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On July 26, 1899, as part of the program for the construction of warships for the Far East, at the French shipyard Forges and Chantiers in Toulon, by order of the Russian government, a new battleship was laid down, which received the name Tsarevich. On the instructions of the Marine Technical Committee, the design of the battleship was developed by the French engineer A. Lagan. "Tsesarevich" became the world's first squadron battleship, the hull of which was protected along the waterline by two continuous rows of armor plates and had improved mine protection. The ship had powerful armament for those times (4 305 mm, 12 152 mm guns from the Obukhov plant in two-gun turrets, 20 75 mm and 20 47 mm guns), 18 knot speed and good seaworthiness. Its displacement was about 13 thousand tons.

From the Russian side, the construction of the battleship was observed by naval engineer K.P. Boklevsky and his future commander, Captain 1st Rank I.K. Grigorovich. On February 10, 1901, the Tsarevich was launched, and on August 21, 1903, it entered service with the Baltic Fleet. At the beginning of September, the battleship left Toulon and headed for Port Arthur. In mid-November, he, along with the cruiser Bayan, became part of the Pacific squadron.

On the night of January 27, 1904, while anchored on the outer roadstead of Port Arthur, the Tsesarevich was damaged by the explosion of a torpedo fired by a Japanese destroyer, but remained afloat and, after repairing the hole with the help of a caisson, was put back into service. After the death of the battleship Petropavlovsk with the squadron commander, Vice Admiral S.O. Makarov on March 31, 1904, "Tsesarevich" became the flagship of the Baltic Fleet squadron. On July 28, 1904, after a battle with the Japanese fleet in the Yellow Sea, he broke through to Qingdao, where the next day he was interned by the Chinese government.

At the end of the Russo-Japanese War, in February 1906, the battleship returned to the Baltic and, after repairs, was reclassified as a battleship and included in the training voyage detachment. He spent several long overseas voyages as part of the detachment. In December 1908, he participated in providing assistance to the earthquake-stricken population of the city of Messina in Sicily.

At the beginning of 1910 and at the end of 1911, the battleship stood up for repairs twice, during which the main mechanisms, boilers and all 305-mm guns were replaced on the ship. In August 1912, at the test shooting, the Tsarevich team received the “Imperial Challenge Prize” for high accuracy.

During the First World War, the battleship covered the raiding and mine-laying operations of the light forces of the fleet. Since 1916, it was part of the Gulf of Riga defense forces. After the February bourgeois-democratic revolution, it was renamed "Citizen". From September 29 to October 6, 1917, together with the battleship "Slava", he actively participated in the Moonsund operation.

In December 1917, he moved from Helsingfors to Kronstadt, where he remained in long-term storage. During the Civil War, the ship's artillery weapons were used on river and lake flotillas and on land fronts. In 1924, it was handed over to the Komgosfondov for dismantling and on November 21, 1925 it was expelled from the RKKF.

Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich"

On January 10, 1899, she was included in the list of ships of the Baltic Fleet and on June 26, 1899, she was laid down at the Forges et Chantiers shipyard in Toulon (France) by order of the Maritime Department.

Participated in the Russian-Japanese War.

On the night of January 27, 1904, while stationed on the outer roadstead of Port Arthur, it was damaged by the explosion of a torpedo fired by an enemy destroyer, but remained afloat and on May 24, 1904, after repairing the hole with the help of a caisson, it was put back into operation.

After a battle with the Japanese fleet in the Yellow Sea on July 27, 1904, he left for Qingdao, where he was interned the next day.

In December 1908, he participated in providing assistance to the population of the city of Messina on the island of Sicily, which suffered from an earthquake.

It underwent a major overhaul in 1910 - 1911 at the Baltic Factory with the replacement of main mechanisms, boilers and all guns.

Participated in the First World War and the February Revolution.

On January 5 - 7, 1918, he made the transition from Helsingfors (Helsinki) to Kronstadt. Since May 1918, it was in the Kronstadt military port for long-term storage.

During the Civil War, the ship's artillery armament was used on ships of river and lake flotillas and on land fronts.

In 1924, it was handed over to the Komgosfondov for dismantling and cutting into metal and on November 21, 1925 it was excluded from the list of RKKF vessels.

Displacement: 13105 t. Dimensions: 118.82x23.22x7.93 m

Armament: 4 - 305/40 mm, 12 - 152/45 mm, 20 - 75/50 mm, 20 - 47 mm, 8 - 37 mm, 2 PTA and 2 NTA 381 mm.

Reservations - Krupp armor belt 120 - 249 mm, main caliber turrets from 63 to 254 mm, medium caliber turrets from 30 to 152 mm, conning tower 254 mm, deck - 38 - 69 mm.

Mechanisms - 2 vertical triple expansion machines 16500 hp. 20 Belleville system boilers. 2 screws.

