than the rule. Each personality contains all four temperaments, but in different proportions. Each of them comes to the fore, depending on the situation. The main, leading temperament manifests itself at a close psychological distance (in a familiar environment, with loved ones) in a comfortable psychological atmosphere. Additional temperament is more clearly manifested in a tense and (or) conflict situation. For example, protecting your personal interests, defending your opinion, etc. The third type of temperament manifests itself in an official setting, at a far psychological distance (in relation to management, subordinates or partners from other organizations, just strangers). This type of temperament can be called role-playing, because. a person in such a situation is bound by conventions, and, adapting to society, plays a certain social role. The fourth type of temperament, manifests itself most rarely. As a short-term reaction to stressful situations (collapse of the company and unexpected dismissal, serious illness or death of a loved one, some kind of natural disaster: fire, flood, etc.). Temperament. Activity. Character Temperament and activity. The dynamic traits of a person's personality appear not only in the external manner of behavior, not only in movements - they also appear in the mental sphere, in the sphere of motivation, in general performance. Naturally, the peculiarities of temperament affect in training sessions and in work activities. But the main thing is that differences in temperaments are differences not in the level of the possibility of the psyche, but in the originality of its manifestations. The lack of correlation between the level of achievements was established, i.e. the end result of actions, and the characteristics of temperament, if the activity takes place in conditions that can be defined as normal. Thus, regardless of the degree of mobility or reactivity of the individual in a normal, non-stressful situation, the results of activity will in principle be the same, since the level of achievement will depend mainly on other factors, in particular on the level of motivation and abilities. At the same time, studies that establish this pattern show that, depending on temperament, the way the activity itself is carried out changes. Depending on the characteristics of temperament, people differ not in the end result of actions, but in the way they achieve results. Studies have been conducted in order to establish the relationship between the way of performing actions and the characteristics of temperament. In these studies, an individual style of activity was considered as a way to achieve results or a way to solve a certain problem, mainly due to the type of nervous system. The results of studies by the vast majority of authors, regardless of the characteristics of the groups under study and experimental situations in which the typical way of performing actions for these individuals was studied, show that it is the type of nervous processes that has a significant impact on the formation of a certain style of activity. A sanguine person should be constantly assigned new, if possible, interesting tasks that require concentration and tension from him. It is necessary to constantly include his active activity and systematically encourage his efforts. The phlegmatic person needs to be involved in vigorous activity and interested. It requires systematic attention. It cannot be switched from one task to another. In relation to the melancholic, not only harshness, rudeness, but also simply an elevated tone, irony are unacceptable. He requires special attention, you should praise him in time for his successes, determination and ox. A negative assessment should be used as carefully as possible, mitigating its negative effect in every possible way. Melancholic - the most sensitive and vulnerable type with him, you must be extremely soft and friendly. Temperament determines how a person implements his actions, but their content does not depend. Temperament is manifested in the features of the course of mental processes. Influencing the speed of recollection and the strength of memorization, the fluency of mental operations, the stability and switchability of attention. Temperament and character. Temperament must be strictly distinguished from character. Temperament in no way characterizes the content side of a person (worldview, views, beliefs, interests, etc.), does not determine the value of a person or the limit of achievements possible for a given person. It has only to do with the dynamic side of activity. Although temperament cannot determine the relationship of the individual, her aspirations, and interests, her ideals, i.e. of all the richness of the content of a person’s inner life, however, the characteristics of the dynamic side are essential for understanding the complex image of a person’s behavior, the character of a person. The extent to which a person shows balance in behavior, flexibility, dynamism and expansiveness in reactions speaks of the qualitative characteristics of the personality and its capabilities, which in a certain way develop on the labor and social activities of the individual. Thus, temperament is not something external in the character of a person, but organically enters into its structure. Life experiences. education and training on the natural basic fabric of temperament - a type of higher nervous activity - gradually weave patterns. The attitude of the individual, his convictions, aspirations, consciousness of necessity and duty allow him to overcome some impulses, to train others in order to organize his behavior in accordance with social norms. Temperament does not determine the path of development of specific character traits; temperament itself is transformed under the influence of character traits. The development of character and temperament in this sense is an interdependent process.

