Today, the most diverse equipment is used in agriculture, which only combines and all sorts of other machines and devices the world has not come up with. Now there is a problem with choosing which ones to take and why these ones, but it was also not always the case. If you plunge into history, then earlier bread only ripened in the fields, and the villagers harvested the ears by hand in a large crowd, then they were stacked in shocks, threshed, etc. Then all sorts of headers-logo-warmers, harvesters-self-assemblies, harvesters-sheaves began to appear, which became the prototypes of the first future combines. Today I invite you to briefly recall the history of combine building in our country, because we had and still have something to be proud of on this front as well. And a small open-air museum at the Rostselmash plant will help us in this matter.
The birthplace of the modern combine harvester is considered to be the United States. It was there in 1828 that S. Lane filed the first patent for a complex combined harvester that simultaneously cut bread, threshed it and peeled the grain. Although, to be honest, this car was not built. The first harvester brought to mind can be considered invented by E. Briggs and E.D. Carpenter (E. Briggs and E.G. Carpenter) in 1836. This harvester was mounted like a 4-wheel cart. The rotation of the threshing drum and the drive of the cutting unit were carried out by a transmission from two rear wheels. In the same 1836, a little later, two inventors H. Moore and D. Hascall (H. Moore and J. Hascall) received a patent for a machine that, according to the basic principles of work processes, approached the design of a modern-type combine. In 1854, this combine worked in California and harvested 600 acres (about 240 ha). Further, in 1875, in California, D. Peterson introduced his combine. In 1890, 6 firms were already engaged in the factory production of combines, which produced combines for sale. All California harvesters were made mainly of wood and had a large cutterbar grip. The movement of the combine across the field was carried out mainly by horses and mules, which required up to 40 heads, the working bodies were set in motion with the help of gears, from the running wheels, and from 1889 - from a special steam engine. All this led to excessive bulkiness of combines, and their weight sometimes reached 15 tons. But all this did not prevent that by the end of the 1880s, about 600 combines were already working on the Pacific coast of the United States ...
2. The first production of the Rostselmash plant 
How we did not become the birthplace of the combine. The following fact is known that on January 4, 1869, the Agricultural Newspaper wrote: “The Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry announces that on December 18, 1868, a petition was received from the learned manager Andrei Romanovich Vlasenko to issue him a 10-year privilege for a machine he invented under called "Horse grain harvester on the vine" ... It was able to perform the work of two reaper and threshing machines. By the way, compared to manual labor, it was 20 times more efficient, and compared to the then most advanced machine, the American McCormick reaper 8 times. However, our Minister of Agriculture (stupid) banned the production of the Russian "reaper-thresher". He found the reason quickly, the officials know how to do it. They say that the manufacture of such a smart machine is beyond the strength of our factories. Vlasenko managed to assemble only two experimental such machines on his own, who for a long time and successfully worked on the estates of the Bezhetsk district of the Tver province.But if ours put an end to this project, in America this topic is actively promoted alas. So in 1879, the first reports appeared in the American press about the California miracle "reaper-thresher", called the "harvester". True, according to contemporaries, it was very similar to Vlasenko's car, only, unlike ours, it was driven by 24 mules with 7 workers ...
3. Horse mower (1929-1941) 
The first harvester was brought to Russia by Holt in 1913 at the Kiev Agricultural Exhibition. It was a wooden structure on a single tape crawler with a 14-foot (4.27 m) cutterbar arm and a gasoline engine to simultaneously power the mechanisms and move the machine itself. The combine was tested at the Akimov machine testing station, and, you know, it gave relatively good performance. But, fortunately, it did not find application in the conditions of agriculture in Russia, the First World War prevented it.
As a result, until the First World War, yes, what to hide, and after the revolution, most of all agricultural machinery consumed in our country was imported from abroad. Or simply our villagers worked in the fields in the old fashioned way, with pens. For example, in 1928, grain harvesting on the Don was 34% done with scythes and sickles, 66% with horse harvesters, in other regions the picture was even worse, something had to be done urgently.
4. Horse rakes (1956-1958). 
In 1930, the Zaporozhye plant "Kommunar" produced the first 347 domestic harvesters of the same name. They were made according to the patterns of the American Holt-Caterpillar combine. On the collective farm fields, albeit in tow behind a tractor, hundreds of peasants replaced such combines. In business, they were reliable and productive, of course, for those times. One such machine could harvest more than two hectares per hour, plus thresh and sort the grain. This technique was operated by three people. His specifications: width - 4.6 meters, bunker capacity - 1.8 m3. On "Kommunar" was put Gas engine automotive type GAS, adapted for work on NATI combines and bearing the name FORD-NATI, with a power of 28 hp. Most often he worked in tandem with low-power tractors SKHTZ 15/30 and Universal.
5. SKhTZ-15/30 tractor and Kommunar combine, USSR, 1934
On July 21, 1929, the first five workshops of the legendary Rostselmash plant out of 18 planned were launched, the production of peasant passages, transverse rakes, tractor plows and seeders began. And already on June 30, 1930, their first combine "Kolkhoz" was produced.
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A little later, in the summer of 1931, the assembly of two Stalinets combines was completed in the experimental workshop of the combine harvester shop under construction at the Rostselmash plant. On the fields of the state farm "Khutorok" in the Krasnodar Territory, the combines passed their first tests together with the combines of the American brands "Oliver", "Holt" and "Caterpillar". As a result, our Stalinists showed top scores at work. Unlike foreign harvesters, they could harvest not only bread, but also sunflower, corn and millet. All these activities led to the fact that in May 1932 the first echelon of Stalinets-1 combines was sent to the fields of the USSR, and on June 14, 1940, the 50,000th combine of this series was assembled.
9. The first combine harvester "Stalinets-1" 
Why Stalinets? Yes, of course, they wanted to please the leader, but there was a reason. After all, it was Comrade Stalin who was a prominent supporter of the development of our agriculture, he sincerely believed in the collective farm business, which was supposed to increase productivity by several times, and this, in turn, would help to greatly increase grain exports. The country needed a currency, it was necessary to raise the industry. Just one example. In 1913, Russia exported about 10 million tons of grain, then in 1925-1926 - only 2 million. Therefore, it was necessary to establish their own production of combines. And he drowned in every possible way for this topic :).
