N. B. Izotov

Russian diet and national metabolism

Chapter 1. Russian diet is the key to beauty, health and longevity (historical examples)

Since ancient times, Russian folk cuisine has been based on a harmonious combination of animal and plant products in one dish. The famous Russian pies and pies with meat, fish, cottage cheese, vegetables, dumplings, various casseroles, cereals, porridge with milk, first courses (cabbage soup, borscht, soups), semi-liquid dishes (old ear soup, etc.) from vegetables and meat contain amazing a well-balanced set of nutrients.

According to nutrition studies, plant proteins are mostly incomplete. They lack certain essential amino acids, so when eating only plant foods, protein starvation can develop, which has a particularly detrimental effect on a growing body. Proteins of animal origin contain all essential amino acids and, when combined with plant foods, significantly increase the biological value of the nutritional mixture. The most balanced diet will be when both types of protein (animal and plant) enter the body at the same time, that is, they are included in the recipe of one culinary product. It should be noted that many Russian dishes are characterized by this particular feature.

The Russian diet has always been very varied. However, the list of dishes was not burdened with excesses. A Russian folk proverb says: “Eat simply, and you will live to be a hundred years old.” The basis of the diet of most Russians was plant products, primarily rye bread.

In recent years, almost all modern fashionable diets recommend reducing bakery products to a minimum, or even completely eliminating them from the diet. This is especially true for diets designed for people who want to lose excess weight. This recommendation is motivated by the fact that bread contains too many easily digestible carbohydrates. But there is a slight flaw in this premise: it does not take into account the nature and nutritional properties of different types of baked goods. Bread is different from bread.

By refusing bread, a person deprives himself of a huge amount of useful substances. Experts have calculated that there are more than 200 of them in an ordinary loaf of bread. These are vegetable proteins, carbohydrates, ballast substances (fiber and low molecular weight polysaccharides). So there are practically no plant products that would be equal in nutritional value to bread for Russians.

You should know that in traditional folk cuisine, for many centuries, neither eggs nor sugar were used when baking bread, not to mention animal fats. White bread (by the way, much less valuable in terms of health and nutrition) was very expensive. In this regard, the main part of bread products was prepared from wholemeal rye flour. Previously, such bread on the table was a sign of poverty, but now we know that the coarser the grind of flour, the more coarse fibers, vitamins and minerals that stimulate metabolism in the body are retained in it. When finely refining flour, the most useful parts of the grain are removed into the bran: the germ and the outer shell.

It is not bread that poses a threat to beauty and health, but the excessive consumption of baked goods containing fats and sugar, i.e. muffins. Baking is white bread, for the preparation of which milk, sugar, eggs, and fats are added to the dough. It is several times higher in calories than regular bread.

A rare holiday dish on the peasant table was meat, which was eaten mainly boiled. Folk tradition prohibited storing and eating poorly bled meat. This rule, legitimized by the “Stoglavy Cathedral,” fully complies with modern food hygiene requirements. Most often, meat was used to prepare first courses: cabbage soup, borscht, and vegetable soups. An interesting fact, but among peasants it was considered a sin to eat large quantities of animal products.

The tradition of using animal fats in domestic cooking is also interesting. A careful study of the sources shows that they were not heated, but were added to ready-made dishes. In addition, there was never a large amount of butter and lard, and peasant cattle were never famous for their fat content.

Modern food hygiene experts argue that the longer and more intensively the original product is subjected to heat and other processing, the less it retains its nutritional value. Therefore, the results of culinary delights (especially the so-called “food of aristocratic gourmets”) are not only useless for the body, but can also cause serious harm to health. In Russian national cuisine, there were practically no processes of “hard” food processing (frying, long-term stewing, sautéing). By the way, a ruddy, appetizing crust on fried foods appeared in Russia relatively recently, and all methods of cooking aimed at obtaining it are directly borrowed from European cuisine.

Russian cabbage soup, borscht, okroshka and botvinniki have gained worldwide fame. These dishes, according to physiologists, have a juice-like, i.e., appetite-stimulating, effect. In addition, the kvass or lactic acid of sauerkraut (beets) contained in these dishes has a beneficial effect on the digestive processes.

In ancient Russian cuisine, the word "shchi" was used to refer to two types of dishes: liquid or semi-liquid cabbage and a fizzy drink like kvass (shti sour). The latter was made from beer residues and stored all year round in barrels. This drink was found in Russia until the end of the 19th century. The famous Russian culinary specialist K.K. Morokhovsky described it as follows: “...good sour cabbage soup makes very healthy drinks.” This is by no means accidental. To prepare fizzy cabbage soup, sprouted grains of edible cereals (rye, wheat, barley and buckwheat) containing many biologically active substances were used.

Unfortunately, the tradition of making sour cabbage soup, like many other useful traditions of Russian cuisine, is being lost. For example, pickling beets and pickling plums, which were a mandatory part of the Russian table as side dishes, are now practically not used. But these products (especially beets) contain a large amount of alkaline elements, which are so necessary for the body and of which there is so little in meat, fish, and cereals.