The manifestation of temperament in human activity.

Since each activity imposes certain requirements on the human psyche and its dynamic features, there are no temperaments that are ideally suited for all types of activities. The role of temperament in work and study lies in the fact that the influence on the activity of various mental states caused by an unpleasant environment, emotional factors, and pedagogical influences depends on it. The influence of various factors that determine the level of neuropsychic stress depends on temperament (for example, assessment of activity, expectation of activity control, acceleration of the pace of work, disciplinary influences, etc.). There are four ways of adapting temperament to the requirements of activity. The first way is professional selection, one of the tasks of which is to prevent persons who do not have the necessary temperamental properties from participating in this activity. This path is implemented only in the selection for professions that place high demands on personality traits. The second way to adapt temperament to activity is to individualize the requirements, conditions and methods of work imposed on a person (individual approach). The third way is to overcome the negative influence of temperament through the formation of a positive attitude towards activity and appropriate motives. The fourth, main and most universal way of adapting temperament to the requirements of activity is the formation of its individual style. An individual style of activity is understood as such an individual system of techniques and methods of action that is characteristic of a given person and appropriate for achieving a successful result. Temperament is an external manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of education, self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, and the true temperament is "disguised". Therefore, "pure" types of temperament are rarely found, but, nevertheless, the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior. Temperament leaves an imprint on the ways of behavior and communication, for example, a sanguine person is almost always the initiator in communication, he feels at ease in the company of strangers, a new unusual situation only excites him, and a melancholic, on the contrary, frightens, confuses, he is lost in a new situation, among new people. The phlegmatic also hardly converges with new people, shows his feelings little and does not notice for a long time that someone is looking for a reason to get to know him. He is inclined to start love relationships with friendship and eventually falls in love, but without lightning-fast metamorphoses, since his rhythm of feelings is slowed down, and the stability of feelings makes him monogamous. In choleric, sanguine, on the contrary, love arises more often from an explosion, at first sight, but is not so stable. The productivity of a person is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament. So, the special mobility of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if the work requires him to frequently switch from one type of occupation to another, promptness in making decisions, and the monotony, regimentation of activities, on the contrary, leads him to rapid fatigue. Phlegmatic and melancholic people, on the contrary, in conditions of strict regulation and monotonous work, show greater productivity and resistance to fatigue than choleric and sanguine people. In behavioral communication, it is possible and necessary to foresee the peculiarities of the reaction of persons with different types of temperament and to respond adequately to them. We emphasize that temperament determines only dynamic, but not meaningful, characteristics of behavior. On the basis of the same temperament, both a "great" and a socially insignificant person are possible.

Structure and typology of character.

Character, along with temperament, is one of the most significant forms of personality manifestation. If temperament determines the dynamic side of the personality, then character is its content.. Character leaves its mark on all the actions, thoughts and feelings of a person, by which we judge personality traits. Not all of its features are part of the character, but only essential and stable. Definition. Character -- - an individual combination of the most stable, essential personality traits, manifested in human behavior, in a certain relation: to oneself, to other people, to the task assigned. The nature of the human personality is always multifaceted. It defines a set of traits, personality traits. All these traits, or qualities, of a person can be conditionally divided into several groups that reflect a person's attitude to different aspects of life. Each group includes positive and negative qualities.

In the structure of the personality of the character, it occupies a central place, combining all other properties and behavioral features:

Influences cognitive processes

For emotional life

For motivation and will

Determines the individuality and originality of the personality

The character of a person is an alloy of innate properties of higher nervous activity with individual traits acquired throughout life.