Speed 18.24 knots. Cruising range 5500 miles. Crew: 28 officers and 750 sailors.

4. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in France, 1903

5. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" during trials, Toulon, summer 1903

6. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" during trials, Toulon, summer 1903

7. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" during trials, Toulon, summer 1903

9. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" (photo date unknown)

10. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Port Arthur, 1904

11. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" (photo date unknown)

12. Correction of damage on the squadron battleship "Tsesarevich", Port Arthur, spring 1904

13. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" during repairs, Port Arthur, spring 1904

14. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" during repairs, Port Arthur, spring 1904

15. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" during repairs, Port Arthur, spring 1904

16. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" during repairs, Port Arthur, spring 1904

17. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Port Arthur, 1904

18. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" (the date of the photograph is unknown. Presumably spring 1904, Port Arthur)

19. The squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" enters Qingdao, July 29, 1904

20. The squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" enters Qingdao, July 29, 1904

21. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Qingdao, summer 1904

22. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Qingdao, summer 1904

23. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Qingdao, summer 1904

24. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Qingdao, summer 1904

25. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Qingdao, summer 1904

26. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Qingdao, summer 1904

27. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Qingdao, summer 1904

28. Squadron battleship "Tsarevich" in Qingdao, summer 1904

29. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Qingdao, summer 1904

30. Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Qingdao, summer 1904

31. German orchestra on the forefront of the squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" in Qingdao, summer 1904

Attention! The series has been discontinued!
Squadron battleship "Tsesarevich"- the second partwork of the series “Flotilla of the Russian-Japanese War” as part of the magazine “ Russian ships" Publisher: Modelist LLC (Samara).

The squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" was built in France by order of the Russian Empire. He took part in the Russian-Japanese and First World Wars. Subsequently, based on the drawings of this ship, a whole series of Borodino-class ships was built.

Construction of the ship began in 1899 in Toulon. The launch took place on January 23, 1901, but over the next two years various modifications were made to the design. As a result, the Tsarevich entered service only in 1903, almost with the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War. At the end of February 1904, during a battle with a Japanese destroyer, our battleship was damaged by a torpedo. However, the repairs did not take long, and the ship was soon put back into service. In September of the same year, after breaking into the port of Kiao Chao, the battleship was interned until the end of the war. After the ship was returned to Russia, it became part of the Baltic Fleet. In 1907, after a radical restructuring, she was transferred to the class of battleships. In March 1917, the ship was renamed “Citizen”. He also had a chance to test himself as an icebreaker. In difficult ice conditions in December 1917, he made the transition from Helsingfors (Helsinki) to Kronstadt. We can say that this was the last voyage of the ship. Since May 1918, it was accepted for long-term storage. During the Civil War, the artillery was removed from the Citizen. It was already used on land fronts, as well as on river and lake flotillas. The ship completed its service in 1924. Was dismantled for metal.

Characteristics of the battleship "Tsesarevich"

Model of the battleship Tsesarevich

The squadron battleship "Tsesarevich" continues the "Flotilla of the Russian-Japanese War" series from Modelist LLC. This is the second model of this collection (the first is).
The assembly of the model is planned for 80 issues of the magazine, once a week.

Model parameters:

For the manufacture of parts "Tsesarevich" models the following materials are used:

HDF – 3 mm
Brass
ABS plastic
Steel bar
Monofilament
Birch slats
Birch veneer

Modelist LLC continues its tradition and, as before, uses the developments of only domestic specialists. All parts are made from domestic materials at Russian enterprises. The model completely replicates the appearance of a real ship. It recreates in great detail all the components and gun superstructures that existed on the battleship. However, assembly of the model, thanks to detailed instructions, will be accessible to modellers of any level.

Magazine Ships of Russia: Tsarevich

Each issue of the magazine includes:

Attachment – parts for assembling a ship model;
Convenient assembly instructions with photographs and a detailed description of the assembly procedure;
Chronology of the battleship's service from the beginning of construction to its dismantling for metal;
“Encyclopedia of Sea Knots” - each issue contains instructions for tying one or two knots.

Magazine Tsarevich recommended price:
first issue - from 50 to 75 rubles.
second issue - from 70 to 105 rubles.
from the third issue - from 100 to 150 rubles.
Frequency: weekly

There are 80 issues in total.

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The battleship “Tsesarevich” was built according to the shipbuilding program adopted in 1898 “for the needs of the Far East” - the most labor-intensive and, as events showed, the most responsible of the programs in the entire history of the Russian armored fleet. The program was intended to neutralize Japan’s intensified military preparations. Its rulers .not content with the possibilities of broad economic expansion on the mainland, they discovered an uncontrollable desire for territorial conquests.These ambitions were reinforced by a threatening build-up of army and navy forces, and they were directed exclusively against Russia.