Another forgotten, but also extremely useful representative of the Russian diet is poppy milk (“zabela”), which was added to many dishes: dough, porridge, cabbage soup. Pies were baked with poppy milk, pancakes were made with poppy curd, some products were boiled in poppy milk, such as fish caviar, etc., since to prepare poppy milk, which has a specific taste and is rich in fats, poppy seeds were used, which do not contain opium alkaloids and causing painful addictions.

Russia is a country with a long cold season, so canning has always occupied a special place in the Russian tradition of preparing food for the winter. A lot of interesting, original and useful information can be gleaned by getting acquainted with the methods of canning common in Russia.

Reading, for example, “Domostroy”, we learn that small fish were dried, ground, and then the resulting mass was poured into sour cabbage soup (“a thrifty person buys fresh fish and salts some, boils others, dries small ones, poundes others and pours them into shti in the post"). With this method of drying, the nutrients of the fish are absorbed most fully, and even the calcium salts of the bone skeleton, dissolving in the lactic acid of sauerkraut, are partially absorbed by the body.

Beekeeping has always been one of the most common trades in Russia. Honey served as food, medicine, and the basis of many drinks. He was also a guardian against many diseases. Before the widespread use of refined sugar, which replaced honey, Russian residents had virtually no dental caries and rarely suffered from cardiovascular disease or obesity.

“Sweet” methods of canning have existed for a long time. Honey contains biologically active substances, including those that stop the activity of bacteria and kill them, so as a preservative it is much better than sugar. For preparations, we used both liquid honey and honey infusion diluted in water (full). In addition to simply pouring honey over berries and fruits, jam was prepared.

Often vegetables, fruits and berries were preserved in molasses - boiled honey. Cooking marshmallows from various berries was very common. Chemicals - preservatives, widely used in modern industrial canning, suppressing the activity of bacteria and allowing food to be preserved for a long time, are not always harmless to humans. Since ancient times, traditional Russian canning has used natural preservatives with bactericidal properties. Such preservatives include cranberries, lingonberries (berries and juices), watermelon honey and even... aspen logs. Natural preservatives were used not only in preparations. Already in the XVI–XVIII centuries. There were recipes for long-lasting bread. “Some people mix coriander leaves between bread, which they want to keep and hide for a long time,” says a 16th-century manuscript. Bread baked from a mixture of potatoes and wheat flour mixed with brewer's yeast had the same properties.

Nikita Izotov is a famous Soviet worker, miner, who initiated the so-called Izotov movement. Within its framework, mass training of novice workers by already experienced comrades was carried out. He is also considered one of the founders of the Stakhanov movement in the country.

Miner's biography

Nikita Izotov was born in 1902. He was born into a peasant family in the Oryol province, in the village of Malaya Dragunka, Kromsky district. Interestingly, his actual birth name was Nikifor. He became Nikita only in 1935, when a typo was made in the newspaper. As a result, nothing was corrected, and the hero of our article went down in history as Nikita Alekseevich Izotov.

He began his working career in 1914, when he began working as an auxiliary worker at a briquette factory in Gorlovka. Afterwards he moved to the position of fireman at Korsun Mine No. 1. In the future it was called "Stoker". After the victory of the October Revolution and the Civil War, he took a direct part in its restoration.

Mine in Gorlovka

When Nikita Izotov became a miner in the Gorlovka mine, he almost immediately began to demonstrate high and enviable results. His work productivity amazed many around him; he could complete three or four standards at a time.

The year 1932 is quite remarkable in the biography of Nikita Izotov. He manages to set a real record for a miner at the Kocherka mine. The hero of our article is achieving unprecedented production; in January alone he fulfills the coal production plan by 562 percent, and in May by 558 percent, and in June he reaches the mark of two thousand percent. This is approximately 607 tons of coal mined in six hours.

Izotov method

Even in a short biography of Nikita Izotov, it is necessary to pay attention to his simple and uncomplicated, but very original method. It is based on a careful and detailed study of the coal seam, as well as on the amazing ability to secure mine workings as quickly as possible. Nikita Izotov also achieved high results thanks to the clear organization of his work and the maintenance of all tools in strict order.

After achieving such impressive results, almost all local newspapers immediately began to write about the miner. The press published notes in which Izotov himself repeatedly spoke, criticizing slackers and slackers, he convinced all miners of the Gorlovka mine, without exception, to follow his example. He was sure that everyone could provide as much coal as he could produce per shift. In newspaper articles, Nikita Izotov became a real legend of the labor Donbass.

In May 1932, the hero of our article published his own material in the all-Union newspaper Pravda, in which he outlined the foundations of the Isotov movement. This is one of the forms of socialist competition, which was very popular at that time. In particular, it was distinguished by the fact that the highest productivity could be achieved not only by mastering advanced production methods, but also by transferring experience to lagging workers. This was precisely its main feature.

By the end of December 1932, the first Izotov schools began to appear, in which all workers were trained in advanced practices based on the model of the Kochegarka mine. It was on its basis that this school was organized. Right at his workplace, Izotov tirelessly conducted practical classes and instructions, clearly demonstrating to the miners the techniques of highly productive work.

Popularity of the Izotov movement

Literally in a short time the Izotov movement became popular throughout the country. It immediately began to contribute to the growth of technical literacy of workers. This was especially important for those who received a specialty in the metallurgical and mining industries.