10. Combines "Stalinets-1" with tractors S-60 
Interesting fact. In 1937, the Stalinets-1 combine was sent to the World Industrial Exhibition in Paris, where it received the highest award - the Grand Prix diploma. By the standards of that time, the operating parameters of the combine surprised even worldly-wise connoisseurs. He had a header width of 6.7 m, a power of 40 hp, a throughput of 2.15 kg / s, and a bunker capacity of 2.18 cubic meters. The unit was serviced by five people. Already on June 14, 1940, the 50,000th Stalinets-1 combine was assembled.
11. This relic was found at the Pavlovsky state farm in the Krasnodar Territory at the end of the 50s, washed, made a marafet, now everyone can touch history. 
12. Trailed grain harvester "Stalinets-6" (1947-1954). He was found in the state farm "Kagalnitsky" in the Rostov region. By the way, in 1978, when the film "The Taste of Bread" was filmed, he was even brought in, and he went and worked. So here in the collection are not only hard workers, but also real movie stars. 
This combine was first produced in 1947 at the Rostselmash plant and became the first combine after the Great Patriotic War. "Stalinets-6" was intended for harvesting grain crops, at the same time cutting bread, threshing it, cleaning grain, as well as collecting straw and chaff. From himself, he was an improved design of the Stalinets-1 combine. Like its predecessor, Stalinets-6 could not move without a tractor. Worked at low speeds. Due to the large weight and the presence of two engines - on a combine and on a tractor - a lot of fuel was consumed at the harvest. Three people controlled such units: a tractor driver, a helmsman and a combine operator. And yet it was he who was widely used in the development of the Virgin Lands. The combine was produced from 1947 to 1958. A total of 161,295 were produced.
13. Grain harvesting. Combine "Stalinets-6" in the field 
Yes, there were other heroes of that time. Thus, at the end of 1931, the Sarcombine combine building plant was opened in Saratov. He began to produce SZK - the same design as the Kommunar. From 1932 to 1937, 39,000 of them rolled off the assembly line.
In 1936, the Lyubertsy plant began making SKAG-5A combines (the northern Anvelt-Grigoriev combine of the 5th model) with a working width of 2.5 meters. This trailed non-motorized equipment worked in small areas where there is a lot of rainfall and low temperatures. SKAG also coped with harvesting peas, wiki. Their combines were used in the northwestern regions of the USSR, Siberia, Central Asia, and were exported. In 1937 they received a diploma from the Paris Exhibition. In total, seven thousand such machines rolled off the assembly line. In 1941, the Great Patriotic War began and SKAG-5A ceased to be produced ...
Thanks to their own production, by 1935, grain state farms harvested 97.1% of the area with combines. So, in the harvesting campaign of 1937 in the USSR there were already about 120 thousand combines that harvested 39.2% of cereal grains, thereby ensuring a significant reduction in losses during harvesting, which reached 25% when using heating pads.
What to hide, they worked very closely on the creation of a more perfect "Stalinets". They became the first Soviet self-propelled harvester S-4 ("Stalinets-4"). He took the best from the Stalinets-1 and Kommunar combines. By the way, in 1946 the designers even received the Stalin Prize of the 1st degree, for which a year later these combines began to be mass-produced. This model could move across the field independently, without a tractor. The S-4 combines were equipped with ZIS-5 engines with a capacity of more than 50 "horses" with a speed controller and enhanced cooling of water and oil. The productivity of the harvester under average conditions was 2 hectares per hour, and the working speed was from 2 to 8 kilometers per hour. Their weight is about 3.5 tons. The self-propelled C-4 was produced by the Krasnoyarsk combine plant, the Tula combine plant, and the Syzranselmash plant. From 1947 to 1955, it was made under the brand name Stalinets-4, and from 1955 to 1958 - Stalinets-4M. By the way, in 1963, SK-4 was recognized as the best in the world and awarded the highest awards at the Leipzig International Trade Fair (1st degree diploma), international exhibitions and fairs in Brno (gold medal) and Budapest (silver cup).
14. Combine harvester "Stalinets-6" with tractor SKhTZ 
And this is the trailed motor combine RSM-8. In fact, this is the last trailed combine harvester in the USSR. The harvester became the successor of the Stalinets-6 brand and had a large header grip, a large thresher capacity. The pin drum was replaced by a beater drum. These improvements made it more productive. It was first born at the Rostselmash plant in 1956 and was produced until the beginning of 1958. The combine was intended for harvesting grain crops. 49,923 of these machines were manufactured. Its capacity is 4 kg/s, the engine is 52 hp petrol, the bunker is 2.25 cubic meters.
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16. Combine RSM-8 and tractor DT-54 
In 1958, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution to stop the production of trailed grain harvesters and to organize the production of more productive self-propelled combines. Their production was entrusted to Rostselmash and the Taganrog Combine Plant.
17. Self-propelled grain harvester SK-3 (1958-1961). 
At one time, this model was a real breakthrough. It was created by the State Design Bureau for self-propelled grain harvesters and cotton harvesters in the city of Taganrog. The project was led by Canaan Ilyich Isakson. The car was produced from 1958 to 1964. In total, 169 thousand combines were created. It was the first Soviet harvester equipped with hydraulic power steering. SK-3 was also awarded a diploma of the Brussels exhibition. Except Taganrog plant they were also produced at Rostselmash from 1958 to 1961. By the way, the following modifications were produced: on a half-tracked (SKP-3) and tracked (SKG-3) course, a half-tracked rice harvester (SKPR-3).
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SK-4 (self-propelled combine, 4th model) is a Soviet grain harvester that replaced the SK-3, produced by Rostselmash and the Taganrog combine plant from 1962 to 1974. For its creation, the team of designers was awarded the Lenin Prize. In 1963, the harvester was awarded the Leipzig International Trade Fair, exhibitions and fairs in Brno and Budapest. In 1969, the harvester was modernized, having received the name SK-4A. The SK-4A deck became two-section with an increased wrap angle, the breaking beater was installed in a new position and its circumferential speed increased, a more powerful engine was installed, and the working bodies were modernized. Production of the SK-4A was discontinued in 1973. A total of 855,589 SK-4 and SK-4A units were produced. Other modifications were also produced: on a half-tracked (SKP-4 and SKPR-4) and caterpillar tracks (SKG-4), mounted harvester NK-4.