Appendix No. 1

How the squadron battleship “Tsesarevich” was designed and constructed

The Tsarevich project is based on the type of the original eight-turret French battleship Jaureguiberry, built in 1893. It was named after an admiral during France's colonial conquests in Indochina. This prototype ship belonged to a very diverse family (the drawing is given in the author's book "Borodino-class battleships") of French battleships that were not very stable (up to 12 turrets per ship). "Joreghiberry" had two traditional end towers in the center plane with one 305- mm gun in each and two side turrets (one 274-mm gun in each), which, having a firing angle of 1 80°, could fire both bow and stern. Near the end towers, two two-gun side turrets with 1 38 mm cannons.

"Tsesarevich" and its prototype had the following main characteristics (data from "Joreghiberry" are given in parentheses): waterline length 11 7.2 (111) m, width 23.2 (22.2) m, draft 7.9 (8. 45 maximum) m, mechanical power 16,300 (15,000) hp, displacement 12,903 (11,882) tons, and the same design speed - 18 knots.

The main advantage of the new project (this, as we remember, was appreciated by the MTK) was the presence of a longitudinal armored bulkhead (40 mm thick), which protected the ship from underwater explosions. Installed 2 m from the side, it was part of a set of constructive measures to ensure the survivability of the ship, which in those years were developed by the talented French naval engineer E. Bertin (1840–1924).

The hull was cast using the traditional transverse (or, more precisely, transverse-longitudinal) casting system. The horizontal keel, 1.25 m wide along the entire length of the ship, had a thickness in the middle part of the hull of 20 mm (10–16 mm at the ends) and was riveted with an internal horizontal keel 0.95 m wide and 18 mm thick (16–14 mm at the ends ). A vertical internal keel 1–8 mm thick (14–11 mm at the ends) and 1 m high was attached to them along the diametrical plane (like all parts - on connecting angles).

The same height went along the hull skin through 1.2 m (split) powerful flora of bottom frames 9 mm thick and equally powerful, of the same height, adopted since the times of iron shipbuilding - longitudinal beams of the frame - 9 mm stringers (the same stringers were , and on battleships of the Borodino type). They (on both sides of the keel) were secured with 80-75 mm squares. The stringers outside the double bottom were 7 mm thick. Stringer No. 6 served as the basis of the longitudinal armored bulkhead. Forming the so-called “checkered layer”, all of the above-mentioned beams were covered with a second bottom flooring 13 mm thick (at the ends 11-9 mm) and securely riveted to them.

On the resulting solid base of the bottom there were machines, boilers, and ammunition cellars. The numbering of frames in French shipbuilding went from the midship frame to the bow and stern, which, together with the difference in systems of measures (in France - metric, in Russia - foot-inch) created considerable complications when trying, as the Grand Duke demanded, to accurately copy in Russia, dimensions of all parts and compartments of the Tsarevich's hull.

The outer skin of the hull, developing from the internal horizontal keel to the sides and ends, had a thickness of 1 8 mm in the middle part (11–17 mm towards the ends and deck). The zygomatic (side) keel in the form of a triangular box made of sheets 1 0 mm thick, had a height of 1 m and a length of 60 m. The hull had three full decks - a lower armored one (two layers of steel sheets 20 mm thick), running at level 0, 3 m above the load waterline; upper armored (or battery) unarmored deck 7 mm thick with 60 mm teak flooring. The 1 m wide deck stringer had a thickness of 8 mm. Incomplete, ending at the aft 305-mm tower, was the forecastle deck, also known as a hinged deck or spardeck. Conventionally, this division of the ship into tiers of decks corresponded to those adopted on Russian battleships of the Peresvet and Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky types.

Eleven main (from side to side) transverse bulkheads (9 mm thick, made of vertically installed sheets) and four private ones divided the hull into compartments. A longitudinal diametrical bulkhead (8 mm thick) was installed only in the engine room. The longitudinal bulkhead of the corridor behind the side armor had a thickness of 1 5 mm (at the ends 13–11 mm) and ran from each side at a distance of 1.5 m along the length from the 35th bow to the 25th stern frames and in the stern from 30 to 37 sp.

The design of the Tsarevich's hull, as well as the entire project, was strictly reproduced in all details, with minor deviations, in the project of the Borodino-class battleships, and therefore there is no need to repeat the description already made in the author's book "Borodino-class battleships" ". Let us pay attention only to the details that distinguished him.

The Tsarevich's artillery had the same set of main weapons provided for by the MTK (4,305.12,152, 20,75, 20,47,2,37, 2 64-mm guns, two surface and two underwater mine vehicles), but differed only in the increased number ( 10 instead of 4) machine guns. Their surplus was needed for additional armament of the two combat mars remaining on the ship. According to the specifications dated October 6, 1898, 4 47 (on the lower) and 3 37-mm (on the upper) guns were going to be installed on the four tops. Then, on the two remaining tops of the same cyclopean size (with roofs and an upper platform on each) 4 47-mm cannons and 3 machine guns were placed. In the Battle of Lys in 1866, these mars probably would not have been of value, but by 1900 they constituted a blatant anachronism. But fashion could not be overcome, and these “outstanding” structures existed on the “Tsesarevich” until the end of hostilities. One, along with the damaged foremast, was removed in Qingdao, the second was cut only upon returning to Russia in 1906.