Character structure:

Traits expressing the orientation of the personality (stable needs, attitudes, interests, inclinations, ideals, goals), attitudes towards the surrounding reality and representing individually peculiar ways of implementing these relationships.

The second group includes intellectual, volitional and emotional traits.

The typology of character is based on the existence of certain typical features that are common and indicative for a certain group of people. Regularly combined character traits form an integral structure. An integral character is a character in which positive connections between traits predominate. However, in life there are often conflicting characters. Contradictory character (discordant) - a character in which there are features that contradict each other and cause different forms of behavior in similar situations. hypology of characters

1. Somatic approach. Historically, the first, which have become widespread over many centuries, are character typologies, which are based on the doctrine of temperaments, which combines physiological and somatic approaches in its foundations. From the point of view of this doctrine, the mental originality of people is determined either by the characteristics of physiological processes, or by the somatic type of body structure - the constitution of the body, or by a combination of other physical qualities, for example, gene chromosomes (the authors of the approach are Hippocrates, Galen, E. Kretschmer, W. Sheldon, Ch . Lombraso).

2. Socio-psychological approach. The second typology connects characters with the orientation of the individual and the interaction of the individual with society. According to this approach, K. Jung singles out a series psychosociotypes. Psychosociotype, from the point of view of C. Jung, is an innate mental structure that determines a specific type of information exchange of a person with the environment. K. Jung identifies 2 grounds for the typology of character:

1) personality orientation outside or inside (extraversion - introversion);

2) mental functions(sensations, intuition, thinking, feelings). In accordance with these features, 8 types of character were identified: extraverted feeling, extraverted-intuitive, extraverted-thinking, extraverted-emotive, introverted feeling, introverted-intuitive, introverted-thinking, introverted-emotive .

The socio-psychological typologies of character include the typologies of A. Adler, K. Horney, E. Fromm. You can also distinguish types depending on the professional orientation of the individual. For example, such a typology of people is presented in the concept of E. A. Klimov: types of people who choose activities in the field of ``man - man'", ``man - technology'", ``man - nature'", ``man - symbolic system"" or ``man is an artistic image'". 3. Psychiatric approach. Recently, a typology of characters has become widespread, linking character traits with accentuation - the excessive severity of individual character traits and their combinations.

Personality and character formation.