20. Self-propelled grain harvester SK-4 
21. Combine SK-4 at work, 1965. 
Self-propelled grain harvester SK-5 "Niva". In 1973, the Rostselmash plant switched to the production of an even newer model of combines of the SK Niva series, presented in several modifications: steep-slope, rice-harvesting, etc., designed to work in various natural zones, as well as for harvesting non-grain crops.
22. Self-propelled grain harvester SK-5 "Niva" 
Its development was led by Isakson Canaan Ilyich. The machine is notable for the fact that it was able to become the hallmark of the Soviet combine industry. It was the SK-5 Niva that became one of the most popular models in the USSR. In total, "Niv" was produced more than 1 million 200 thousand pieces.
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Combine SK-5 "Niva" is made according to the classical scheme with a carrier threshing machine, a mounted header and a mounted stacker. Some technical characteristics: Harvester ZhKN-6 - working width 4 m. The threshing machine has one beater drum with a diameter of 600 mm, a deck with an angle of coverage of 128 degrees, a rebound beater, a straw walker with four keys, a double-grid cleaning with a fan, a stacker equipped with a straw feeder. Engine - diesel SMD-17K (SMD-18K) with a capacity of 100 liters. with. or SMD-19K (SMD-20K) with a capacity of 120 liters. with.
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And then it was time for the Dons. So Don-1200 and Don-1500 are also real legends and, perhaps, the most popular combines in the CIS after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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Don-1200 - a combine harvester manufactured by Rostselmash, was developed as a replacement for the Niva, but for a long time it was produced in parallel with it. Don-1500 is similar in design to the Don-1200 combine. The number in the name means the width of the threshing drum. There were modifications: DON-1500, DON-1500A, DON-1500B, Don-1500N (for the non-chernozem zone), Don-1500R (rice-harvesting, caterpillar). Serial production of Don-1500 began in 1986, and since 2006 it has been replaced by a series of combines "Acros 530" and "Vector 410". The story continues...
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And today, Rostselmash remains the main combine plant in the country and the successor of past production victories. True, this is no longer one plant, but a whole agricultural empire. Russia alone is no longer enough for them. The Rostselmash Group of Companies currently includes 13 enterprises located at 10 production sites in 4 countries around the world that produce equipment under the ROSTSELMASH and VERSATILE brands.
29. Forage harvester RSM 1403 
30. Forage harvester RSM 1401 
31. Forage harvester RSM 1401 
32. Combine harvester TORUM 780 
33. Combine harvester RSM 161
Combine harvester
Combine harvesters are designed for harvesting grain and leguminous crops by direct combining, as well as for picking up and threshing windrows. Combines equipped with special devices are used for harvesting seed plants of grasses, vegetables, cereals and oilseeds, lupine, sunflower, sorghum, corn and other crops. A complex machine performs the functions of three simple ones - a harvester, a threshing machine and a winnowing machine.
Combine history
The birthplace of the modern combine harvester is the United States. In 1828, S. Lane claimed the first patent for a complex combined harvester that simultaneously cut bread, threshed it, and cleaned the grain from the husk. However, this machine was not built.
The first implemented combine must be considered invented by E. Briggs and E. G. Carpenter in 1836. This harvester was mounted like a 4-wheel cart; the rotation of the threshing drum and the drive of the cutting unit were carried out by a transmission from 2 rear wheels.
Built in 1875 in California, the combine designed by D. C. Peterson has found much greater use than the combines of other inventors.
In 1890, 6 firms (including Holt) were already engaged in the factory production of combines, which produced combines for sale.
All California harvesters were made mainly of wood and had a large cutterbar grip. The movement of the combine across the field was carried out mainly by horses and mules, which required up to 40 heads, the working bodies were set in motion with the help of gears, from running wheels, and from 1889 - from a special steam engine. All this led to excessive bulkiness of combines, and their weight sometimes reached 15 tons.
Grain harvester in Russia
Vlasenko Andrey Romanovich, in 1868 patented the first grain harvester in Russia ("horse grain harvester on the vine")
His machine of original design, which he called the "horse grain harvester on the vine", successfully carried out the complex process of cutting ears, transporting them to the threshing drum and threshing on the go. The threshed grain, together with the chaff, was collected in a chest, where the grain with the chaff was poured.
At the beginning of 1930, the first-born of the Soviet combine-building plant "Kommunar" in Zaporozhye produced the first 10 Soviet combines Kommunar, by the end of the year the total number of produced combines reached 347. in 1932, the plant named after A.I. Sheboldaev in Saratov (SKZ - "Sarcombine", now Saratov Aviation Plant),
which were of the same type and worked on the same principle, at the same time, the Stalinets had a larger working grip (6.1 m) and some design differences. Kommunar and SKZ were equipped with a gasoline engine of the GAZ automobile type,
Combine harvester device
1. Reel
2. Cutting device
4. Feeder house with conveyor
5. Stone catcher
6. Threshing drum
8. Straw walker
9. Transport board
10.Fan
11. Chaff sieve 21. Chaff
12. Ear sieve beater
13. Return auger
14. Return of spikelets
15. Grain auger
16. Bunker for grain
17. Straw chopper
18. Control cabin
19. Engine
20. Unloading auger
Classification of combine harvesters
1. According to the design of the threshing and separating device (classical scheme, rotary scheme)
More often, combine harvesters with a classic thresher scheme are used. These include SK-5M Niva, Don-1500B, JohnDeer, Claas, Lida-1300, KZS-7, etc. In recent years, combines with a rotary thresher scheme have also been used. These include KTR-10 "Rotor", SK-10V "Don-Rotor", KZR-10 "Polesie-Rotor", KZS-10, etc.
2. According to the method of connection with the energy source (self-propelled, mounted, trailed)
Self-propelled agricultural machinery is by far the most popular. Its functioning is due to the engine, which drives all moving mechanisms.
The trailed combine is towed by a tractor and is powered by an engine that is installed on the combine, or from the tractor's power take-off shaft.
Mounted harvester is installed on self-propelled chassis. This design is suitable for mini tractors.
3. In the direction of the beveled grain mass (L-shaped, direct-flow, T-shaped)
The main characteristic of a combine harvester is the throughput (kg / s) of the thresher, which is estimated by the maximum amount of grain mass (with a ratio of grain to straw content of 1: 1.5), which the combine can process in 1 s, subject to agrotechnical requirements.