This movement played a huge role in re-educating workers and raising their skill level. In fact, it was this movement that became the harbinger of Stakhanov’s, whose popularity was just around the corner.

Izotov himself constantly admitted that he had no special secrets of mastery. He strives in every possible way to achieve success, trying to distribute his entire working day as rationally as possible, without wasting such valuable time on trifles and nonsense. After all, it is expensive not only for him personally, but also for the state, Izotov was convinced. Therefore, he urged everyone to use their time rationally, then each miner would be able to do much more than now, and the country, therefore, would receive additional tons of much-needed coal.

Social work

In addition to his successes in production, Izotov was involved in a lot of social work. He led the fight against depersonalization in the maintenance of mine mechanisms, took an active part in organizing the All-Union Mine Competition, and worked on the mechanization of coal mining.

In 1933, at the Gorlovka mine, he organized a site where Izotov conducted classes for his school to improve the skills of personnel. The instructions were given right at the workplace, clearly demonstrating how one can achieve such high results.

Over time, his career took off; in 1934, Izotov received a position in the management of coal plants and trusts in Donbass. When the Stakhanov movement arose, Izotov began to raise his own records. In September 1935, he fulfilled 30 quotas per shift, receiving 240 tons of coal.

Having become a member of the CPSU, he worked in senior positions in the coal industry. During the Great Patriotic War, his experience was in demand in Eastern Siberia and the Urals, after its end he was appointed head of the mine management in Yenakievo.

He died in 1951 from a heart attack. He was 48 years old.

Monument to Nikita Alekseevich Izotov in Gorlovka, Donetsk region

In order to perpetuate the memory of the famous miner, by decision of the Donetsk Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine and the executive committee of the Donetsk Regional Council of Workers' Deputies on May 18, 1968, during the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of Gorlovka (according to the old founding date of the city, 1868) Nikita Izotov near the Palace of Culture, the Kochegarka mine was erected monument.
Located: Donetsk region, Gorlovka, Lenin Avenue, 1, near the Palace of Culture of the Kochegarka mine.

Manufacturing customer monument Nikita Izotov The Kochegarka mine, where Nikita Izotov worked in the 1930s, performed. The monument was made by the Donetsk Art and Production Plant of the Ukrainian SSR Art Fund. Its authors are: sculptor V. M. Kostin and architect N. K. Yakovlev, who depicted a powerful man in working overalls with a miner’s lamp in his hand. It was the world's first monument to a working person, a specific individual, with full portrait likeness.

Izotov Nikita Alekseevich(January 27 (February 9), 1902 - January 14, 1951) - miner worker, initiator of the Isotov movement for the mass training of young workers as cadre workers, one of the founders of the Stakhanov movement.

Nikita Alekseevich Izotov was born on January 27 (February 9), 1902 in the family of a peasant in the Oryol province. Since 1914, he worked as an auxiliary worker at a briquette factory in Gorlovka, then as a fireman at the Korsun Mine No. 1 - the future Kochegarka mine, and took part in the restoration of the mine after the Civil War.

Working as a miner at mine No. 1 "Kochegarka" (Gorlovka), he achieved high labor productivity, invariably fulfilling 3-4 standards. In 1932, the miner of mine No. 1 “Kochegarka” (Gorlovka) Nikita Alekseevich Izotov achieved unprecedented production, fulfilling the coal production plan in January by 562%, in May by 558%, and in June by 2000% (607 tons in 6 hours). Simple in its essence, Izotov’s method is based on a thorough study of the coal seam, the ability to quickly secure mine workings, clear organization of work, and keeping tools in order.

On May 11, 1932, he published an article in the Pravda newspaper about his experience, which marked the beginning of the Isotov movement.

At the end of December 1932, the first Isotov school was organized to teach best practices at the Kochegarka mine. Directly at the workplace, Izotov gave instructions and showed miners techniques for highly productive work.

In 1933, he organized a site at the mine - a school to improve the skills of young miners through on-the-job instruction. “Izot” schools have become widespread throughout the country. Since 1934, he led coal trusts and combines in the Donbass.

In the first days of the emergence of the Stakhanov movement, N. A. Izotov (September 11, 1935) fulfilled more than 30 standards per shift, extracting 240 tons of coal. On February 1, 1936, he set a new world record - 607 tons of coal in 6 hours of work. In 1935 - 1937 N. A. Izotov studied at the Industrial Academy in Moscow. Member of the CPSU since 1936.
Since the end of 1937, he worked in senior positions in the coal industry. At the 18th Congress of the CPSU (1939) he was elected a member of the Central Audit Commission. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation.

In 1942 - 1943 he worked in the Urals and Eastern Siberia, in 1945 - 1946 - manager of the Khatsapetovsky mine management of the Artemugol combine, since 1946 - head of mine management No. 2 of the Ordzhonikidzeugol trust.

Nikita Alekseevich Izotov died on January 14, 1951 in the city of Yenakievo, Donetsk region, from a heart attack.

Macrosphere “Man is famous for his work”

Topic 9: “Labor Legends” of the Donetsk Territory

Goal: To tell about the labor exploits of the heroes of Donbass: Krivonos, Stakhanov, Izotov. To form and develop pride in the labor feat of fellow countrymen.