The centuries-old traditions of the bygone sailing era were reminiscent of the impressive three-dimensional structure widespread in the French fleet, reminiscent of the anti-boarding blockage of the sides of former wooden battleships. For the sake of this double curvature slope running along the entire side, the width of the upper deck was reduced by almost half. The blockage made it possible to reduce the moment of the upper loads in calculating the stability of the ship, provided the middle towers with the ability to fire towards the extremities, and in stormy weather it played the role (the French discovered this before the Russians) as a kind of stabilizer. Taking on the masses of water that did not have time to roll down, the blockage reduced the swing from side to side, becoming, as it were, an open calming tank. This had to be paid for by significantly complicating and increasing the cost of the case. The blockage also explained the excessively wide trapezoidal ports for 75-mm anti-mine guns.

The tight sealing of these ports has always been a considerable problem, which is why water always flowed across the deck during a storm. A big inconvenience was the low location of these ports (3 m above the waterline according to the design, in fact in overload conditions it is significantly lower) above the water, which is why even slight waves during the ship's progress caused water to "roll" into the ports (an incident on the "Tsesarevich" in the battle on July 28 1904). It could turn out that the anti-mine artillery at the right moment could turn out to be ineffective.

The collapse of the side made it extremely difficult to store, lower and raise boats and boats. On the narrowed, extremely cramped spardeck deck they had to be placed one inside the other. Launching with the help of traditional rotary davits was impossible - if they were placed, as usual, along the edge of the deck, they were hopelessly short of reach. For duty and crew boats during anchorage, a solution was found in the experience of ancient bokans - two beams, fixedly attached from the stern for lowering and raising the boat stored on them in a suspended state. This kind of improved bokans, but only placed at an angle of about 45° to the horizon and hinged on the casing of the blockage, made it possible, while simultaneously leaning towards the water, to raise and lower the boat and the boom, which had been previously lowered by the boom and brought under them, and were freed from constant manipulations with the descent and ascent . During the voyage, the boats had to be lifted with arrows and placed on the deck, and the boats had to be piled to the side so as not to interfere with the shooting from the side towers.

Battleship “Tsesarevich” (Onboard sloop beams)

To lift the particularly bulky mine and steam boats of the Tsesarevich, it was necessary to come up with an original (in the form of a football goal) U-shaped davit frame. A similar, but much more complex design (and also due to greater cramped conditions) was used on the Russian Black Sea battleships of the Catherine II type. We had to put up with the inconvenience of servicing a complex system of hoists, synchronizing their actions and the large reach of the davits. This solution was not, of course, the latest technology. There already existed ship cranes in the world, which were also designed for the Russian battleships Retvizan and Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky. The two frames on the Tsarevich were abandoned already during the First World War, when there were fewer boats on the ship and when a rotary crane was installed on it.

The blockage of the sides also turned out to be incompatible with the installation of an important means of protection - mine nets. The designer’s hand, apparently, did not rise to disfigure the graceful surface of the rubble by attaching shoes to it for barrier networks and shelves for storing them, and the “Tsarevich,” as a ship built under conditions of special favor to the “company, was freed from the painful” procedure of annealing the armor, required for these fastenings *.

* The absence of nets on the “Tsesarevich” gave rise in the minds of the Port Arthur naval commanders to a strange ideology of downright socialist egalitarianism; since not all ships are equipped with nets, then let those who have them not lower them into the water. Nets, you see, can prevent them from quickly weighing anchor in order to rush into battle with a suddenly arriving enemy.The admirals of that time did not see any other ways to maintain combat readiness.

What made the Tsarevich stand out from other ships were its unusual (allowed only on imperial yachts) rectangular porthole windows instead of the top row of portholes.

The ship was also recognized by its specific French towers with their powerfully prominent cast cabins of turret commanders and gunners on the roofs (for 305 mm guns) and with slightly inclined roofs (for 1 52 mm guns). They were cylindrical in shape with vertical armor.

This forced us to make deeper embrasures for the guns than in the English and Japanese towers with their inclined slabs of frontal armor. A. Lagan managed to dissuade himself from installing towers of a Russian design, as was done in America at the Retvizan - as they were larger in size and might not coincide with the project. The benefit of the standard construction of towers according to one project, already developed for the battleship Saint Louis, was also obvious. The dimensions of the towers in plan were 7.6 x 6.05 m for 305 mm guns and 4.8 x 3.85 m for 152 -mm.