Combine harvester
Modern wide-cut harvester from CASE
Modern combine harvester New Holland
Combine harvester- a complex grain harvester (reaper-thresher), performing sequentially in a continuous stream and simultaneously: cutting bread, feeding it to the threshing machine, threshing grain from ears, separating it from a heap and other impurities, transporting clean grain to the bunker and mechanical unloading from it.
Additional attachments are available for combine harvesters that allow you to harvest different crops.
The history of the combine and combine building
The birthplace of the modern combine harvester is the United States. In 1828, S. Lane filed the first patent for a complex combination harvester that simultaneously cut bread, threshed it, and dehulled the grain. However, this machine was not built.
The first harvester to be implemented must be considered the one invented by E. Briggs and E. G. Carpenter in 1836. This harvester was mounted like a 4-wheel cart; the rotation of the threshing drum and the drive of the cutting unit were carried out by a transmission from 2 rear wheels.
In the same 1836, a little later, two inventors H. Moore and J. Hascall received a patent for a machine that, according to the basic principles of work processes, approached the design of a modern-type combine. In 1854, this combine worked in California and harvested 600 acres (about 240 ha). Until 1867, work on the design and creation of combines was carried out mainly in the eastern states of the United States.
Built in 1875 in California, the combine designed by D. C. Peterson found much greater use than the combines of other inventors.
In 1890, 6 firms were already engaged in the factory production of combines (including Holt (English) Russian ), which produced harvesters for sale. Combines of this type, although they were very close, mainly in circuit diagram to modern cars, but differed sharply from the latter in their design. All California harvesters were made mainly of wood and had a large cutterbar grip. The movement of the combine across the field was carried out mainly by horses and mules, which required up to 40 heads, the working bodies were set in motion with the help of gears, from running wheels, and from 1889 - from a special steam engine. All this led to excessive bulkiness of combines and their weight sometimes reached 15 tons.
In the late 1880s, about 600 California-type combines were operating on the Pacific coast of the United States. In the early 1890s, in order to replace live traction with mechanical power, steam self-propelled vehicles began to be used, from which they later switched to tractors with an internal combustion engine.
Holt's first combine with a 36-foot (11 m) cutterbar, complete with a 120-horsepower steam self-propelled with a separate auxiliary steam engine on the combine frame was released in 1905. In 1907, the same Holt company installed an internal combustion engine on the combine.
The use in subsequent years of more reliable materials, advanced mechanisms and light gasoline engines with a high number of revolutions significantly reduced the weight of the combine, reduced their cost and made them more accessible for use in agriculture. However, this perfect machine, despite its enormous advantages, became the property of only large US farms, while the purchase and use of combines was not available to the mass of small farmers.
It was only in 1926 that the relatively widespread introduction of combines in US agricultural production began. The development of the US grain economy and high prices for bread, with the high cost of labor in agriculture, influenced both the development of the production of combines and their introduction.
Nevertheless, the heyday of the combine industry in the United States lasted only a few years. At this time in the US, only 14-15% of farms used combines. In 1928, Canadian farmers bought 3,657 combines. In 1929 - 3295, in 1930 - 1614, and in 1931 - only 178. The world economic crisis greatly affected the export of wheat and the production of combines.
Combine harvester production, which in 1929 reached 37,000 a year, fell in 1933 to 300; many firms completely stopped producing combines. Attempts to introduce combines into smallholder farming - mainly through the production of small combines with a working width of up to 5 feet (1.5 m) - caused only a slight increase in the production of combines.
According to data for 1930, there were 60,803 combines in the USA, and by 1936 their number had increased to 70,000. In 1930, less than 1% of US farms were covered by combines. There are even fewer combines in other countries: for example, by 1936 there were only 10,500 in Canada, and 24,800 in Argentina. In European countries, the number of combines was insignificant.
| years | Production | Sold in USA | Exported |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1914 | 30 | 30 | - |
| 1920 | 3627 | 2717 | 929 |
| 1923 | 4000 | n. d. | n. d. |
| 1924 | 5600 | n. d. | n. d. |
| 1925 | 5100 | n. d. | n. d. |
| 1926 | 11760 | 6277 | 4707 |
| 1927 | 18300 | 30 | n. d. |
| 1928 | ~27800 | 21000 | 6800 |
| 1929 | 36900 | n. d. | ~6800 |
| 1930 | 24400 | n. d. | n. d. |
| 1931 | 5801 | n. d. | n. d. |
| 1932 | 4000 | n. d. | n. d. |
| 1933 | 300 | n. d. | 405 |
| 1935 | 4000 | 6 000 | 500 (1934) |
Combines in the USSR and Russia
The first harvester was brought to Russia by Holt (English) Russian in 1913 at the Kiev Agricultural Exhibition. It was a wooden structure on a single-belt track with a 14-foot (4.27 m) cutter bar grip and a gasoline engine to simultaneously drive the mechanisms and move the machine itself. The harvester was tested at the Akimov machine test station and gave relatively good performance. But he did not find application in the conditions of agriculture in Russia - in 1914 the First World War began.
Again, they return to the combine already in the USSR. In connection with the organization of large-scale commodity production in the grain state farms of the USSR in the period from 1929 to 1931, it organizes the mass import of combine harvesters from the USA. The first American combines at the Gigant state farm passed the test brilliantly.
Trailed grain harvesters in the fields of the USSR, 1930s
Simultaneously with imports, own production is being developed. At the beginning of 1930, the firstborn of the Soviet combine-building plant " Kommunar" in Zaporozhye produced the first 10 Soviet combine harvesters Kommunar, by the end of the year the total number of produced combines reached 347. Since 1931, the Rostov plant named after Stalin "Rostselmash" (the "Stalinets" combine) began to produce combines, in 1932, the plant named after A.I. Sheboldaev in Saratov (SKZ - "Sarcombine", now the Saratov Aviation Plant), which were of the same type and worked on the same principle, at the same time, the "Stalinets" had a larger working grip (6.1 m) and some design differences. Kommunar and SKZ were equipped with a GAZ automobile-type gasoline engine, adapted to work on NATI combines and called FORD-NATI, with a power of 28 liters. with. The kerosene engine of the STZ and KhTZ tractors with a capacity of 30 liters was installed on the Stalinets. with. Movement across the field was carried out using tractors STZ, HTZ and "Stalinets" of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. With tractors "Stalinets" ChTZ harvesters worked 2 in a hitch.
