Serdobsky district. Serdobsky district Wielkopolska n with Serdobsky district

annotation

In the mid 80s XIX century, a group of employees of the Serdob district municipal body undertook a survey of the district. The survey affected mainly the peasantry, which made up the majority of the county's population. The survey revealed the number of peasants in the district, the demographic processes taking place among the peasants, the living conditions of the peasantry, their educational level, the main types of economic activities and their results. The survey was one of the most important areas of socio-cultural activity of county municipal structures.

Annotation.

In the middle of the 80 S of XIX century the uyezd inspection was undertaken by the group of collaborators of Serdobsk uyezd municipal government body. Mainly, the inspection was touched upon peasantry, which was the largest part of uyezd population During the inspection it was found out the quantity of peasants in uyezd territory, demographic processes taken place in peasant environment, life conditions, their education level, the main forms of economic activity and their results. The inspection was one of the most important direction of social and cultural activity of uyezd municipal structures.

Smoleninov A.P.

Serdobsky district as depicted by zemstvo statisticians.

(On the history of zemstvo-statistical research in the Saratov province in 1886-1889).

Created during the reforms of the 1860s. in the provinces of the Russian Empire, local government bodies called upon “to closely participate in the management of affairs related to the economic benefits and needs of each province and each district” received the name zemstvo.

From the first steps of independent activity, the zemstvo (engaged in agriculture and industry, trade and food, postal services, insurance and charity, material assistance to public education and healthcare, etc.) felt the need for accurate statistical data and this became one of the determining conditions the emergence of zemstvo statistics. The phenomenon of zemstvo statistics owes its existence to the establishment of zemstvo self-government bodies in Russia.

Saratov zemstvo statistics in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries is an outstanding phenomenon in the history of domestic statistics. Thanks to its successes, the enormous scientific heritage of zemstvo statisticians is not only the main source of factual data on the history of the Saratov region in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, but economic and statistical research itself has become the main tool of social knowledge. Zemstvo statisticians collected and summarized significant factual material, the introduction of which into scientific circulation we see as an important task of modern regional research.

One of the peculiar directions of socio-cultural activities of the district zemstvos of the Saratov province in the second half of the 80s XIX century was the socio-economic study of counties. The initiator of the research was the head of the statistical bureau of the Saratov provincial zemstvo, S.A. Kharizomenov, known for his statistical research on the Vladimir and Tauride provinces.

Research into the Serdobsky district was carried out in the summer and autumn of 1886 by a group of employees and members of the local district zemstvo. The researchers were interested in various aspects of the life of the population of the region, the financial situation, cultural level, and economic connections of the Serdob peasantry. The collected materials were published in Saratov in 1892.

As tireless volunteers revealed, at the time of the survey, 215,948 people lived in the territory of Serdobsky district. The bulk of the county's population (96.5%) lived in rural areas. The city of Serdobsk, the only city in the county, accounted for 3.5% of the county's population (7,659 inhabitants). In terms of population, as zemstvo researchers established, Serdobsky district occupied sixth place among the ten districts of the Saratov province. 9% of the total population of the province lived there. Turning to the “Statistical Description of the Saratov Province” by A.F. Leopoldov, the researchers found that over six decades the population of the county has more than doubled, and the number of residents of the city of Serdobsk has almost tripled. Of the total rural population, 182,991 people belonged to the peasantry. “Almost all of them,” the researchers noted, “belong to the Great Russian tribe, since only two villages of the Meshchera volost are inhabited by Meshcheryaks, who, however, have become so Russified that at present they are almost no different from the rest of the population of the district.”

Having identified the total number of residents of the county and established the predominance of the peasantry, zemstvo statisticians provided data characterizing individual groups of the peasantry. Thus, of the total mass of peasants, 131,133 people previously belonged to landowners, 50,839 people were state-owned and 1,019 people belonged to appanages (property of the royal family). The predominance of the serf peasantry was explained after turning to historical and local history publications in the works of the Saratov Scientific Archival Commission by the fact that in the process of settling the county “landowner colonization played the largest role, i.e. resettlement of peasants by the owners to the lands granted to them here from the central provinces.”