Lesson type: Combined lesson.

Lesson structure

Organizationalmoment.

Motivation for learning activities.

Student reports about the labor heroism of fellow countrymen.

Learning new material.

Storystudents about the labor exploits of the heroes of Donbass: Krivonos, Stakhanov, Izotov, about their pioneering deeds, about the effectiveness of their work methods, about the organization of work, about working methods, and records.

Donbass - a land of inexhaustible natural resources - has always been a place where heroes of hard work were born, first of all, rich in spirit, generous in heart and comprehensively gifted.

These people are strong in spirit and multifaceted in talent.

We must always remember the names of our famous fellow countrymen - Pasha Angelina, Makar Mazai and Georgy Sedov, Alexander Khanzhonkov and Arkhip Kuindzhi. The musical genius Sergei Prokofiev (125 years old this year) made an invaluable contribution to world culture. Donbass inspired the creativity of many masters of the pen and brush, actors, composers, who are still working fruitfully in the field of our young republic.

A great achievement is the fact that Donetsk residents began to visit art exhibitions, parks, museums and churches more often, and take care of monuments and memorials.

All this is the key to the spiritual revival of our people, the revival of the beauty of our land and all residents of Donbass.

The best

Poems about the Donetsk region about the Donbass (read by students)

The world is full of joy and happiness,

But the native land is dearer than everything,

And it's so wonderful to be back
Under the roof of your house!

But it’s still worth being born,

On the white expanses of the earth,

To open your heart to the Motherland,

So that in children

Children will repeat

And know that

We are immortal!

And he died. And he rose.

And I saw fields and domes.

Plunged into the fire of invasion.

Drowning. Spun like ash.

And again I saw clearly and clearly

Above clear Russia there is a firmament.

It all ended - I didn’t end.

And I live again! I am the people.

Donbass live!... The siren sends to the siren

The miner's friendship is a steel blast.

Nobody brought Donbass to its knees

And no one can deliver!

Both the private and the general,

Both the one who lives and the one who fell,

Before the war we are all equal,

Like sons before their mother.

Some have returned, those are lying,

And at the end of the day, line up the soldiers,

Reserves discharged from the war,

Less and less every time.

Both houses and people grow old,

Burning out, a star falls.

Here in storms the fierce ones rust,

But cities do not age.

With a new or old name

They last a hundred or a thousand years.

I love my homeland very much,

She is dearer to me than all countries.

I hear the best melody in it,

I feel maternal in her

Care and light and love.

Russian and Ukrainian speech

I am ready to listen with trepidation.

Sparrow tweet

I accept it like the song of nightingales,

Lord is over my Ukraine,

And the Motherland is in my heart!

Bread like this makes your heart skip a beat:

I stand up like a wall,

You can't stop looking at it.

About the days of mowing that are already close,

The ears of corn are ringing restlessly.

Golden, unprecedented time!

When we go after our shift,

The dear steppe dust,
More expensive and nicer

This land seems to us.
We admire the sun for a long time,

Covering your eyes with your hand:
Miners have such hearts,
This is the miner's character.Let there be a rock on the road,

We will cut our way into the rock.

Miners live underground

So that there is light on earth.

And coal flows from the face

A heavy black river.

Miners have such hearts,

This is the miner's character.

III. Generalization and systematization

My Donetsk region... Donetsk ridge, not Wild Field (this name was given to our region by Evgraf Kovalevsky, it was he who compiledfirst geological map of the ridge)

The Donetsk Ridge opened up its wealth and allowed people to work on this land and in its depths. Donbass was born in spite of and thanks to the strength and intelligence of the local people.

People of different nations and nationalities who were united by the desire to sow the wild steppe.

Huge coal deposits found in the depths of the Donetsk Ridge influenced the further development of the region and its people, their fate.

Enthusiasts, innovators, patriots of Donbass are a whole galaxy, a constellation of heroes who are in love with their land, dedicated to their work, people with a heart of gold, whose radiance we see today.

I love my homeland very much,

She is dearer to me than all countries.

I hear the best melody in it,

I see a divine temple in it.

I feel maternal in her

Care and light and love.

Russian and Ukrainian speech

I am ready to listen with trepidation.

Sparrow tweet

I accept it like the song of nightingales,

Lord is over my Ukraine,

And the Motherland is in my heart and love!

Additional material for the lesson “Man is famous for his work”

Nikita (Nikifor) Alekseevich Izotov

(January 27, 1902 - January 14, 1951) -miner, initiator of the Izotov movement for mass training of young workers cadre workers, one of the founders of the Stakhanov movement.

Born in 1902 on January 27, in the family of a peasant in the Oryol province. Real name - Nikifor, became Nikita in 1935 after a newspaper typo.

Since 1914worked as an auxiliary worker at a briquette factory in Gorlovka, then a fireman at the Korsun Mine No. 1 - the future Kochegarka mine, and a participant in the restoration of the mine after the Civil War.