Their supply pipes in the form of inverted truncated cones in the upper parts formed barbettes with a diameter of 5.0 m for 305 mm and 3.25 for 152 mm towers. This meant that, in plan, the towers completely covered their fixed barbettes and excluded the possibility of shells and fragments getting inside. In other words, the French project, although it had its flaws, allowed the Tsarevich towers to be considered as meeting all three generally accepted design differences of a turret installation: the presence of a fixed armored barbette (supply pipe); armor covering the guns and their rotation mechanisms; overlap in plan by a rotating turret and fixed armor of the supply pipe space. This distinguished them favorably from the semi-barbette 305-mm turrets of the Borodino-type battleships, on which the barbettes had a diameter exceeding the size of the towers, and the light circular cover sliding over the barbette and connected to the turret did not guarantee the protection of the barbette.

The supply pipes (barbettes) of the turrets of the 305-mm Tsarevich guns were lined with armor plates 228 mm thick, which together with a two-layer pipe jacket (2x15 mm) constituted protection 258 mm thick. The vertical armor plates of the towers along their entire perimeter had a thickness of 254 mm, which together with the steel jacket amounted to 284 mm. The 40-mm tower cover slabs were laid on a two-layer (supported by their beams) flooring made of 10-mm sheets.

B battleship “Tsesarevich” (section of the side in the area of the 22nd frame)

The external supply pipes (barbettes) of the turrets of 152 mm guns were sheathed with slabs 150 mm thick, which were also attached to a two-layer (2x10 mm) jacket. The axes of the guns of the 305-mm bow turrets were located above the water horizon at a height of 9 m and the aft turrets - 7 m. The axes of 1 52-mm guns were respectively located at a height of 9 m - of the bow, 7 m of the middle and 8.8 m of the stern turrets. 305-mm guns with machines and vertical guidance mechanisms were delivered from Russia, while the turrets themselves with horizontal guidance and feed installations were manufactured by the Forges and Chantiers shipyard.

The semi-circular conning tower with overall dimensions of 3.85x3.25 m had a height of 1.52 m and was covered with armor made of 254 mm plates attached to a two-layer (2x10 mm) jacket. The deckhouse floor consisted of two layers of 15 mm steel. The roof of the cabin (with embrasures according to the Russian model) was riveted from three layers of 15 mm thickness. The “pipe for protecting orders”, which went to the central post, had a diameter of 0.65 m (internal) and a wall thickness of 127 mm.

Two armored belts and two armored decks of the Tsarevich, together with the lower armored deck curved down (not reaching 2 m to the side, already as a longitudinal bulkhead) created that “armor box” (or citadel), which at a height of almost 4 m and the entire length of the ship covered its vital parts. Below the waterline, this box passed at a depth of 1.5 m (along the immersion boundary of the lower edge of the lower armor belt).

The slabs, 4.2 m long, placed in two rows, had a trapezoidal bevel of the lower edge in the bottom row. Of these 29 slabs (counted from the stern), the middle ones (No. 9-22) had a thickness of 250/1 70 mm. The rest became thinner from slab to slab towards the ends of the body. Plates No. 8 and 23 had a thickness of 230/1 60 mm, No. 7 and 24–21 0/1 50 mm, N 6 and 25 - 1 90/140 mm, from Ng 1 to 5–1 70/1 40 mm and from 26 to 29 - 180/140 mm. The outermost bow plate N 29 consisted of two parts: upper 180/160, lower 1 60/140 mm. The upper row of slabs (rectangular cross-section) changed their thickness in the same order as the lower ones: slabs No. 9-22 had a thickness of 200 mm, the subsequent ones (aft and forward) No. 8 and 23 - 185 mm, N 7 and 24 - 170 mm, etc. Stern plates No. 1–3 had a thickness of 120 mm, bow plates N 27–29 - 130 mm. The upper armored deck consisted of slabs 50 mm thick, laid on a deck deck made of two layers of steel sheets 10 mm thick. The lower armor deck consisted of two layers 20 mm thick.

Original, but not entirely justified, was the design of the junction of the deck (with its smooth bend at an angle of 90°) into the mine-resistant bulkhead (2 m from the side). Its weak point, as experience on the first day of the war showed, was a flat horizontal jumper (at the level of the shelf of the lower armor belt) 20 mm thick, which at this level connected the armored bulkhead with the side. On the "Tsarevich" she received a hole when a torpedo exploded and allowed water to spread over the armored deck. Repeated on the first two battleships built in Russia ("Emperor Alexander III" and "Borodino"), this unit, which immediately aroused doubts among Russian engineers, was redone. The deck was given a traditional look with a bevel to the side and its end fastened at the shelf, and the longitudinal bulkhead was made into an independent structure, which was butted and attached to the armored deck. This design eliminated the weak link - the flat jumper, which was poorly resistant to explosion. A routine solution developed by practice turned out to be more reliable than an ill-conceived innovation.