The 1861 reform divided peasants into separate categories, and zemstvo researchers noted that 81.5% of former serfs received their allotment of land with subsequent redemption, and 16.6% of peasants preferred a reduced gift allotment without subsequent redemption. This category of peasants, the researchers point out, “is concentrated in significant numbers in the southeastern part of the district, which was distinguished by the lowest rental prices in the first time after the liberation of the peasants; the opportunity to rent private land cheaply and in this area should have served as one of the important incentives for the peasants to prefer expensive allotments.” The full allotment was 3.7 tithes per 1 tax soul, and for peasants - gift givers it was 1.2 tithes. At the same time, state peasants had 6 acres per capita.

In the course of further research, it was found that on the territory of Serdobsky district there were 321 villages, among which there were few. Thus, in 13 of them there were less than 10 households each. And in three there were over 500 households (in the village of Naryshkino there were 554 households, in the village of Bakury there were 683 households, in Serdobo-Prigorodnaya Sloboda there were 779 households).

After the abolition of serfdom, the peasantry retained its communal organization. The researchers found that the number of communities did not coincide with the number of villages: “80% of all villages each contain only one community, about 8% - two communities, about 5% - three communities, about 4% - more than three communities and seven villages are part of complex communities.”

Zemstvo researchers paid much attention to the structure of the peasant family and demographic processes. It was noted that for the period from 1858 to 1886. the peasant population grew by 36.5%. It turned out that population growth directly depended on the size of the land plot. Among peasants who were gift-givers it was 24.1%, among peasants who received a full land allotment - 31.5%, among state peasants - 43.4%. The general conclusion made by the researchers was: “The average size of a registered peasant family is currently equal to 6.2 souls in the district. gender, which includes three souls (husband). n. and 3.2 souls of women. On average, each family has 1.45 male workers and 1.6 female workers; There are 4.3 eaters per one employee, including the employee himself.”

In the district, 29,337 peasant families lived in 29,346 huts, i.e. on average there were 6.24 souls per hut. According to this indicator, Serdobsky district ranked fifth among the districts of the Saratov province. The researchers noted that 95.7 peasant families had one hut, 2.2% had two, and 2.1% did not have their own housing. For comparison, it can be noted that in Kamyshinsky district the percentage of peasants who did not have housing was 6.3%. “Almost exceptional material,” the researchers emphasize, “for the construction of huts in Serdobsky district is wood: out of 29,346 huts or 98.74% are wooden, only 211 or 0.72% are stone and 160 or 0.54% are adobe and mud huts.” Over 98% of the huts were covered with thatch, 1.19% with planks, 0.36% with iron, and 0.09% had no roof at all. At the same time, researchers drew attention to the fact that the condition of a peasant’s home completely depends on the size of the land plot.

The study of peasant life prompted zemstvo leaders to consider the cultural level of the Serdob peasantry. It was noted that the overall literacy rate among peasants was 7.3%, with 11.5% among men and 0.4% among women. At the time of the survey, 18.5% of school-age peasant boys and 0.96% of school-age girls were studying in schools of various types. At the same time, a trend was identified towards an increase in literacy rates among male peasants. Among peasants over 60 years old, the number of literate people was 3%, among peasants aged 18 to 60 years - 18.8%, among teenagers from 14 to 18 years old - 27%. Researchers noted the great contribution of the district zemstvo to improving peasant education. In 1886, there were 46 zemstvo schools in the district. At the same time, the number of church-parish schools was 13, and literacy schools - 21. During the period from 1875 to 1886, the Serdob district zemstvo spent 86,259 rubles on public education. 67 kopecks At the time of the survey, 32 teachers, 14 female teachers and 1 assistant teacher taught in 46 schools. In terms of educational level, 8.9% of teachers graduated from secondary educational institutions, 4.4% graduated from teachers' seminaries, and 62% studied only in lower educational institutions. Interesting data on the class affiliation of zemstvo teachers. 2.5% of them were children of nobles, 7.5% - clergy, 20% - honorary citizens, 42.5% - burghers, 27.5% - peasants. Zemstvo residents again drew attention to the dependence of the number of literate peasants on their financial situation. Thus, the number of peasant families with an allotment of more than 20 dessiatines of arable land, who were literate and students was 63.6%, while among landless peasants this figure was only 24%. It was also found that not all peasants learned to read and write at school. In this category of peasants, 76% could read and write, and 24% could only read.

