Homonyms are words that coincide in sound and spelling, but differ in lexical meaning and compatibility with other words.
Homonyms are divided into complete and incomplete.
Full homonyms coincide in all their grammatical forms. For example: key (source,) - key (rod for unlocking locks); block (building material) - block (sports technique).
Incomplete homonyms do not match in their individual grammatical forms. Examples: bow (weapon) - bow (garden plant). The word "onion" in the meaning of "plant" does not have a plural form.
Types of homonyms
In addition to lexical homonyms, there are quite a few phenomena close to them. There are the following types of homonyms:
1) - words that are spelled the same, but completely different. Examples: castle - castle; Atlas - atlas; Iris - iris; on the street soars - an eagle soars;
2) Homophones are words that are pronounced the same but are spelled differently. Examples: company - campaign; lead - lucky; rinse - caress; ink - ink; guarded -; Roman - novel; arson - arson;
3) homoforms - words that coincide in their individual forms. Examples: I am treating a patient - I am flying on an airplane; young man - caring for a young mother.
Thus, homonymy is such a lexical-semantic unit that serves as a means of creating expressiveness of speech.
Homonymy and polysemy
In relation to words related to the same parts of speech, linguistics often distinguishes between homonymy and polysemy. homonymy is a random match of words, while polysemy- the presence of a word of different historically related meanings. For example, the words "boron" in the meaning of "pine forest" and "boron" in the meaning of "chemical element" are homonyms, since the first word is of Slavic origin, and the second arose from the Persian "Bur" - the name of one of the boron compounds. At the same time, for example, the words "ether" in the sense of organic matter and "ether" in the sense of "broadcasting and television" linguists call the meanings of one word, that is, polysemy, since both come from other Greek. αἰθήρ - Mountain air.
However, another part of linguists draws the line between polysemy and homonymy in a different way. Namely, if most people see a common shade of meaning in two coinciding words (as linguists say, “a common semantic element”), then this is polysemy, and if they do not see it, then this is homonymy, even if the words have a common origin. For example, in the words "braid" (tool) and "braid" (hairstyle), the common semantic element noticed by most people is "something long and thin."
Finally, some linguists consider all separate meanings of polysemantic words to be homonyms. In this case, polysemy is a special case of homonymy.
Coinciding words related to different parts of speech, all or almost all Russian linguists unconditionally refer to homonyms. Examples of such homonyms are "flow" (flow) and "flow" (flow).
Classification
- Full (absolute) homonyms are homonyms that have the same entire system of forms. For example, attire (clothes) - outfit (order), forge (forge) - bugle (wind instrument).
- Partial homonyms - homonyms for which not all forms coincide. For example, weasel (animal) and affection (show of affection) diverge in the genitive plural form ( weasels - caresses).
- Grammatical homonyms, or homoforms, are words that coincide only in separate forms (of the same part of speech or different parts of speech). For example, the numeral three and verb three coincide only in two forms (to three - we are three).
Homomorphemes
Along with homonyms, that is, homonymous words, there are also homomorphemes, that is, homonymous morphemes, in other words, parts of words (prefixes, suffixes, roots, endings) that coincide, but have different meanings.
Homonyms, homophones, homographs, and homoforms
- Homonyms are words that sound the same at the same time. and in spelling but different in meaning.
- Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that sound the same but are different in spelling and meaning.
- Homographs (graphic homonyms) are words that have the same spelling but are different in sound and meaning.
- Homoforms (grammatical homonyms) are different words that coincide in separate grammatical forms. For example, the verbs fly and treat coincide in the form of the 1st person singular of the present tense - I fly.
Examples
The words
- 3: Spit - on the girl's head; scythe - a tool for mowing; spit - a long cape in a reservoir or in a watercourse (Curonian Spit).
- 7: Key - musical sign; key from door; the key is a natural source of water; key - wrench; key - information that allows decrypting a cryptogram or verifying a digital signature; key - hint, cheat sheet, answer to the task, key - closing device in the electrical circuit
- 3: Butterfly - insect; the bow tie; butterfly knife.