Workingminer of mine No. 1 "Kochegarka" (Gorlovka) consistently achieved high labor productivityfulfilling 3-4 norms . In 1932, Nikita Alekseevich Izotov, miner of mine No. 1 “Kochegarka” (Gorlovka), achieved unprecedented output, fulfilling the coal production plan in January at562%, in May by 558%, and in June by 2000% (607 tons in 6 hours). Simple in its essence, Izotov’s method is based on a thorough study of the coal seam, the ability to quickly secure mine workings, and a clear organization of labor, keeping the instrument in order.

Notes are published in the local press in which he criticizes slackers and convinces all miners of Gorlovka Mine No. 1 that “everyone can produce the same amount of coal.”On May 11, 1932, he published an article in the Pravda newspaper about his experience, which marked the beginning of the Isotov movement.

At the end of December 1932, for training in advanced experience at the Kochegarka mineThe first Izot school was organized. Directly at the workplace, Izotov gave instructions and showed miners techniques for highly productive work..

“There is no “secret” here. Every slaughterer can achieve success. I try to fill and compact my working day, not to waste time, which is precious both to me and to the state. If in our mine and in all mines every miner makes full use of his working time, he will do much more than he is doing now, and our country will receive additional thousands of tons of coal."

- ON THE. Izotov

N. A. Izotov led the fight to eliminate impersonality in the maintenance of mine mechanisms, took an active part in organizing the “All-Union Mine Competition,” and volunteered for the mechanization of coal mining.

In 1933organized area at the mine -school for advanced training of young slaughterers through on-the-job training.“Izot” schools have become widespread throughout the country.

Since 1934, he led coal trusts and combines in the Donbass.

In the first days of the emergence of the Stakhanov movement, N. A. Izotov (September 11, 1935) fulfilled more than 30 standards per shift, extracting 240 tons of coal. On February 1, 1936, he set a new world record - 607 tons of coal in 6 hours of work. In 1935-1937, N. A. Izotov studied at the Industrial Academy in Moscow.

He died on January 14, 1951 in the city of Enakievo, Donetsk region, from a heart attack.

Awards and titles

2 Orders of Lenin

Order of the Red Banner of Labor

Order of the Badge of Honor

Medals

Izotov movement - one of the formssocialist competition VUSSR is notable for the fact that achieving the highestlabor productivity is achieved not only by mastering advanced production methods, but also by transferring experience to lagging workers.

History of origin

In 1932, a miner mine No. 1 "Kokegarka"(Gorlovka) Nikita Alekseevich Izotov achieved unprecedented production, fulfilling the coal production plan in January by 562%, in May by 558%, and in June by 2000% (607 tons in 6 hours). Simple in its essence, Izotov’s method is based on a thorough study of the coal seam, the ability to quickly secure mine workings, clear organization of work, and keeping tools in order.

Without stopping at personal records Nikita IzotovMay 11 1932 appeared in the newspaper"Is it true ” with an article about my experience. This article marked the beginning"Izotov movement." At the end of December 1932, the first Isotov school was organized to teach best practices at the Kochegarka mine. Directly at the workplace, Izotov gave instructions and showed miners techniques for highly productive work.

The meaning of movement

The Izotov movement became widespread throughout the country. It contributed to the growth of the technical level of workers in leading professions in the mining and metallurgical industries. Played a huge role in educating young workers and improving their skills. This movement was a harbingerStakhanov movement .

I see: in the chronicle, in the centuries

Having told and worked,

A miner leaves in a helmet

Descendant of Igor-Izotov (Nikita)

(Igor - Prince Siversky with his “brothers” took revenge on the Polovtsians for their robberies and raids on their native land)

Maxim Gorky after listening to a story about workbeater, gave characteristics to Izotov: he raised the work to the heights of art.

Alexey Grigorievich Stakhanov

(December 21, 1905 ( ) - ) - Soviet miner , innovator,founder, ().

In 1935, a group of miner Stakhanov and twoin one shift mined14.5 times more than the prescribed norm for one slaughterer. The record shift was planned in advance, the equipment was double-checked, coal removal was organized, and the face was illuminated. However attributed all the coal mined during the shift to Stakhanov personally. Stakhanov's achievement was used for a campaign known as« »

On the night of August 30-31, 1935, during a shift (5 hours 45 minutes), together with two riggers, he produced 102 tons of coal, with the norm per miner being 7 tons,exceeding this norm 14 times and setting a record. All the coal was registered to the miner, although he did not work alone. However, even with all the workers on the shift, the success was significant. The reason for the success was the new division of labor. Until this day, several people worked simultaneously in the face, cutting down coal using jackhammers, and then, in order to avoid a collapse, strengthening the roof of the mine with logs. A few days before setting the record, in a conversation with miners, Stakhanov proposed radically changing the organization of labor at the face. The miner must be freed from fastening work so that he only chops coal. “If you divide the labor, you can chop not 9, but 70-80 tons of coal per shift,” noted Stakhanov. On August 30, 1935, at 10 o’clock in the evening, Stakhanov, the fixers Gavrila Shchigolev and Tikhon Borisenko, the head of the section Nikolai Mashurov, the party organizer of the mine Konstantin Petrov and the editor of the newspaper Mikhailov descended into the mine. The countdown time for the start of work has been turned on.