Having established the dependence of almost all aspects of peasant life on the availability of land, zemstvo leaders made a detailed analysis of land use in Serdobsky district. It was noted that “more than half of the county’s lands in 1886 belonged to private owners, a little more than 40% belonged to peasant societies, and only 2.66% were in the use of the treasury, city, churches and various other institutions.” 80% of privately owned land belonged to nobles, and only 3% was privately owned by peasants. The bulk of the land used by peasants (270,734 dessiatines) was owned by peasant communities. 1832 peasant families living in the district had no land plots at all. These were mainly former courtyard and Nikolaev soldiers released from the army.

The entire mass of the peasant population had to pay 559,644 rubles as taxes in 1885, in addition, they had arrears of 92,470 rubles for previous years. Peasants paid the bulk of taxes in the form of redemption payments and state land taxes. About 10% were zemstvo fees, and over 17% went to the maintenance of the volost and rural administration. Of course, such a phenomenon significantly undermined the stability of peasant farms.

Zemstvo researchers conducted a detailed analysis of peasant farming. It was found that the majority of peasants are engaged in farming using a three-field system. 90% of all communities cultivated arable land in compliance with three-field crop rotation. The researchers noted that “deviations from proper crop rotation are temporary and extremely rare.” The most common crops were rye, oats, buckwheat and millet. “Under these grains,” it was noted during the survey, “in 1886 there was about 96% of the total sown area, with rye accounting for 44.5% of the sown area, oats - 26.4%, buckwheat - 13, 5% and the share of millet – 11.5%. The secondary crops in peasant fields include: peas, spelled and sunflowers; in 1886, these three plants together accounted for about 3.5% of the total sown area. A comparatively insignificant remainder of the sown area, less than 1%, falls on spring and winter wheat, flax, hemp, potatoes, barley and melons - cucumbers, watermelons, melons.”

Average yield on peasant farms in the mid-80s XIX century was 55 pounds of rye per tithe, 20 pounds of buckwheat per tithe, 35 pounds of millet per tithe, 40 pounds of peas per tithe. On landowner farms, the average crop yield was approximately 10 poods higher. The disadvantage of peasant agriculture was the very insignificant use of fertilizers. Conversations with peasants showed that many peasants considered soil degrading to be harmful. Other farmers noted that the fields were too far away to transport manure. Approximately 30% of peasants refused to fertilize the land due to the fact that during the next redistribution of the land, the fertilized field would go to other peasants.

When examining peasant farms, zemstvo researchers studied the condition of peasant equipment. It was found that “the dominant arable tool among the peasants of Serdobsky district is the plow; relatively few people plow with plows. Of the 35,881 arable tools, 32,212 or 89.5% of all arable land cultivation tools were registered in 1886, and only 3,669 or 10.5% were plows.” 6,931 peasant farms did not have their own arable tools, and 7,122 peasant farms were deprived of draft animals. In the 80s XIX century, agricultural machinery began to appear in Serdobsky district. In 1886, Serdob peasants registered 76 threshing machines, 18 winnowing machines and 1 reaper. At the time of the survey, peasants had 42,374 carts.

During the survey, it was found that the peasants owned 46,144 working horses, 16,325 foals, 32,880 cows, 22,829 calves, 196,695 sheep, 10,582 pigs and 22 goats. Among the various categories of peasants, the largest number of working horses and livestock belonged to the farms of the former appanage and former state peasants. Research has shown the dependence of the provision of peasant farms with livestock on the size of the land plot: “With an increase in arable plot from 0 to 20 or more acres, the number of working horses increases almost 10 times, cows - by 6.5 times, and the number of heads of all livestock - by 8 times ." The main obstacle, according to zemstvo researchers, in the development of peasant cattle breeding was the lack of land. “Straw and hay,” the survey concluded, “very often peasants don’t have enough, so they have to buy it from local savings, or with cash, or, most often, for labor.” This was evidenced by data from individual villages of Serdobsky district. So, for example, in the village of Repyevka, according to the testimony of the peasants, it is possible to feed a horse, a cow and four sheep, and in the village of Sosnovka - only one horse, in the village of Mokshane - a cow and two sheep. The cost of livestock significantly exceeded the market value of farm products. Average cost of a working horse at fairs in Serdobsk in the 80s XIX centuries was 27 - 35 rubles, cows - 20 - 25 rubles, pigs - 12 - 14 rubles, and the price of beef was approximately 2 rubles per pound, pork - 2 rubles. 35 kopecks per pood. Thus, the peasants simply could not afford the additional purchase of livestock.

The information collected by zemstvo leaders made it possible to get a complete picture of the lifestyle, material level and degree of cultural development of the Serdob peasantry. They made it possible to determine the processes taking place in the peasant environment and judge the prospects for the development of the rural population of the Russian province.