All of them were not adapted for harvesting wet bread, in connection with this, in 1936, the Ukhtomsky Lyubertsy Plant began producing the northern combine designed by Soviet inventors Yu. Ya. Anvelt and M. I. Grigoriev - SKAG-5-A (the northern Anvelt combine -Grigoriev 5th model), which was adapted for harvesting wet bread in small areas.
| years | Production | MTS | State farms NKSH |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1930 | 347 | - | - |
| 1931 | 3548 | 7 | 1741 |
| 1932 | 10010 | 109 | 6343 |
| 1933 | 8578 | 2244 | 11886 |
| 1934 | 8289 | 10531 | 13434 |
| 1935 | 20169 | 15207 | 15522 |
| 1936 | 42545 | 29861 | 29900 |
| 1937 | 44000 | 67683 | 33740 |
Combine SK-5 "Niva"
Thanks to their own production, by 1935, grain state farms harvested 97.1% of the area with combines. In the harvesting campaign of 1937 in the USSR, there were already about 120 thousand combines that harvested 39.2% of grain crops, thereby ensuring a significant reduction in harvesting losses, which reached 25% with the use of heating pads, even despite numerous limitations in operation and the presence of design flaws .
After the Great Patriotic War, major scientific research was carried out in the USSR, which significantly enriched the theory of the combine harvester. In particular, the role of the breaker beater and straw walker in the grain separation process was studied in detail, which made it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of these units. Studies were carried out on the aerodynamic properties of a coarse heap, which made it possible to significantly improve the efficiency of grain cleaning. On the basis of these achievements, in the 60s, projects were developed for high-performance (for those years) combines of the SK-5 and SK-6 types.
The first self-propelled grain harvesters in the USSR were the S-4, which began production in 1947. In 1956, self-propelled harvesters SK-3 appeared, in 1962 - SK-4, and in 1969 - SKD-5 "Sibiryak".
Since 1970, the Rostselmash plant has been producing the SK-5 Niva combine, and the Taganrog combine plant the SK-6-II Kolos combine.
Scheme of a combine harvester
| Conventions | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Reel | 12 | Ear sieve | |
| 2 | cutting device | 13 | Return auger | |
| 3 | Screw | 14 | Return of spikelets | |
| 4 | Feeder house with conveyor | 15 | grain auger | |
| 5 | stone trap | 16 | Grain hopper | |
| 6 | Threshing drum | 17 | straw chopper | |
| 7 | Deca | 18 | control cabin | |
| 8 | Straw walker | 19 | Engine | |
| 9 | transport board | 20 | Unloading auger | |
| 10 | Fan | 21 | Breaker beater | |
| 11 | Chaff sieve | |||
The cutting device of the header (2) cuts the stalks, the reel (1) places them on the platform of the header, the auger (3) transports the cut grain mass to the center of the header and pushes it with the fingers that are in the central part into the inclined housing (4), where the stalks are transported conveyor. Already in the body of the harvester itself, in front of the threshing drum (6), there is a stone catcher (5), into which stones fall out of the grain mass under the influence of gravity. The threshing drum performs threshing of ears, the threshed grain, chaff and small impurities wake up through the deck (7) onto the transport grate (9). The straw and the unthreshed grain remaining in it are thrown onto the keys of the straw walker (8), where, due to the vibration and reciprocating movement of the keys, as well as their special design, the grain is separated from the straw and it wakes up on the sieve (11). Air is supplied under the sieve by a fan (10), the grain is cleaned from light impurities by the air flow. The straw through the straw walker enters the chopper (17) or stacker (not shown in the diagram, it is installed instead of the chopper). The cleaned grain is poured into the chamber of the grain auger (15) which feeds the grain into the hopper (16). Under-threshed ears go through the grate to the pallet, along which they are poured into the return auger (13), which returns the ears to the threshing drum.
There are also so-called. rotary harvesters. Unlike the classic harvester, they have a longitudinal rotor instead of a threshing drum, a breaking beater and a straw walker. This solution allows you to increase productivity and reduce grain losses, but requires more powerful engine and performs worse in high humidity. It is most rational to use rotary harvesters in fields with high yields.
see also
- Elevator (structure) - a structure for storing grain.
- The hectare counter is a metering device for the cultivated area.
- Reaper - a device for mowing crops.
- Stripping header - a device for harvesting grain crops by stripping plants on the vine.
Notes
Sources
- 1 ed. 1932-1935 M. OGIZ RSFSR
- Agricultural encyclopedia 2nd ed. 1937-1940 M. - L. Selkhozgiz
| Combine harvester at Wikimedia Commons |
Combine CLAAS LEXION-600
Combine Class is one of the first grain harvesters that began to be used in Russian agriculture. Class was founded in Germany in 1913. The main specialization was the manufacture of agricultural machinery and equipment. Class is currently associated with the following series of combine harvesters: Mega, Jaguar, Tucano, Lexion and Dominator.
To get acquainted with each series in detail, it is necessary to consider each model range in more detail.
Series of grain harvesters "Dominator"
It is these combine harvesters that are considered the prototypes of all models from Class. Compared to modern machines, the Dominator series does not show high performance indicators. But it is worth noting that at the time of leaving the assembly line, these machines were considered the best in their class.
Combine Claas Dominator The whole series included about ten cars. In order to give a complete picture of the range of performance, consider the parameters of the smallest and most powerful machine of the Dominator series:
It should be noted that on all equipment of this series, a conventional threshing system was installed. But the cleaning system was equipped with a 5-key straw walker. The first harvesters had mechanical box gears, it was later replaced by a hydrostatic transmission.
Mega series combines
Combine harvesters from the company Class of the Mega series are an improved version of the previous model. A total of six cars were produced: 204, 208, 218 and 350, 360, 370.
Combine Claas-Mega-204-II The model range can be conditionally divided into two parts: cars of the two hundredth and three hundredth series. Here, a more advanced threshing system began to be used. The main nodes began to be controlled hydraulic drive. Accordingly, the productivity of technology has also increased.