Stakhanov worked confidently, masterfully cutting down coal seams. Shchigolev and Borisenko, who were behind him, were far behind. Despite the fact that Stakhanov had to cut 8 ledges, cutting a corner in each, which took a lot of time, the work was completed in 5 hours 45 minutes. When the results were calculated, it turned out that Stakhanov cut 102 tons, fulfilling 14 standards and earning 220 rubles.

This record proved the effectiveness of this method and contributed to changes in miners' labor technology.The example was followed in other Donbass mines, then in other areas of production. A movement of followers, the Stakhanovites, appeared, encouraged by the Communist Party. Similar propaganda campaigns were later launched in other socialist countries.

According to available information, the initiator of Stakhanov’s act was the party organizer of the mine, K. G. Petrov. He also selected the performer, choosing him from several candidates, guided by their moral character, origin and enthusiasm. One of the candidates for the record shift was M.D. Dyukanov, who a few days later, at the suggestion of the same Petrov, brought the record to 114 tons, but remained in the shadow of Stakhanov. The director (manager) of the mine, Zaplavsky Iosif Ivanovich, was subsequently arrested for opposing the establishment of an unfair record and served time in Norillag, where he died, and his place was taken by party organizer Petrov.

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 23, 1970, for great achievements in the development of mass socialist competition, for achieving high labor productivity and many years of activity in introducing advanced working methods in the coal industry, to the assistant chief engineer of mine management No. 2-43 of the Torezantracite plant, Alexey Grigorievich Stakhanov awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the golden star “Hammer and Sickle”

Stakhanov movement - a mass movement of followers of A. G. Stakhanov in the USSR, innovators of socialist production - workers, collective farmers, engineering and technical workers, who many times exceeded the established production standards.

History of the movement

MovementThe village arose in 1935 and was named after the mine's miner"Central-Irmino" (Donbass) A. G. Stakhanov, who produced 102 tons of coal during the night of August 30-31, 1935 (5 hours 45 minutes) at a rate of 7 tons, and subsequently on September 19 - 227 tons . At the beginning of 1936, the production record reached 607 tons, it was shown by a miner from Gorlovka Nikita Izotov, one of the founders of the Stakhanov movement, the initiator of the Izotov movement.

The Stakhanov movement was seriously encouraged financially with prizes and promoted by the All-Union Communist Party as a new stage of socialist competition and a form of increasing labor productivity.

The Stakhanov movement contributed to the growth of the material well-being of the workers themselves.For example, in Karaganda, the Stakhanov movement had a serious impact on the level of wages. If the average monthly wage of Karaganda miners in 1931 is taken as 100%, then in 1934 it was 212%, in 1935 - 288%, and in 1937 - 374%.

On November 14-17, 1935, the First All-Union Meeting of Stakhanovites took place in the Kremlin (Moscow), which emphasized the important role of the Stakhanov movement in socialist construction. At the same meeting, the phrase that later became a catchphrase was heard:“Life has become better, comrades. Life has become more fun."

Labor heroism of fellow countrymen of Donbass

In 1921, Ukraine and the central regions of Russia were struck by severe drought. In a difficult economic situation, the Council of People's Commissars of Ulyanov-Lenin decided to withdraw grain reserves from Ukraine, traditionally considered the breadbasket of the Russian Empire. At the same time, Lenin insisted on the evacuation of 439 thousand refugees from the starving Volga region to the Donetsk region, which was depopulated during the Civil War. Initially, it was planned to form worker-peasant food detachments from the Volga residents, but, ultimately, this project was never realized. In 1921, objectively, there was also a shortage of bread in the south of Russia. Nevertheless, grain began to be exported from Ukraine. Moreover, until January 15, 1922, only from the Donetsk province, which in 1920, almost by accident (more precisely: at the arbitrariness of the central authorities), ended up within the administrative borders of Soviet Ukraine, 120 thousand pounds of grain were exported. As a result, in 1921–1922. An unprecedented famine broke out in Ukraine, including the Donbass. Cases of cannibalism have been reported. According to the calculations of Donetsk co-workers in 1921-1922. In the Donetsk region, up to 500 thousand people were starving. As a result of the Civil War, the region's population decreased by two-thirds, and economic collapse affected the mining, metallurgical, and chemical (coal processing) industries of the region.

In 1921, the X Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) decided to transition the party to a new economic policy. The NEP, in particular, assumed the transfer of industry to self-financing, the selective admission of foreign concessions and the temporary permission of private trade. In accordance with Karl Marx’s “Capital”, heavy industry was considered the “locomotive” of economic transformations, capable of pulling the economy of the RSFSR out of ruin. Therefore, already from the beginning of the 1920s. The Soviet government paid special attention to the development of heavy industry, the main branches of which from the beginning of the 19th century. based in Donbass.

The beginning of the first five-year plans (December 1927) in the Donbass coincided with a new wave of grain difficulties caused by an increase in grain exports, which occurred against the backdrop of a reduction in sown areas. At the end of the 1920s. Ukrainian bread was exported abroad in large quantities in exchange for equipment and raw materials necessary to restore the industry of the country and, above all, the Donbass. Therefore, in 1927, purchase prices for grain lowered “from above” remained very low (below the cost of the product produced), which, in turn, led to a decrease in the volume of peasant crops. In 1927, the harvest turned out to be bad, and Donetsk, as well as Ukrainian and Russian peasants, suspended the supply of grain to the market.