- 2: Onion - plant; bow weapon.
- 3: Pen - writing (gel, ballpoint, etc.); pen - human hand; handle - doorknob.
- 4: Brush - a bunch of ropes; wrist; brush - berries (rowan brush); brush - brush (for drawing).
- 2: Trot - running (eg horses); lynx is an animal.
- 4: Troika - horses; triple - mark; troika - the judicial body of the NKVD; threesome - suit.
- 2: The world is the universe; peace - the absence of war, enmity.
- 2: Messenger - giving a message, a signal about something; messenger - in the army: private for parcels on business.
- 3: Beam - a part of a structure, a bar resting on something at several points (on walls, abutments); beam - a long ravine; beam and beam are lexical homonyms.
- 2: Kiwi is a fruit; kiwi is a bird.
- 2: Zebra is an animal; zebra - pedestrian crossing.
- Mowed with an oblique oblique oblique (a well-known problematic phrase for foreigners).
Homonyms in poetry
You are white swans fed,
Valery Bryusov
Throwing back the weight of black braid…
I swam nearby; agreed fed;
The sunset beam was strange braid.
Sitting in a taxi, asked dachshund:
Yakov Kozlovsky
"For what kind of fare dachshund?»
And the driver: "Money from dachshunds
We do not take at all, here since».
Inside like a ball chamber,
I burst, but hardly verse,
if my partner chamber
hears my prison verse
and motive from the heart chamber.Aidyn Khanmagomedov
Homonymy in taxonomy
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Synonyms:See what "Homonym" is in other dictionaries:
Greek homonymos, from homos, similar, and onoma, name. A word that has the same pronunciation as another word, but a different meaning. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. Mikhelson A.D.,… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
homonym- a, m. homonyme m. gr. homonyma homos same + onyma name. 1. A word that has the same sound as another word, but differs from it in meaning. MAS 2. The Game of Homonyms .. consists in the fact that one leaves the company in which without him ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
homonym- (incorrect homonym) ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian
Homonym, homonym, husband. (from Greek homos the same and onima name) (ling.). A word that is identical with another in sound form, but different from it in meaning, for example. hail city and hail meteorological phenomenon. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Homonym, a, husband. In linguistics: a word that coincides with another in sound, but completely divergent from it in meaning, as well as in the system of forms or in the composition of the nest, for example. "flow 1" and "flow 2", "mow 1" and "mow 2". | adj. homonymous ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov Terms of botanical nomenclature
homonym- Loans. from the French lang., where omonyme lat. homonymus, which transmits the Greek. homōnymos, addition of homos "one and the same, the same" and onyma "name". Homonym literally "of the same name" (meaning the same sound of words denoting different ... ... Etymological dictionary of the Russian language
Homonyms (from the Greek oμoς - the same and ονομα - name) - different in meaning, but identical in spelling units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle.
Full lexical homonyms are words that are the same in sound but different in meaning. For example, onion(plant) and onion(for shooting). There is also partial homonymy, in which only certain forms of words coincide, for example, lived(verb live) and lived(noun lived). Along with homonyms, there are homographs - words that have the same spelling, but different stress ( flour - flour).
Our dictionary contains homoforms-homographs, i.e. forms of different (although often close in meaning) words that have the same spelling. Accent is not taken into account, letter yo not used - as is usually the case in written text. For example, running (run, run), take (take, takes(headdress)). We called them homonymous word forms. The dictionary is organized in such a way that word forms are on the left, and lexemes (dictionary words) to which these word forms refer to are on the right. Parts of speech marks are given in parentheses.
A complete list of homonymous word forms was obtained by generating all word forms from the computer version of A.A. Zaliznyak’s Grammar Dictionary (*) in the Department of the Russian Language Machine Fund of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Matching word forms of such words were excluded from the complete list for this publication:
- - participle - adjective
- - type verbs tear out - break out
- - type nouns boot - boots
- - spelling variants bypass - bypass, beaver - beaver
and some other similar words.