Let's consider this using the example of comparing two cars: Mega 208 and Mega 360. It is worth noting that these are not the last and not the first cars in the series, so their comparison will be very relevant.
Specifications:
It can be seen that there are no significant differences. The basis of grain threshing was laid down by the APS system, which began to be used in the future. All cars of the series were equipped with a three-speed gearbox. Transmission type - hydrostatic.
Series of harvesters Tukano
This series of Class combines belongs to the middle class of grain harvesting equipment. The Tucano series can be divided into two model ranges. Consider one car from each.
In the manufacture of the Tucano 580, the Caterpillar C09 engine was used. The remaining models of the series use the Mercedes-Benz power plant.
Tucano models from 320 to 450 are equipped with a six-bladed threshing drum with a diameter of 450 mm. Multi-stage concave system, optimized for fast switching between threshed crops.
Power power plant varies from 190 to 320 hp. In this regard, the Tucano 580 compares favorably, with an engine power of 378 horsepower.
For harvesting crops, Tukano grain combines are equipped with Cerio and Vario headers. Coverage width attachments ranges from 3.7 to 9.1 meters. The distance between the cutting element and the header auger may gradually decrease. Headers can also be used for harvesting rapeseed.
Combine CLAAS TUCANO 480/470 It should be noted that Tucano series grain harvesters are equipped with a laser control system at the request of the customer. The installation of such sensors allows you to work in difficult conditions, for example, in fog or at night.
The system is installed on the left side and sends signals to the on-board computer about the position of the combine, which allows you to determine the optimal trajectory of movement.
It should be noted that Tukano has an increased separation area compared to the previous series. The concave angle is 151 degrees. The volume of the grain bin varies from 6,500 to 9,000 kilograms. The speed of emptying the bunker is also different - from 64 to 75 kg / s.
Two machines 580 and 320 can be distinguished from the Tukano series. They can often be found on Russian fields.
Combine harvesters of the Lexion series
Combines Class of this series are characterized by high productivity and good transport speed. In addition, these machines practically do not damage the ground during operation and have high cross-country ability.
Combine CLAAS LEXION-670 This effect is due to the fact that many machines use running system Terra Trac. This is a kind of combination of caterpillar and wheel travel. Drive wheels equipped with rubber tracks, and the steered axle remained the same (wheel pair).
The control of the main components and the steering column is due to the hydraulic transmission. A total of 7 cars were produced in this series. The start was laid with the 480 model. The series ended with the Lexion 780 grain combine.
It is worth noting that this car was released for the 100th anniversary of Class. The Lexion 780 was not included in the official series, but thanks to dealers, the car can be seen on the fields of our country. Given the exclusivity of this combine, we present its technical characteristics:
Compared to the first 480 model, the Lexion 780 has more power. Unlike all other cars in this series, the Lexion 780 is equipped with a Mercedes-Benz engine.
Forage harvester CLAAS Jaguar The rest of the combines have a six-cylinder Caterpillar as a power plant. This gave the machine additional power, which had a positive effect on the quality and speed of cleaning.
Harvesters Jaguar
Among all grain harvesters of the Class company, the Jaguar series deserves special attention. This is the largest model range, which has undergone 8 design changes in its history.
Jaguar harvesters began to be produced in the seventies of the last century. Of the specific features It can be noted economical fuel consumption with good performance.
All positive traits noticeable in the Jaguar 850 model. This is a transitional car between the outdated eight hundred and more modern nine hundred series.
Specifications Jaguar 850:
Of the features of the Jaguar 850, one can note a double cabin with a panoramic view. All main components of the Jaguar 850 are controlled by an on-board computer.
It should be noted that even the sharpening of knives is carried out by the operator without leaving the cab. At the request of the customer, Jaguar harvesters can be equipped with an additional fuel tank.
It should be noted that all machines of this series, regardless of the type of crops, work with minimal losses. Jaguar harvesters are equipped with hydrostatic transmission and have stone traps.
Despite the mass of undeniable advantages of Class grain harvesters, there are also some disadvantages. These include the high cost of technology. Of everything model range, the average farmer can only purchase an outdated Class Dominator series combine.
The presence of complex electronics often leads to malfunctions on-board computer especially in regions with low temperatures and high humidity. Many components are hidden and in the event of a breakdown, a significant part of the equipment has to be removed.
Usage: grain harvesters with harvesting ears on the vine. The essence of the invention: the grain harvester includes a pneumothreshing machine with a zigzag-type threshing channel and drums with radially protruding blades. An annular cavity is formed between the blades and the inner cavity of the threshing channel. Gates are installed at the inlet and outlet of the threshing channel. 10 ill.