Pyotr Fedorovich Krivonos

(June 29, 1910, Feodosia - October 19, 1980, Kyiv) - figure in Soviet railway transport,one of the initiators of the Stakhanov movement in railway transport, Hero of Socialist Labor (1943), holder of the Order of Lenin.

Born on June 29 (July 12), 1910 in the city of Feodosia of the Russian Empire in the family of a railway worker. In 1913, the family moved to the city of Slavyansk. After graduating from seven-year school, he worked as a mechanic in a locomotive depot. In 1926-1929 he studied at the FZU school in the city of Slavyansk.

In 1929, after graduating from college, he began working at the Slavyansk locomotive depot of the Donetsk Railway. Member of the CPSU since 1929. In 1935, being a locomotive driver,He was the first in transport when driving freight trains to increase the boost of the steam locomotive's boiler, due to which the technical speed was doubled, to 46-47 km/h. He had numerous followers (“Krivonosovtsy”). Graduated from the Moscow Electromechanical Institute of Railways. transport named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky (1953).

Since 1953 he has been the head of the South-Western Railway, but back in 1941 he was mentioned in the Izvestia newspaper as the head of the North Donetsk Railway.

The name of Peter Krivonos is associated with the opening of the Children's Railway in Kyiv, in Syretsky Park. On August 2, 1953, on Railwayman's Day, children rode in blue and dark red carriages, and the first train was driven by the legendary Pyotr Krivonos. It was also on his initiative that the IS steam locomotive was placed on a pedestal at the city’s central station, which is currently the only complete representative of the series preserved.

Delegate to the XVIII Congress of the CPSU (b) and the XXII Congress of the CPSU. In 1939-1952 - member of the Central Audit Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st-5th convocations. He was elected a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine at the 14-16th, 18-22nd congresses of the Communist Party of Ukraine.

Lived in Kyiv. He died on October 19, 1980, and was buried at the Baikovo cemetery in Kyiv.

Awards

USSR postage stamp. 1986. Series “Steam Locomotives-Monuments”. Slavyansk The locomotive on which Krivonos worked.

Awarded 4 Orders of Lenin, 4 Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, Orders of the October Revolution, Suvorov 2nd degree, Red Star, Badge of Honor, medals.

Honorary citizen of Slavyansk (1971).

Pasha (Praskovya Nikitichna) Angelina

The labor exploits of Praskovya Angelina, the founder of the movement of female machine operators, have not yet been forgotten: her name was even included in the World Biographical Encyclopedia.

Pasha Angelina was called the first tractor driver. This is not entirely accurate: of course, there were tractor drivers before her. And yet she is the first. The first organizer (in 1932) and foreman of the country's first women's tractor brigade. The first female machine operator, who became twice the Hero of Socialist Labor, a pretty girl who, for the first time in the history of the Russian village, took up a “non-womanly” business. Hundreds of thousands of other women followed her.

The traction force of the first Soviet tractors reached 30-40 kilograms. And soot, fumes, roar, shaking...

“They say about such women: a man in a skirt,” recalled Pasha Angelina’s nephew Alexey. “She really had a masculine character.” She was directly drawn to tractors! But back then in the village this was not very welcome. Those women who dared to ride a tractor were subjected to real persecution. She even described it in her memoirs. In addition, Praskovya Nikitichna is Greek by nationality, and among them women were generally forbidden to meddle in men’s affairs. Her father and the whole family were categorically against it, but despite everything, she mastered this purely male specialty and became first a machine operator and then a foreman of the first female tractor brigade in the USSR. In 1938, attention was paid to her. She got into the groove. As a result, she made an appeal to all Soviet women: “One hundred thousand girlfriends - on a tractor!” And 200 thousand women followed her example.”

Holidays did not happen often in Angelina’s life. Praskovya Nikitichna raised four children alone. She broke up with her husband when the children were very young - apparently, not because of a good life. She herself, in any case, emphasized that public life was above personal life for her - this was probably the case.

Pasha Angelina’s husband, the father of her three children, did not die in 1947 from wounds received at the front, as the nephew of the legendary tractor driver stated in his interview - she simply consigned him to oblivion during her lifetime. Remaining in the shadow of his wife's loud fame, he was so jealous of Pasha that one day he followed the tractor drivers to VDNKh in Moscow, where he created a huge scandal... Thanks to the weight that deputy Angelina had, everything was forgiven to her husband. Praskovya Nikitichna endured his antics until the last moment in order to save the family. But a domestic quarrel in 1947, when the husband shot into the ceiling in the presence of children, overflowed the cup of patience. This scene caused a nervous breakdown in the eldest daughter, after which the girl had to be treated in Donetsk.

The expelled husband settled in a neighboring area and started a second family. Angelina herself never married again. She raised her three children and her adopted son Gennady. Sometimes she joked bitterly: “Who needs me with such a tail?”