Designations of parts of speech:
With- noun
ms- pronoun
union- union
P- adjective
number- numeral
intl- interjection
G- verb
ancestor- predicative
often- particle
n- adverb
offer- preposition
centuries- introductory word
Homonyms- these are different in meaning, but the same sounding or spelling units of the language - words, morphemes.
Derived from Greek homos- the same and onyma- name.
There are several types of homonyms: full and partial, graphic and grammatical, phonetic and homonymous.
At full/absolute homonyms the whole system of forms coincides. For example, key(for the castle) - key(spring), bugle(blacksmith) - bugle(wind instrument).
At partial Not all forms are the same. For example, weasel(animal) and weasel(show of tenderness) diverge in the form of the genitive plural - caresses - caresses.
Graphic homonyms or homographs- words that coincide in spelling, but differ in pronunciation (in Russian due to differences in stress).
From Greek. homos- the same and grapho- writing.
Atlas - atlas
lead - lead
whiskey - whiskey
road - road
castle - castle
smell - smell
healthy - healthy
goats - goats
lesok - lesok
little - little
flour - flour
inferno - inferno
pier - pier
forty - forty
already - already
Grammatical homonyms or homoforms- words that sound the same only in some grammatical forms and most often belong to different parts of speech.
I'm flying by plane and flying throat (in other forms - to fly and treat, flew and treated, etc.); acute saw and saw compote (in other forms - saw and drink, saws and drink, etc.).
Homonymous morphemes or homomorphemes- morphemes that coincide in their sound composition, but different in meaning.
Derived from Greek homos- the same and morphe- the form.
For example, the suffix -tel in nouns teacher(meaning of the actor) and switch(value of the active subject); suffix -ets in words sage, male, incisor and brother; suffix -k(a) in words river, training, extras and graduate student.
And the most interesting Phonetic homonyms or homophones Words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings.
Derived from Greek ὀμόφωνο
- "sound likeness".
Examples in Russian:
threshold - vice - park,
meadow - bow, fruit - raft,
ink - ink,
fall - fall
ball - score,
inert - bone,
betray - give
emit - imitate.
In Russian, the two main sources of homophony are the phenomenon of stunning consonants at the end of words and before another consonant and the reduction of vowels in an unstressed position.
Homophony also includes cases of phonetic coincidence of a word and a phrase or two phrases. The letters used can be exactly the same and the difference in spelling is only in the spacing:
in place, together
in everything - at all,
from mint - crumpled,
from the hatch - and evil,
not mine - mute.
In English, homophones arose as a result of the historically established different designation of the same consonant or vowel in writing, for example:
whole hole,
knew - new.
In French, there are a whole series of homophones, consisting of three to six words, one of the reasons for which is that in French many final letters are not read.
Sources: Wikipedia, Dictionaries, Reference books
The Russian language is in the top 10 most famous languages in the world. But in several languages there are words that sound the same but are spelled differently, including in Russian.
The names of such words are homonyms. To learn more about what homonyms are, and what varieties of them exist, you should read this article.
What are homonyms and what are they
"Homonymy" is translated from Greek as "the same name". Homonyms are those words that are similar in writing and pronunciation, but differ in understanding.
For example:
- The word "outfit". At the same time, it can mean both the type of clothing and the soldier's outfit.
- "Luk" is also considered a homonym. In one sense it is a plant, in another it is a weapon.
- The word "shop". One of the meanings of the word "shop" is a trading shop, and the second is an ordinary shop installed in the park, on which people sit.
In our language, full and incomplete homonyms are classified. Complete homonyms are homonyms that are one part of speech. For example, the word “smooth” is a noun with a double meaning: it means a flat plane and a type of embroidery.
In both cases, "smooth" is a noun, the words are heard and written the same way. It can be concluded that, in fact, the word "smooth" is a homonym.