The invention relates to agricultural engineering, to machines for harvesting grain crops. Known grain harvesters containing grain harvester with pneumatic conveyor, thresher and separating device, for example, (AS N 29073, class A 01 D 41/00, 1931). Closest to the invention is a grain harvester (a.c. N 28369, cl. A 01 D 41/00, 193) 1, containing a spike harvester with combing fingers, spikes, a conventional-type cutting knife, a pneumatic conveyor with an exhauster and a head cut height regulator with steering wheels and toothed sectors, a threshing apparatus in the form of a cone with tooth-like corrugations in a casing with the same corrugations and a drum with fingers and beater processes located behind it, a separating device in the form of cyclones with an exhauster. However, such a grain harvester has a number of disadvantages. In a spiked header, the forward-mounted top stalk prevents plant stalks from reaching the cutterbar blade, so many of them end up uncut. When combing with stripper fingers even slightly lodged plants, it is possible to pull them out by the roots, hang on the fingers and clog the cutting device. Together, these shortcomings cause loss of grain yield. The grain is intensively injured by the blades of the exhausters, tooth-like corrugations and fingers with beating processes of threshing devices. The separating device in the form of cyclones due to the large dimensions and weight is expedient only in stationary conditions. The purpose of the invention: reducing losses and injury to grain, reducing the size and weight of the machine. This is achieved by the fact that the grain harvester, containing a grain harvester with a pneumatic conveyor, a threshing machine and a separating device, contains a grain harvester with a pneumatic conveyor and a rotating cutting drum divided into sections by curved screens and disks with straight knives attached to adjacent disks with ends overlapping in the plane of rotation and displacement along the perimeter, interacting with fixed straight knives at the entrance to the slotted suction nozzle of the pneumatic conveyor, bolted to the header frame with the possibility of adjusting the gap between the blades of the interacting knives with spacers, and in order to reduce the width, the header is equipped with connectors at the ends with connections of the cutting drum shaft with cam clutches , and the frames of the harvester with hinges and bolts, a pneumatic vortex thresher in the form of a vortex supercharger connected in series with the same supercharger, in a cylindrical body of which with two branch pipes connected tangentially a rotor with radially protruding blades is placed, between their ends and the inner wavy working surface with waves along a common sinusoid, an annular cavity is located, overlapped between the nozzles by a jumper, separating the vortex device in the form of an airtight chamber connected to the free sedimentary chamber with a set of throttling inclined dampers in the upper part with an adjustable tilt angle and a set of tilted, tilted, forked, with gradually expanding gaps, separating grids in the lower part of the chamber above the scraper conveyor in a chute with an outlet above the loading, with self-closing flaps of the bunker hatch, a stalk mower with a cutter-type cutterbar and swath-forming rake, attached to the main frame of the machine with hinges and self-engaging hooks at the rear of the harvester header, based on self-aligning on screw bearing gauge wheels. Figure 1 shows a harvester (side view); figure 2 is the same (top view); figure 3 section A-A (figure 2); figure 4 node I (figure 3); in Fig.5 cut B-B(figure 2); figure 6 pneumatic thresher (front view); in fig. 7 section B-B (Fig. 6); Fig.8 stem mower (top view); figure 9 node II (figure 8); figure 10 section GG (figure 2). The grain harvester has a main frame 1 with connectors 2 connected by bolts 3, attached to base machine 4, for example, to the MTZ-83 tractor, with bearings 5 on a transverse beam 6 connected by ladders 7 to longitudinal beams 8 attached by ladders 9 on the sleeves of the axle shafts rear axle and bolts 10 installed instead of the third pair (counting from the front), bolts for fastening the spars to the front bar of the tractor 4. vertical movement and rotation of the frame 1 on bearings 5. On the main frame 1 there is a grain harvester 13 with a pneumatic conveyor 14, a pneumatic vortex thresher 15, a mechanical drive from the side power take-off shaft of the tractor 4 with a counter-drive 16, a two-channel material pipeline 17, a separating vortex device 18, a settling chamber 19 , mechanical drive 20 from the rear power take-off shaft of the tractor 4, bunker 21 with a loading hatch 22, automatically closed by flaps 23 under the action of torsion springs 24, an unloading scraper conveyor 25 with a swivel joint 26, a hydraulic cylinder 27 and a self-controlled unloading tray 28 connected by a hinge 29 with conveyor chute 25 and flexible rod 30 with the casing of the sedimentary chamber 19, self-engaging hooks 31 on the axis 32 with stops 33, springs 34 and control rod 35, brought into the tractor cab 4, automatically engaging with the fingers 36 on the hinges connected to the frame 1 37 , frame 38 stalk mower 39 with copying self-aligning 40 wheels resting on screw supports 41, swath-forming rakes in the form of rake-type dividers 42 and triangular spreading rod rakes 43 and a mower-type cutterbar 44 with connectors 45, in which the finger bar 46 is connected by a hinge 47 with pads 48 and bolts inserted into the holes 49, and the knife with the back of the knife with a bolt inserted into the holes 50 of the back of the knife and the segment. The device works as follows. The initial position of the machine is shown in Fig.1. The main frame 1 with the help of the levers 12 of the hydraulic hitch system of the tractor 4 is rotated on the bearings 5 until the gauge wheels 40 come into contact with the soil surface, they are rotated in the screw supports 41 until the desired cutting height is obtained, the hooks 31 with the fingers 36 on the frame are disengaged by the control rod 35 38 of the stem mower 39, then the frame 1 on bearings 5 is turned in the opposite direction, the header 13 is raised and, moving across the field, it is held at such a level that the fixed knives 62 are constantly below the meeting ears. In this position, the rotating cutting drum 58 captures the meeting ears as a reel and, interacting with the fixed knives 62, cuts them off at the entrance to the slotted suction nozzle 54 of the pneumatic conveyor 14, through which the cut mass along with air is sucked in by the pneumatic vortex thresher 15, threshing the ears in a vortex air flow and the resulting mixture of grain and chaff with air through the material pipeline 17 is blown into the separating vortex device 18, where the chaff in the vortex air flow is separated from the grain, taken out into the sedimentation chamber 19 and rolls on both sides of the machine, and the cleaned grain by the scraper conveyor 90 through the outlet 89 and the loading hatch 22 is fed into the hopper 21, from which it is unloaded by the unloading scraper conveyor 25, tilted by the hydraulic cylinder 27, into the transporting machine. In a field with a higher yield, the tractor 4 moves more slowly. At the same time, the stem mower 39, attached by hinges 37 to the main frame 1, moves across the field, leaning on the guiding wheels 40, cuts the stems of plants remaining without ears with a cutting device 44, and rakes them into two swaths on both sides of the machine with a swath-forming rake 42 and 43. When turning at the headland, the stalk 39 is raised, for this the front end of the machine is lowered so that the hooks 31 engage with the fingers 36, and then the front end of the machine is raised. Having completed the turn, the stalk mower 39 is lowered until the gauge wheels 40 come into contact with the soil, the hooks 31 are disengaged with the pins 36 by the pull rod 35, and the front end of the machine is returned to its original position. From the position shown in figure 1, the harvester is released from the tractor 4 as follows. Linings are placed under the front part of the frame 1 and the stem mower 39, removing the connecting bolts 3, disconnect the connector 