Eight centrifugal drainage pumps with a supply of 800 t/hour of water (they were called turbines) were installed: one in front of the boiler room, two in each of the two boiler rooms, one in each engine room and one behind the engine rooms. Their drive electric motors, as was customary in all navies of the world, were located on the armored deck, rotation was transmitted through a long connecting shaft, which, of course, was subject to bending in case of damage to the bulkheads to which the shaft bearings were attached. Other - more reliable solutions - complete isolation of electric motors and installation of them in a compartment in a single unit with a pump, hydraulic motors that were not at all afraid of dampness, proposed by the Russian mechanical engineer N.I. Ilyin (1864-after 1921) has not yet been recognized in the world.

The most important of the ship's devices, the steering, was clearly untimely in the original French project. Proposed back in 1839 by the Englishman Rapson, it was supposed to turn the tiller by means of a steering trolley moving from side to side: the tiller horses were threaded through its coupling. The trolley was driven by a system of hoists with two power drives: a steam steering engine and electric motors. Electric motors were used as a backup at the insistence of the Ministry of Transport and Communications, but this could not add reliability to a clearly outdated system. MTK did not dare to insist on the modern and promising Aevis screw drive system, which was already being developed at that time by the Izhora plant. And the steering drives of the Tsarevich, as well as the Borodino-class battleships built on its model with such outdated devices, throughout their entire service did not cease to show their irreparable flaws. In the documents of the Tsarevich from the First World War, hydraulic drives are also mentioned, but, apparently, they were talking only about a hydraulic transmission to control the spool of the steam steering engine (instead of the previous roller wiring running along the entire length of the ship).

The ship's power plant was also traditional: two four-cylinder triple expansion steam piston engines with a total specification power of 16,300 hp. The high pressure cylinders had a diameter of 11-40 mm, medium - 1,730 mm, low - 1,790 mm. The piston stroke is 1.12 m, the propeller shaft rotation speed is 107 rpm. Instead of the 24 Lagrafelle d'Alleste water-tube boilers used on the Jauregiberry, they installed 20 Belleville system boilers, which in the eyes of MTK were considered the most reliable in the world. But they were also distinguished by significant complexity (the presence of collapsible "batteries") and required very careful maintenance. The fleet still had to suffer with them during accidents on the battleships Pobeda in 1902 and on the Oslyab in 1903.

“Tsesarevich” Part I. Squadron battleship. 1899-1906 Melnikov Rafail Mikhailovich

Appendix No. 3 Damage to the squadron battleship “Tsesarevich” in battle on July 28, 1904*

Appendix No. 3

Compiled in Qingdao in August 1904 by the ship's officers under the leadership of senior officer Captain 2nd Rank Maksimov

* RGAVMF, fund 315, inventory 1, file 1534.

1. A shell that hit the poop on the left side of the port towing bollard pierced the left bulwark 1/3" thick [i.e. 8.5 mm - hereinafter editor's note] and exploded when it hit the deck flat on the poop , as a result of which its gases tore out the iron sheets of the bulwark over a distance of 11 m and slightly bent the armor sheets, and also pushed through the wooden and iron decks, making a hole 4 feet 2 1/2 inches long [i.e., about 1.3 m] and a width of 2 feet 3 inches [i.e., about 0.7 m], but did not break the beams and stringers, limiting itself to severe denting. This projectile, apparently, was a 6" high-explosive caliber. Having penetrated into the wardroom room with the force of gases and fragments, he completely broke the iron desk and pierced the waterproof bulkhead with fragments, which is between the officers' quarters in the battery deck and the wardroom (the thickness of the waterproof bulkhead is 1/4 "[i.e. 6 mm]. When this shell exploded, 60 conductors laid under a wooden cornice in the wardroom were severed.

2. The second shell on the poop pierced the port side bulwark and struck the towing bollard, the wall thickness of which was 2 1/2" [i.e., 63 mm], and the outer diameter of the bollard was 14 3/4" [i.e. e. 375 mm], as a result of which the shell exploded and pierced the deck on the poop, breaking out a piece of the beam and stringer, just at the place where they were fastened with corner iron. The hole in the deck on the poop was 1 foot 11 inches long [i.e. i.e. about 1 m] and a width of 1 foot 8 m inches (i.e. 0.53 m]. This shell killed one person in the head and wounded two who were in the wardroom. One of them had his left hand cut off by shrapnel hands, and a piece of meat in the upper part of the left leg was torn out of another. The wounded were at a distance of 8 m from the place where the shell exploded, while the one killed by a shrapnel to the head was located at the ajar doors of the 12" tower. The armor of the 12" tower was slightly pierced by fragments of this shell. the resulting dents, the largest of which were about 1/4" deep. Both of the above-described shells hit the battleship from a distance of 36–38 cables at the end of the last battle, with a time interval of about two minutes, while the battleship was writing off circulation. Small parts were damaged by fragments of these two shells one 75 mm gun, which is in the wardroom, namely: 1) the reservoir ring is broken, 2) the tube connecting the sight and the front sight, 3) the trigger tube, 4) the endless screw spring is broken and 5) the wheel for raising the sight is damaged . In addition, the gun has several traces of fragments, the largest of which are 1/8 inch deep [i.e. e. 3 mm] with a length of 1/2 inch and a width of 1/3 inch [i.e. e. 8x12 mm].