Types of homonyms - homophones, homographs, homoforms
Let's talk about incomplete homonyms. The translation of the word "homograph" from Greek sounds like "the same spelling." In its turn homographs are the same in spelling, similar to each other, but differ in pronunciation and meaning.
The most famous example is the word "castle". When the letter a is emphasized, that is, “lock” is a certain building, and “lock” is a device that locks the door.
Or the word "organ". When stressed on the first vowel, we get the word "Organ" - an element of a living organism, for example, heart, liver. When stressed on the second vowel, we get the word "organ" - a musical instrument.
The word "homophone" also came to us from the Greeks. Translated, it means "similar sound". Based on this, we conclude that Homophones are words that sound the same but are spelled differently. For example, in the expressions “open the door” and “boil dumplings”, the verbs sound exactly the same, but when writing, and, accordingly, in understanding, they are different.
It remains to figure out what homoforms are. Everything is much simpler here. Homoforms are words that do not coincide in writing and pronunciation in all contexts of sentences.
For example, in the expressions "glass of water" and "glass of glass", the word "glass" is a homoform.
Homonyms - examples of words
For children, homonyms are very clearly shown in the following pictures.
Such a concept can be quite explained to a child of 5-6 years old, which is often done by speech therapists, specialized kindergartens and advanced parents.
Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language
They wrote their own dictionaries for homonyms. In the dictionary of homonyms, written by O. S. Akhmanova, the classification of homonyms and information about them are presented in full and as detailed as possible.
In the dictionary of homonyms, which was created by N. P. Kolesnikov, there is a translation of homonyms into 3 languages.
What helps to distinguish words homonyms
Homonymous words are constantly confused with words that have several definitions, simpler, polysemantic words. Let's figure out what it is?
These are words that have a number of meanings related to each other in meaning. For example, the word hat.
The hat is female, at the nail or mushroom. In these cases, the meaning is not particularly different and means some kind of accessory or some kind of upper part.
Grammatical homonyms
These are words similar in pronunciation, but in spelling they coincide only in certain grammatical forms. For example, the word "treat". It can mean the action "heal" in the first person, singular, or "fly".
Also a good example of this kind of homonyms is the word "three". "Three" can be a verb or the numeral "three" in the dative case.
Functional homonyms
These are words that are similar in spelling and sound, but belong to different parts of speech. They occur due to the transition of words from one part of speech to another.
The most obvious example of this kind of homonyms is the word "exactly". It can be both a comparative particle and an adjective.
“To accurately notice” is an adverb. “Like a hurricane flew by” is a comparative particle. "Definitely" is an adjective.
Lexical homonyms
Words that have different meanings but are the same in pronunciation and writing in almost all forms. They are one part of speech.
A good example is the word "smack". This is a verb that can mean cutting a sewing seam or beating.
Morphological homonyms
These are words that are spelled identically, but depending on the context, are different parts of speech.
The word "bake" is both a noun and a verb. It is possible to understand in what form this word is used only from the context.
Examples:
- “Ilya melted the oven so that grandmother could make pies,” here the word “oven” is a noun;
- “Grandma was going to bake pies with meat and onions,” in this sentence the word “bake” is a verb.
Homonymous endings
To understand this concept, you first need to remember what a case is. Case is a form of a name that indicates the relationship of words in a sentence.
There are 6 cases in Russian: nominative (I.p.), genitive (R.p.), dative (D.p.), accusative (V.p.), instrumental (T.p.), prepositional (P .P.). Homonymous endings are also found among the case endings.
Homonymous endings are those endings that sound the same, like all homonyms, but have different grammatical meanings.
For example, the words "sisters" and "vodity". In the first case, the word "sisters" pl. h., I. p, and the word "vodice" unit. hours, R. p.
Summing up, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the topic of homonyms is complicated not so much by the definitions of this concept, but by the variety of species. To fully understand the topic, you need to carefully read and understand all kinds of homonyms and their differences.