For the first time, the object of studying zemstvo statistics was local social life as a single whole. The materials obtained as a result of zemstvo statistical research give us the opportunity to form a correct idea of ​​the level of well-being of the local population, the reasons for its rise and decline. The statistical information developed by the zemstvo makes it possible to create a clear picture of the state of schools, to describe the general state of public education and the degree of compliance with its needs and the needs of the local population. Essays on the history of the settlement of the province, the evolution of forms of land ownership, etc. presented in the publications. made a significant contribution to the development of provincial historiography.

GERBIL,Russian village of the Peschansky village council, 2 km north of it (the village council is located on the Central estate of the Nadezhdinsky state farm) and the stream of the same name, the left tributary of the Kolyshley. As of January 1, 2004 – 54 farms, 105 inhabitants. Founded in the second half of the 18th century. On the map of both the Serdobsky district of 1783 and the General Land Survey of 1790 - the village of Peschanka. Since 1780 in the Serdob district of the Saratov province. Until the 1920s it was part of the Podyachevskaya volost. Founded by a landowner. In 1795, in the village of Peshchanka, the court councilor Ruf Stepanovich Stepanov with other owners had ownership, 32 households, 148 revision souls (RGVIA, f. VUA, d. 19014, Serd. uyezd, No. 246). The last landowner was Anatoly Arkadyevich Stepanov. After the abolition of serfdom, peasants bought the land as their own. In 1877 - 83 yards. In 1886, the village had 84 households, 39 literate men, peasants had 522 acres of arable land (another 111 acres were rented), 135 work horses, 95 cows, 354 sheep. In 1900, at the expense of nobleman A.A. Stepanov and the peasants built a wooden church in the name of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God, and a parish school operated under it. Her parish consisted of peasants from the villages of Natalino, Shirokladka, and the village of Serovey (?) (Dm. Ivatsik). In 1911 - 130 courtyards, a church, a parish school. In 1934, a machine and tractor station was located in the former church. During the war, a destruction battalion formed from collective farmers and armed with guns operated in the village to combat sabotage and theft on the railway. In 1955 - the central estate of the collective farm named after Voroshilov. Population: in 1795 - about 296, 1858 - 429, 1877 - 500, 1886 - 538, 1911 - 645, 1926 - 934, 1938 - 587, 1959 - 400, 1979 - 250, 1989 - 150, 199 6 – 141 inhabitants.

Map of Serdobsky district in 1800 (Gerbil is not on the map).

Tree of Mr. Stepanovs(what we managed to find).

1863 - 1864 In the Serdobsky district court, a case is being heard regarding the issuance of property purchased from the landowner A.A. Stepanov. land by peasants in the village of Peschanki. (see CASE)

1864-10-16 (04) - the first mention of the Bakhtalin surname in church books. In the first records, the spelling of the surname varies: Bagtalin, Bogtalin, Bogtalinov.

Map of Serdobsky district (part) 1903.

1900 - funded by local landowner and nobleman Anatoly Arkadyevich Stepanov and parishioners built a church in the name of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, wooden with a separate bell tower, single-throne. (http://pravoslavie58region.ru/index.php?loc=e_serdobsk.htm)

Map of Serdobsky district in 1912.

1912- Peasant of the Saratov province of the Serdob district of the PODYACHEVSKAYA volost of the village of Peschanki Pavel Stefanov Filatov, a petition for permission to produce fair instant photography on light-sensitive small metal plates. (GASO 1.1.8848 Case on consideration of requests for work, pensions and benefits. 1912 ).

1918-10-13 - Peschansky rural society “Committee of the Poor” was organized. Doronin was elected chairman. (Chairman of the meeting: Kulev Kuzma Kupriyanovich). (R-2433-1-1, l.4).

1919-1925 - 1919-1925 - newspaper "Hammer and Sickle" about the Gerbil.

1919-06-22 - The list of residents of Peschanka who have the right to vote at meetings has been approved.(R-2433-1-1, l.36-40).

1919-07-04 – there are 140 households in Peschanka. (R-2433-1-1, l. 16, 20).

1920-06-27 – Report of the Commissioner on the progress of work to eliminate illiteracy in the Podyachevskaya volost. “...a census of the illiterate and semi-literate population was carried out . There are 8 school employees in the parish. Everyone expressed a desire to work...” (R-2433-1-4, l14).