Character begins to form from the first months of life. The main role in this belongs to communication with other people. In actions and forms of behavior, the child imitates his loved ones. With the help of direct learning through imitation and emotional reinforcement, he learns the forms of adult behavior. Although the character begins to form from the first months, nevertheless, they distinguish special sensitive period for the formation of character: age from two or three to nine or ten years. At this time, children communicate a lot and actively both with surrounding adults and with peers. During this period, they are open to almost any outside influence. Children readily accept any new experience, imitating everything and everything. Adults at this time still enjoy the boundless trust of the child, so they have the opportunity to influence him with a word, deed and action. For the formation of the child's character, the style of communication of the people around is important: - adults with adults, - adults with children, - children with children. The child both adopts the style of communication and tries to adapt to it, which in turn also affects the formation of character. It is generally accepted that the way mother and father act in relation to the child, after many years, becomes the way he treats his children, when the child becomes an adult and acquires his own family. However, this is both true and not true. The child not only adopts communication styles, he criticizes in my own way. The older the child and the more developed his intellect and the more willingly he uses the possibilities of his mind, the more critical he is. That is why the core of character is always included man's relationship to truth. The inquisitiveness of the child's mind cannot but leave an imprint on the formation of his character. One of the first in a person's character is laid such traits as: - kindness-selfishness, - sociability-isolation, - responsiveness-indifference. Studies show that these character traits begin to form long before the beginning of the school period of life, even as early as infancy. Later, other character traits are formed: - industriousness-laziness, - accuracy-sloppiness, - conscientiousness-malice, - responsibility-irresponsibility, - perseverance-cowardice. These qualities, however, also begin to form in preschool childhood. They are formed and fixed in games and available types of domestic work and other household activities. Of great importance for the development of character traits is stimulation from adults. Both low demands and very high demands can adversely affect the formation of character. In the preschool period, mainly those traits that constantly receive support (positive or negative reinforcement) are preserved and consolidated. In the elementary grades of the school, under the influence of new experience, character traits that manifest themselves in relationships with people are formed and corrected. The child begins to live complete social life, to communicate with a large number of people, including few he knows. The responsibility of the child for the result of the activity increases. They start comparing him to other kids. Therefore, it is in elementary school that such an important character trait as self-attitude is formed. School success can build confidence in one's own intellectual usefulness. Failures can form a kind of "loser complex": the child stops trying because he still a doppelgänger. In adolescence, strong-willed character traits are most actively developed and consolidated. A teenager gradually masters new areas of activity for himself, tries his hand at them. In early youth finally the basic moral, ideological foundations of the personality are formed, which most people carry through the rest of their lives. We can assume that by the end of school, the character of a person as a whole is established. What happens to a person in the future almost never makes his character unrecognizable to those who communicated with him during his school years. However, the character is not a frozen formation, but is formed and transformed throughout the life of a person. After graduation, the biggest "innovation" in character will occur in the first few years of a young person's work. Interesting work, productive relationships with colleagues and superiors will give rise to love for work, for labor achievements. Routine work, destructive relationships with colleagues can give rise to passivity and dependency. Many adult, conscious people are the creator of their own character. They analyze their behavior, their thoughts and feelings. If you don't like something about yourself, then they educate themselves. People capable of self-education usually achieve much more success in life than their more passive "antagonists". A huge influence on the formation and development of character in all periods of life has an external information background: - judgments of people around about life, - actions of people around, - fiction (judgments and actions of fictional characters), - cinema and other media images, - the dominant ideology in society.

Inclinations as natural prerequisites for the development of abilities.

According to psychology, abilities and inclinations are interconnected with each other. The inclinations are prerequisites for the development of abilities, which means that the development of the individual as a whole depends on the inclinations. Under favorable living conditions, a person can achieve success by acquiring abilities in the process of life and regardless of whether he initially had the prerequisites to come to any life achievements. Scientists argue whether a person has inclinations from birth or whether they do not exist at all as such. Despite the fact that the anatomical origin of inclinations has not been proven, psychologists agree that with the right upbringing and training, a person will achieve success in life faster. If the child does not receive the ground for the development of his abilities, and the parents do not support him in various interests and hobbies, such a person runs the risk of not revealing his talents. Such mistakes in education are quite common. Ignoring the natural abilities and inclinations of the child, parents seek to impose on him their once unrealized opportunities. In other words, the child is forced to do everything that the parents could not achieve, without realizing their inner potential.

Capabilities - these are, first of all, personality traits that allow you to achieve success in business and communication. They are easy and playful. Most often, these are qualities that we have long discovered in ourselves and that bring us pleasure.

Makings - these are the skills that allow abilities to develop. As a rule, these are certain properties of the nervous system, or anatomical and physiological features.

The inclinations and abilities of the individual can be divided into natural and specific. Natural inherent in a person biologically, and are formed through life experience. For example, if you develop good physical inclinations, you can achieve good results in sports. The specific abilities and inclinations of a person, in turn, can be divided into three components:

theoretical and practical. The first type of ability determines a person's propensity for abstract-logical thinking. The second type defines practical actions. In diversified people, both of these abilities are perfectly combined and complement each other;

general and special abilities. The presence of the first type of abilities determines various types of human activity and communication. For example, mental abilities and functions of memory and speech. Special abilities allow you to succeed in specific areas of activity. For example, in sports, music, technology, mathematical and literary areas;

learning and creativity. The former help a person to easily acquire skills and knowledge, and also contribute to the formation of personality. The second, i.e. creativity helps to create works of art and culture, as well as to make various discoveries.

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