3. A shell that hit from a distance of 45 cables at the end of the first battle into the roof of the aft 12" turret, which consists of armor 1 1/3 inches thick and an inner jacket of soft iron 5/6 inches thick, hit exactly the place where the turret roof was fastened with vertical turret armor 10 inches thick and exploded, leaving a dent in the roof armor 4 1/2 inches deep, 2 feet 6 1/2 inches long and 1 foot 7 inches wide [i.e., measuring 675x485 mm], and in the soft the iron of the tower roof jacket received an even larger dent, 7 inches deep, 3 feet 6 inches long, and 1 foot 11 inches wide [i.e., measuring 1.05x0.6 m], with a 2-inch long crack in the lower part of the concavity, and the layer of the roof jacket separated from the layer of the roof armor plate by 3 1/2 inches. Upon impact with the roof, this projectile lifted the lower edge of the roof armor plate, separating it from the vertical turret armor by 1/4 inch, knocking out five one-inch diameter bolts that held the roof together towers with vertical armor using half-inch corner iron, a piece of which one inch long was completely torn off, cutting off 8 rivets that secured this corner iron to the vertical armor of the tower.

When separating the inner jacket from the armored roof sheet, 5 inch-diameter fastening screws were torn out of the jacket, with which the roof jacket was attached to the left dome of the sight. One person who was in the tower was killed in the head by the nut of one of the bolts. Based on the clear traces of copper plating obtained at the site of impact of the head of the projectile, which left a conical mark in the dent, it can be assumed that this projectile had a copper head shock tube. The caliber of this projectile is difficult to determine, but judging by the traces of the impact that fell above the vertical turret armor, it is no less than 10". The fragments of this projectile were reflected in a sheaf into the elevator, which is at the lower aft wheelhouse and, breaking through its two walls, each of which is 1/4 thick 4" and a 1/5" thick aft lower deckhouse wall, along with an inner 1/8" thick galvanized iron wall and a cork spacer between the two walls, fell to the deck, penetrating the iron deckhouse cabinets. A line connecting the center of the shrapnel circle to the point of impact the head of the projectile, inclined to the horizon at an angle of 10 °. Fragments of this projectile on the aft lower bridge at the rangefinder killed one person and wounded one.

Battleship “Tsesarevich” (Damage to the bow tube from a 12-inch shell)

4. A shell that hit the watchman’s cabin on the aft bridge at the end of the battle from a distance of 38–40 cables, flew into the open door of the cabin on the starboard side, broke the soft hair sofa and exploded when it hit the iron deck of the bridge, 1/4 thick inch, leaving a hole 3 feet 5 inches long and 1 foot 4 inches wide [i.e. e. 1.06x0.4 m], and the gases tore off the iron sheet of the upper deckhouse and bent upward. The left door, which was closed, was ripped off its hinges and completely broken, and the iron cabinet located in the upper wheelhouse was also broken. Most of the fragments from this shell, when it exploded, were directed over the left side into the water and therefore did not cause any harm, only leaving traces of their direction on the handrails and iron of the aft bridge. Three fragments of this shell, being directed downward, pierced the walls of the lower deckhouse, consisting of iron sheets 5/24 inch thick and galvanized iron sheets 1/8 inch thick, together with a cork spacer between these two rows of sheets, and fell on the wooden deck.

5. The first shell that hit the battleship was, apparently, a 12" high-explosive shell, fired by the enemy at the beginning of the first battle from a distance of 70 cables. This shell, having pierced an inch-thick bulwark, when it hit the upper deck, exploded at the very six-inch armored supply pipe of the left aft 6" turret, and the gases and fragments of this projectile in the admiral's room destroyed the buffet and tore the porthole half-porch from its hinges. On the armor of the 6" turret, the embrasure semi-porticos and on the guns there were traces and dents from fragments, the largest of which were inches deep, and one embrasure semi-portico was torn from its hinges. The hole from this shell, resulting in the side, was the following dimensions: 9 feet long and 6 wide ft. Three people were wounded by fragments of this shell: two of them, being removed from the bridges, were on the upper deck, and one was wounded in the left aft 6" tower, through the hole in the dome.