1920-10-20 – School No. 1 was opened in Peschanka. School worker: Alexandra Naumova Nikitina. The school has 20 students (4 men, 16 women). (R-2433-1-4, l.7, 8).

1920-10-28 – School No. 2 was opened in Peschanka. School workers: Agafya Fedorovna Bakhtalina, Anna Fedorovna Bakhtalina. The school has 18 students (8 men, 10 women). (R-2433-1-4, l.4, 7, 8, 26, 31, 49).

1921-03-02 - Podyachevsky Volispolkom from the Serdobsky management department. No. 1231.

“From the report of the forest instructor of the Serdobsky district, it is clear that citizens of the village of Peschanka and the New village of Orlovka are carrying out private logging in the dachas of the former Berkov (?) and Eliseev. The Department of Management warns that penalties will be applied to cutters up to and including confiscation of property, and representatives of the administration will be put on trial for inaction.”

Signatures: Head of Management Department, Secretary.

1921-08-03 – 110 illiterate and semi-literate people registered in Peschanka. (List).

In other settlements of the parish:

Podyachevka – 32 people,

Nikolaevka – 31,

Kamenka – 35,

Baltinka – 137,

Zhmakino 1 – 44,

Zhmakino 2 – 46,

Zavrikha – 24,

Orlovka – 55,

Khutor Serov – 15. (R-2433-1-4).

1922-05-22. Minutes of the village council meeting.

Listened to: paragraph 2 “On unauthorized mowing of meadows.”

Identified: Dmitry (?) Doronin, ?, Tropin Alexander, ? Lazar, Efimov Alexey.

“Subject to a fine of 5,000,000 rubles from each... within a 7-day period...”.

1922 October. The arrears of the tax in kind for Peschanka amount to 3,297 pounds of rye, with a plan of 8,720 pounds. In addition, there is arrears for 1921: 153 pounds of rye. (R-2433-1-8, l.30).

1922-11-15. Order of the Serdob Executive Committee dated November 15, 1922 “On tightening measures in connection with the fall in tax collection.” (those who fail to comply with the tax are subject to fines and the sale of property at auction). (R-2433-1-8, l.32).

December 1922head of the school Kromina A.K. . (name - there are options, patronymic - Kuzminichna). scrub ( school worker) Agafya Fedorovna Bakhtalina. (R-2433-1-10, l.26).

1922 December. The arrears of the tax in kind for Peschanka amount to 1,771 poods of rye, with a plan of 8,720 poods. In addition, there is arrears for 1921: 29 pounds of rye. (R-2433-1-9, l. 8).

P.10: “Efficiency of village councils.” “The efficiency of village councils... is weak, because... secretaries of village councils do not correspond to the title of secretary, as was seen in Zhmakovsky and Peschansky village councils...” (R-2433-1-9, l. 18).

1923 April - May.Information on the number of village councils, societies, indicating the number of households and souls of both sexes in the Podyachevsky volost of the Serdobsky district .

(R-2433-1-9, l. 20).

P.10: “Efficiency of village councils.” “The performance of the Peschansky village council is satisfactory...”. (R-2433-1-9, l. 29).

1923 June.Village councils have been consolidated. The Peschansky village council included: Peschanka, Orlovka, Kamenka, Ser.Poselok, village. Baltinka, hut. Filippova.The village council has a total of 256 households, 1,727 residents. There are 152 households in Peschanka, 926 inhabitants.

P.10 “Efficiency of village councils.” “...only one Peschansky village council stands out for work, since the chairman of the village council and the secretary are old workers...”. (R-2433-1-9, l. 32).

1928 December. The beginning of repression (deprivation of voting rights and dispossession) throughout the country and in Peschanka. Materials on the Gerbil.

1930 (spring)- The collective farm “The Path to Socialism” was organized in Peschanka (Р1742-2-663, l.l. 8, 9).

1932 - Documents appear in the Serdob District Executive Committee: “List of kulak families deported to Kazakhstan” and “Inventory of cases on persons deprived of voting rights in the Peschansky Village Council.”

1933 February- the political department of Peschanskaya MTS was organized. Head of the political department: Stanislav Lyudmilovich Shumlevsky.

1934 The newspaper "Socialist Construction" about the Gerbil.

List of genera(surnames) of Peschanka residents.

4.From the story of Samokhvalova (Bakhtalina) V.A. about Gerbil.