“Nevertheless, the men of that time did not consider the emancipated Aunt Pasha to be an addition to the tractor and were interested in her,” writes the Moskovsky Komsomolets in Donbass newspaper. – Praskovya Nikitichna met her second great love when her female tractor brigade was evacuated along with the equipment to Kazakhstan. There, before returning to their homeland (in 1943, the women returned to Donbass), they grew bread for the front. And there the first secretary of the Terekinsky district party committee, Pyotr Ivanovich Simonov, fell in love with her. Simonov had a wife, but she was very ill. Pasha stopped his advances in the bud, snapping: “I won’t fornicate while your wife is alive!”

Think what would happen

When would I saytailor : - I don’t want to sew dresses,I'll take a day off!And all the tailors in townThey would have followed him home.And poor people would freeze

Outside in winter.

Think what would happenWhen would I saydoctor : I don’t want to treat my teeth

I won’t, even if you cry!Medical care for patientsThere wouldn't be any.And you would sit and sufferWith a tied cheek.

Think what would happenWhen would I saychauffeur : – I don’t want to carry people! –And turned off the engine.Trolleybuses, busesCovered with snowFactory workersWe would walk.

Saidteacher at school I would:- For me this yearI don't want to teach childrenI won't come to school!Notebooks and textbooksWe'd roll around in the dustAnd you would be unscientistsThey grew into old age.

Think about whatSuddenly something bad happened!

But he just won't do thatNo one everAnd people won't refuseFrom the required work:

Teacher is requiredWill come to class the next morning,
And the bakers diligently

Bread will be baked for you.

Any task will be completed

What they were not instructed to do

Tailors and shoemakers,

Drivers and doctors.

We are all a friendly family

We live in the same country

And everyone works honestly

In place, in its place.

Izotov Nikita Alekseevich, miner worker, initiator of mass training of young workers by professional workers, one of the initiators Stakhanov movement. Member of the CPSU since 1936. Working as a miner at mine No. 1 “Kochegarka” (Gorlovka), I. achieved high labor productivity. On May 11, 1932, he published an article in the Pravda newspaper about his experience, which marked the beginning of the “Izotov movement.” In 1933, he organized a site at the mine - a school to improve the skills of young miners through on-the-job instruction. Schools called “Izotovskie” became widespread. In the first days of the emergence of the Stakhanov movement, I. On September 11, 1935, he fulfilled more than 30 norms per shift, extracting 240 tons of coal; On February 1, 1936, he set a new world record - 607 tons of coal in 6 hours of work. In 1935-37 I. studied at the Industrial Academy in Moscow. From the end of 1937 he worked in senior positions in the coal industry. At the 18th Congress of the CPSU (1939) he was elected a member of the Central Audit Commission. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation. Awarded 2 Orders of Lenin, 2 other orders, as well as medals.

Op.: My life. My work, Har., 1934.

Lit.: Senin G., Nikita Izotov, M. - Har., 1951.

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"Izotov Nikita Alekseevich" in books

NIKITA

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From the book Star Tragedies author Razzakov Fedor

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From the book The Shining of Everlasting Stars author Razzakov Fedor

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From the book Who Are You Friends Against? author Steblov Evgeniy

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How Nikita lived

From the book of the Demidovs: A Century of Victories author Yurkin Igor Nikolaevich

How Nikita lived He continued to travel. According to Afremov, he brought the illness that brought him to the grave, also from the road (“Having returned sick from his Ural factories... he died...”). How could he not go? Production was located in two mutually remote locations. It was solid

Nikita

From Fatyanov's book author Dashkevich Tatyana

Nikita 1. “I beg you, give birth to a son...” They say that when a son is born, God gives the mother a third hand. Father Fatyanov dreamed of an heir, like any man, and this time he sent his wife to the maternity hospital ahead of time, remembering the experience of the billiard room. He often came inquire about her well-being while waiting

Georgy Yakovlev Nikita Izotov

From the book Nikita Izotov author Yakovlev Georgy

Georgy Yakovlev Nikita Izotov

Nikita

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Nikita “From my father I inherited life, genes, external resemblance...” Of course, his father’s example played a role in the choice of profession for his youngest son, Nikita. Already in the tenth grade, he said that he would be an actor. But I didn’t enter the theater university the first time. I worked at a military factory for a year -

Nikita

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From the book The Big Book of Secret Sciences. Names, dreams, lunar cycles author Schwartz Theodor

Nikita Usually gifted, first among equals, with a tenacious memory. Practical but impatient. Often with the highest performance. Ambitious and self-confident. He has many friends, among whom he enjoys authority and on whom he has a significant influence (Fig. 5.16). Rice. 5.16.

Nikita

From the book The Secret of the Name author Zima Dmitry

Nikita Meaning and origin of the name: winner (Greek). Energy and Karma of the name: this name contains the energy of balanced firmness, patience and some seriousness. Interestingly, it sounds like a flag beating in the wind, and therefore there is nothing surprising,

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From the book Palmistry and Numerology. Secret knowledge author Nadezhdina Vera

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Prisoners from Cinema-2 (Valentina Malyavina / Eduard Izotov)

From the book Scandals of the Soviet era author Razzakov Fedor

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From the book Idols. Secrets of death author Razzakov Fedor

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