2, disconnect the mechanical drive from the side PTO of the tractor 4 and remove the material conduit 17, then the tractor 4 is put back and placed next to the front part of the machine left on the linings, linings are placed under the frame 1, the transverse beam 6 with bearings 5 is removed, the longitudinal beams 8 are removed, the drive is disconnected from the rear PTO and the suspension 11 with the levers 12 of the hinged system, then the released tractor 4 is brought forward. For aggregation, these operations are performed in reverse order. Head harvester 13 with a pneumatic conveyor 14 has a frame 51 attached to the main frame 1 with fairings 52, a casing 53, a slotted suction nozzle 54, an intake channel 55 of the pneumatic conveyor 14 and bearings 56, in which the axle 57, kinematically connected with a mechanical drive from the side PTO of the tractor 4, rotates. rotating cutting drum 58, divided into sections by curved screens 59 and disks 60, to which straight knives 61 are attached diametrically opposite with overlapping ends, in the plane of rotation and offset along the perimeter, interacting with fixed knives 62 at the entrance to the slotted nozzle 54, attached to the frame 51 bolts 63 with the possibility of adjusting the gap between the blades of the knives 61 and 62 gaskets 64, moreover, the harvester 13 with the pneumatic conveyor 14 has connectors 65 with the connection of the frame 51 with hinges 66 and bolts inserted into the holes 67, and the axles 57 of the cutting drum 58 are equipped with cam clutches 68 The device works as follows. Head harvester 13 with pneumatic conveyor 14 by means of levers 12 of the hydraulic attachment system of the tractor 4 is constantly kept at such a height that the fixed knives 62 are below the low-lying ears. In this position, the rotating cutting drum 58 with knives 61, in interaction with curved screens 59, which prevent overhanging of plants, captures their spike part as a reel and, interacting with fixed knives 62, cuts off at the entrance to the slotted suction nozzle 54, which sucks in the cutting mass along with air into the receiving channel 55 of the pneumatic conveyor 14. At the same time, at the moment of cutting, when the opposite knife 61 is at the top in the section, a suction impulse arises in the cavity between the casing 53 and the curved screen 59, attracting the meeting ears to the cutting drum 58 and facilitating the cutting of the ears from the dead plants. In order to temporarily reduce the width, in the places of the connectors 65, the bolts are removed from the holes 67, on the hinges 66 the ends of the header are turned up, laid on the middle part of the header and fixed, while the cam clutches 68 on the axis 57 are disconnected independently and freely. The spike harvester has the following advantages: the cutting drum combines the functions of a reel and a cutterbar, while at the same time providing cutting of ears of lodged plants without stalk lifters and other devices; uniform rotational movement of the cutting drum eliminates vibration that occurs in the cutting unit famous cars . The pneumatic vortex thresher 15 has a frame 69 attached to the main frame 1 with two vortex superchargers 70 connected in series, in a cylindrical housing 71 of each with an inlet pipe 72 and an outlet pipe 73, a rotor 74 kinematically connected to the side PTO of the tractor 4 rotates with radially protruding blades 75 , between the ends of which and the inner wavy working surface 76 with waves along a common sinusoid, there is an annular cavity 77, which is overlapped between the nozzles 72 and 73 by a jumper 78. 17 and communicates through it with the separating vortex device 18. The device operates as follows. Pneumatic vortex threshing machine 15 sequentially sucks into the lower and upper annular cavities 77 the cut off grain mass, through the slotted suction nozzle 54, the intake channel 55, the pneumatic conveyor 14 and the inlet pipe 72 with the throttle 79, here, the cut grain mass, together with the air, moves at high speed , slides along the wavy working surface 76, repeatedly passes from the cavity 77 into the space between the blades 75 and back, forming a vortex flow in which, without being hit by whips, the grain is separated from the ear and together with the genital through the outlet pipe 73 with a throttle 80 and the material pipeline 17 is blown into the separating vortex device 18. The pneumatic vortex threshing machine combines the functions of a blower and a threshing machine and provides threshing in a vortex air flow, which excludes injury to the grain by whips, etc. The separating vortex device 18 has an airtight chamber 81 attached to the main frame 1, which is integral with the inlet , pos a gradually expanding branch pipe 82 connected to the material conduit 17 and a gradually expanding sedimentation chamber 19. Inside the chamber 81, in the upper part, on the rotary axes with ends protruding beyond the walls of the chamber 81, throttle valves 84 are attached to the regulator 89, below which, on the rotary axes with the ends extended beyond the walls of the chamber 81, separating grids 86 with gradually expanding gaps are attached to the regulator 85, below which in the chute 88 with an outlet 89 above the loading hatch 22 of the hopper 21 there is a scraper conveyor 90, blown with air through the filter grid 91 with gradually expanding gaps. The device works as follows. A mixture of grain and chaff with air from the threshing machine 15 through the material pipeline 17 enters at high speed through the inlet pipe 82 with a gradually increasing cross section into the chamber 81 with an even larger cross section, where the mixture speed drops to a speed close to the speed of grain soaring, here the mixture flows around throttle valves 84 inclined with ledges and separating grates 86 breaks off the ledges and forms a vortex flow, from which the chaff, which has a lower soaring speed, is carried out into the settling chamber 19, which has an even larger cross section, through which the chaff falls freely into rolls on both side of the machine, and the grain, which has a higher soaring speed compared to the sexual speed, falls out of the vortex flow through the separating grates 86 into the chute 88 of the scraper conveyor 90, which is blown through the filter grate 91 with relatively clean air, carrying impurities into the settling chamber 19, and from the chute 88 through outlet 89 cleaned grain with a scraper Ansporter 90 is fed into the loading hatch 22 of the hopper 21. Depending on the volume of supply, concentration and humidity of the mixture, the speed of the vortex flow and the intensity of separation are controlled by changing the angle of inclination of the throttle valves 84 with the regulator 83, and the separating grates 86 with the regulator 85. Separating vortex device compared to known devices has several times smaller dimensions and weight. Separation of grain in a vortex air flow is carried out more intensively, the grain is not subjected to sharp shocks and abrasion. Fork-shaped, gradually widening separation grids are non-clogging, ensuring trouble-free operation of the device and facilitating the operation of the machine. The proposed grain harvester has a number of advantages compared to the known ones, of which it is necessary to pay attention to the following: the presence of sealed working bodies on the way from the harvester to the hopper completely eliminates the loss of grain when harvesting in the field; the presence of working bodies that process the cut ear mass only in the air flow without sharp blows and abrasion, protects the grain from injury; the dimensions of the machine are reduced by at least 1.2 times in length, 1.5 times in width and 1.3 times in height compared, for example, with the SK-5 Niva combine; The proposed grain harvester, with equal productivity, reduces energy costs by 1.2 times and, excluding the tractor, has at least 3 times less weight than, for example, the Niva combine. the width of the harvester and stalk mower can be changed by attaching the ends of the appropriate length at the connector points, which are rotated to the transport position for movement on roads, and therefore there is no need to dismantle and transport them on a special trolley.