Serdobsky district- administrative-territorial unit of the Saratov province, which existed in 1780-1928. The county town is Serdobsk.

Physiographic characteristics

The district was located in the northwestern part of the Saratov province, bordering on the Penza province. The area of ​​the county was: in 1858 - 810,389 dessiatinas (8,849.45 km²), in 1889 - 6,478.9 verst², in 1897 6,477.4 verst² (6,910.09 km² - 1/9 part of the Saratov province) , in 1926 - 7,235 km².

The terrain is mostly hilly, indented by ravines and river beds. Minor hills stretch along the right bank of the Khopyor River. Serdobsky district belonged to the Don water system with the Khoper River and its tributaries: Kolyshl, Serdoba and Iznair (on the left side), Archada, Pyasha and Mitkirem (on the right side) and many small streams and rivers flowing into Khoper and its tributaries. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the Khoper was a floatable river (bread and timber). There were small lakes and swamps in the county. According to Khopr, at the confluence of the Serdoba there were significant swamps. The largest lakes are Babii and Lebyazhye.

The entire territory of the county was dominated by typical chernozems of significant thickness. According to a local zemstvo study (1886), arable land was distributed according to soil quality as follows: chernozem - 85%, clay and loamy soils - 4 1/2%, sandy loam - 4 1/2%, sandy and rocky soils - 2%, solonetzic - 4%. By 1858, Serdobsky district ranked third among all districts in the province in terms of the amount of arable land. The predominant subsoil is yellow and red clay, less often gray, brown and almost white. Subsoil clay in some places is suitable for making bricks.

Forests occupied an area of ​​654.27 km² in the county, mainly in its northern part. The predominant deciduous species: birch, aspen, linden, oak, maple, elm; pine - closer to rivers on sandy soils. The Khopyor forests, which were extensive back in the 18th and early 19th centuries, were preserved by the 20th century only in some private estates.

The climate is moderate continental. The average temperature of the year is +5° C, winter - 9.92° C, spring +5.41° C, summer +19.41° C, autumn +4.74° C.

Story

Scheme map of Serdobsky district and Rtishchevsky district

At the beginning of the 18th century, the territory of the Serdobsky district was part of three counties: Penza (Zavalny camp), Kerensky (Podlesny camp) and Nizhnelomovsky (Zavalny Khopyorsky camp). The first land allocations on the territory of the future county began at the very end of the 17th century. Before this, the county was a “wild field.”

Serdobsky district was formed by the Decree of Catherine II of November 7 (18), 1780 as part of the Saratov governorship (province). The center of the district became the village of Bolshaya Serdoba, transformed into the district town of Serdob, later - Serdobsk. By decree of Paul I of December 12, 1796, the Saratov province was abolished. Serdobsky district entered the Penza province. On March 5, 1797, the Saratov province was restored. From 1797 to May 24, 1803, the Serdobsky district included part of the abolished Balashovsky district.

On August 5, 1928, Serdobsky district was liquidated, its territory became part of the Ekaterinovsky, Malo-Serdobinsky districts of the Saratov district and Bekovsky, Kolyshleysky, Rtishchevsky, Serdobsky, Tamalinsky districts of the Balashov district.

Administrative structure

Before 1917

Map of Serdobsky district from the Atlas of the Russian Empire (1800)

Map of Serdobsky district from the Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire by V. P. Pyadyshev (1820). The villages of Borki, Uvarovo and Tretyaki (Shilo-Golitsyno) are marked

Map of Serdobsky district divided into camps

Map of Serdobsky district with volost division (1912)

In 1859-1860, Serdobsky district consisted of 2 camps. The administrative center of the 1st camp was the village of Bekovo, the 2nd - the village of Kamzolka (Rozhdestvenskoye).

After the peasant reform of 1861, changes occurred in the administrative-territorial division of Serdobsky district. The camps were abolished, and the volost became the lower administrative-territorial unit in the county. By 1880, there were 39 townships in the county:

By 1884, the Teplovskaya volost was renamed Kamzolskaya, and the Serdobsko-suburban one became simply Serdobskaya. By 1890, three volosts were abolished in Serdobsky district: Berezovskaya, Ryashchinskaya (included in Durovskaya) and Uvaro-Protasovskaya (divided between Golitsynskaya and Malinovskaya). By 1893, the Naryshkinskaya volost was annexed to the Bekovskaya (in 1898-1912 - Bekovo-Naryshkinskaya) volost. By 1895, Davydovskaya volost was renamed Davydovsko-Golitsynskaya. By 1902, the Kozmodemyansk volost was renamed Kurgan.

According to the All-Russian Agricultural and Urban Censuses of 1917, there were 35 volosts in Serdobsky district:

1917-1923

After 1917, village councils became the lowest administrative-territorial unit in rural areas. In Serdobsky district, the mass organization of village councils began, most likely, after the election of a new composition of the district executive committee at the 2nd district peasant congress on January 10, 1918, the majority of seats in which were occupied by the Bolsheviks.

Based on the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of January 27, 1918, which allowed local councils to change boundaries and create new administrative units from parts of the provinces of districts and volosts, in Serdobsky district during 1918, by separating from existing ones, 8 new volosts were additionally formed:

• Naryshkinskaya - separated from Bekovskaya volost
• Saltykovskaya - separated from Baykovskaya volost
• Kipetskaya - separated from Borkovskaya volost
• Rtishchevskaya- separated from Golitsyn volost
• Ryashchinskaya - separated from Durovskaya volost
• Ivanovskaya - separated from Nikolskaya volost
• Novo-Studenovskaya - separated from Serdobskaya volost
• Zatolokinskaya - separated from Khovanskaya volost

In each new volost, volost councils and their executive committees were created. In the same year, Repyovskaya volost was renamed Konstantinovskaya, and then Dolgorukovskaya, with the center of the volost moved to the village. Dolgorukovo.

The increase in the number and fragmentation of volosts led to the growth of the volost administrative apparatus and created the need to reduce their number. That year, a project was developed that would reduce the number of volosts in the county to 17, but it was not implemented. By the year, all new volosts formed in 1918 were abolished in Serdobsky district. They were included in the composition of those volosts from which they were separated. According to the demographic and professional census on August 28, 1920, there were 35 volosts in the Serdob district. By April of the year, the number of volosts in the county increased by one - the Rtishchevsky volost was restored.

1923-1928

Post and telegraph

In 1875, a postal road was built between Rtishchev and Serdobsk. The road passed through the village of Sapozhki (Sapozhok).

By 1880, there were two post offices in the district - Bekovskoye and Rtishchevskoye and Sosnovskaya postal station. Later they were transformed into postal and telegraph offices (offices). At the Saltyki (Saltykovka) and Rtishchevo stations of the Tambovo-Saratov Railway, internal telegrams were received in Russian.

By 1891, the Ekaterinovskaya postal station was opened.

Education

On July 31, 1875, a two-year mixed school opened in Bekovo. In 1881, a two-year school began work in the village of Naryshkino. In 1884, a rural women's two-year school of the Ministry of Public Education (MPE) was opened in Bekovo. In 1889, a parochial mixed (from 1897 female) school was opened at the Rtishchevo station.

In 1888, there were 45 zemstvo schools in the district. The annual expenditure of the zemstvo for their maintenance amounted to 10,121 rubles. There were 36 parochial schools in the county, but only 7 had their own premises. There were 1065 people studying there - 901 males and 164 females. The annual expenses for maintaining schools were: church guardianship - 1164 rubles, rural communities and individuals - 415 rubles. There were also 28 literacy schools in the county, with 493 students.

By 1891, 46 zemstvo schools functioned in Serdobsky district.

In 1892, a rural men's two-year school for MNP was opened in Bekovo. In 1897, a men's two-year railway school of the Russian Railways began operating at the Rtishchevo station. In general, in the 1897-1898 school year in Serdobsky district there were: 2 MNP schools (2- and 3-class), 1 Ministry of Railways school (2-class railway), 4 city, 48 zemstvo, 25 parochial and 65 schools diplomas.

In 1899, in the village of Staraya Potlovka, construction of a second-grade church school began (Potlovskaya second-grade school).

By 1916, the Pyashinsky rural two-year school of MNP also operated in the district; two-class parochial schools: at the Rtishchevo station mixed and female, at the Anichkin station mixed, in the village of Bolshie Bakury mixed; Mixed one-class railway school at Ekaterinovka station.

Medical part

By 1880, in Serdobsky district, a zemstvo hospital existed in Bekovo on the Ustinov estate, there was also a kumys hospital here, and emergency rooms in Treskino, Shuklino and Pyasha.

By 1884, there were 2 zemstvo medical districts in the district: the 1st district in Treskino, the 2nd district in Golitsyno. By 1888, the 3rd section was organized in Pyash. By 1916, Serdobsky district was divided into 9 medical districts: Bekovsky, Durovsky, Elansky, Malinovsky, Novo-Meshchersky, Pyashinsky, Rtishchevsky, Slastushinsky and Treskinsky.

Religious composition

By 1857, the majority of the population of Serdobsky district were Orthodox. Of the Old Believers, the Pomeranians, Beglopopovtsy, and Molokans lived in the district. By 1863, in Serdobsky district there were 11 people of the Roman Catholic faith and 52 people of the Lutheran and Reformed faith.

In 1878, in the district, in addition to the Orthodox, who made up the overwhelming majority - 149,354 people, there were representatives of the following religions:

• fellow believers - 267 people
• Old Believers - 4239 people
• Catholics - 44 people
• Lutherans - 38 people
• Jews - 1 person
• Muslims - 6 people

The territory of Serdobsky district was divided into five dean districts. Churches in the villages now part of the Rtishchevsky district belonged to the second and third dean districts. At the end of the 1870s, the division of churches into dozens was also introduced. Serdobsky district consisted of Borkovsky, Bakursky, Kolyshleysky, Anichkinsky, Bekovsky, Durovsky and Serdobsky dozens.

Notes

see also

Literature

• Address-calendar of the Saratov province for 1884. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1883. - P. 210-217
• Address-calendar of the Saratov province for 1888. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1888. - P. 365-379
• Address-calendar of the Saratov province for 1891. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1891. - P. 183-193
• Address-calendar of the Saratov province for 1893. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1893. - P. 197-205
• Address-calendar of the Saratov province for 1895. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1895. - P. 336-342
• Address-calendar of the Saratov province for 1898. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1898. - P. 395-402
• Address-calendar of the Saratov province for 1900. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1900. - P. 304-312
• Address-calendar of the Saratov province for 1902. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1901. - P. 242-248
• Address-calendar of the Saratov province for 1903. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1902. - P. 254-260
• . - Kiev: Publishing House of L. M. Fish, 1913
• Gerasimenko G. A. Grassroots peasant organizations in 1917 - the first half of 1918: based on materials from the Lower Volga region. - Saratov: Saratov University Publishing House, 1974
• Kuptsova Yu. A. Handbook on the administrative-territorial division of the Saratov province 1917-1928. Serdobsky district
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1858. - Saratov, 1858. - P. 38-40, 58, 62, 95, 97, 120-121
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1859. - Saratov, 1859. - pp. 33-34
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1860. - Saratov, 1860. - S. 40-42, 67
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1864. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1864. - P. 68-72
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1872. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Statistical Committee, 1872. - P. 172-180
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1880. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1880. - P. 333-348
• Memorial book of the Saratov province (Saratov calendar) for 1889. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1888. - P. 57
• Memorial book of the Saratov province (Saratov calendar) for 1890. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1889. - P. 131
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1904. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1904. - P. 222-229
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1907. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1907. - P. 202-209
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1910. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1910. - P. 217-223
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1912. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1912. - P. 232-242
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1914. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1914. - P. 214-225
• Memorial book of the Saratov province for 1916. - Saratov: Publication of the Saratov Provincial Statistical Committee, 1916. - P. 220-231
• Saratov Diocesan Gazette. - 1880. - No. 20. P. 102
• Collection of statistical information on the Saratov province. T. IX. Serdobsky district. Saratov, 1892
• Semenov V., Semenov N. Saratov noble // Volga. - 1998. - No. 11-12 ().
• Serdobsk // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907
• Territorial and administrative division of the USSR on January 1, 1926. - M.: Publishing house of the Main Directorate of Communal Services of the NKVD, 1926. - P. 89
• Proceedings of the Lower Volga Regional Scientific Society of Local History. Historical collection (issue 35, part 2). - Saratov: Publication of the N-Volzhsky Regional Scientific Society of Local History, 1928. - P. 59-82 ( Kuznetsova Yu. To the history of the colonization of Serdobsky district)

Links

• Department of Education of the Bekovsky District of the Penza Region / Historical information ().
• Pages of the history of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School with. Old Potlovka ().
• The first general census of the Russian Empire in 1897
• Serdobsky district on the official portal of the Government of the Penza region
• Kuptsova Yu. A. Alphabetical list of enlarged volosts of Serdobsky district according to the demographic and professional census as of August 28, 1920 and the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 12, 1923