6. A fragment from a shell that exploded in the steel hulls of the topping booms for lifting boats pierced the main top and exploded four boxes of 47 mm cartridges (each box had 10 cartridges), and the fragments from these 47 mm shells were directed upward and, having pierced roof of Mars, killed one person on the upper Mars and seriously wounded two more. The explosion of the cartridges tore off the front wall of the top, an inch thick, but the mast, which consists of three layers of iron (total thickness 1 1/12 inches), was not pierced.

Battleship “Tsesarevich” (Part of the foremast between the upper and lower bridges, broken by a 12" shell (view from the right side of the bridge). In the foreground is a fragment of a manual and 47-mm feed winch. On the left in the photo you can see part of the conning tower. This shell killed : Rear Admiral Vitgeft, Lieutenant Azaryev-1, Midshipman Ellis and three lower ranks.)

In the stern of the battleship there are still traces of a shell that hit the lower aft deckhouse on July 27, 1904, on the eve of the squadron’s departure from Port Arthur. This projectile was fired by enemy artillery from a 120 mm gun and, judging by the thickness of the walls and the size of the projectile fragments, is armor-piercing. Flying over the deck of the battleship, the shell lightly touched the pillars standing near the aft deckhouse and, piercing the wall of the latter, which consists of iron sheets 5/24 inches thick and galvanized iron sheets 1/8 inches thick, together with a cork gasket enclosed between them at On impact with the wooden deck, it exploded, producing two large fragments and several medium-sized fragments. One of the large fragments pushed through a 2" wooden deck and an iron (1/3" i.e. 8 mm), leaving a hole in the above decks a foot long and a foot wide [i.e. e. dimensions 0.22x0.15 m], hit a marble board (3/4 ") of the cabinet in the admiral's room, breaking which, slightly pushing through the iron drawer of the cabinet 1/16 inch thick. The second large fragment cut off the leg of one person, who was at a distance of 5 feet from the place where the shell exploded. The gases from this shell damaged the iron (1/16") cabinet located in the lower wheelhouse and completely destroyed telephones communicating with the Golden Mountain and with the fortress headquarters.

7. A hole in the bunk nets near the left gangway, caused by a shell of about 8" or 12" caliber. The time of impact was approximately around 6 o'clock in the evening, when the enemy ships entered the left side and opened fire on the Tsarevich. The distance at that time was not determined and cannot be determined approximately from the hole, because having pierced one side, the shell immediately exploded and, breaking the frame of the upper platform of the ladder, produced a mass of fragments. The explosion spread straight forward, damaging the top of the mesh at a distance of 59" and the bottom at 119", including damage from the mass of fragments. The explosion did not spread further, and the lower deck remained completely intact, which was greatly facilitated by the bunks stacked in front of the nets in several rows, and about 20 bunks were destroyed and torn apart. The volume of complete destruction from the explosion is about 100 cubic meters. ft. The fragments broke the canopies over the porticoes of the commander's cabin and penetrated into the... commander's bedroom, damaging the cabinets and bunk frame. Others, having pierced the upper bulkhead near the nets, hit the bottom of the boat (1/8 "- 3 mm) standing above the nets, but did not cause any other damage to it, and finally, two fragments, flying a distance of 15 feet, pierced the casing of 2/3" thick gangway extensions. The steam winch, located at a distance of twenty feet from the point of impact [6 m], was not damaged by these fragments.

8. Hole 6 in the upper deck of the bakery on its left side was made by a large-caliber high-explosive projectile. Having pierced a 5 mm thick deck, it exploded and the explosion damaged the upper wall of the furnace and the brickwork. The moment this projectile hit was about 5 o'clock from a long distance - 50 cables, no less, because the projectile hit almost vertically. The direction of greatest damage was straight forward, and was delayed by the brickwork. The volume of complete destruction of the explosion is about 2.5 m?. Large fragments made 1/4 m holes in the aft bulkhead? and the same fragments damaged the aft chimney in the lower part. Small fragments damaged the tiled deck, the bow bulkhead, and the coaming was broken near the middle 6" towers. The fragments pierced the bulkhead separating the bakery from the 4 mm thick garbage machine, the drum, frame, cylinder, rod and steam pipe, the doors were torn out and thrown aside.

9.10. The stern pipe was broken by two shells that hit - the first at the bottom of the right front part of the pipe and the second at the top right, a large high-explosive caliber, since the entire pipe was covered with small fragments, and no large ones were found at all. The moment of impact was in the middle of the second battle, i.e. about 5 hours 30 minutes, when the distance was approximately 45 cables. The first shell penetrated the pipe casing (5 mm) and the pipe (5 mm), after which it exploded and exploded, breaking the cross, all the small pipes, the double T-iron, the squares and damaging another T-iron.

The second shell also pierced the casing and pipe and, exploding inside, broke the crosspiece and tore down the sheets, which had already lost their strength from the first shell. Both shells severely loosened the pipe fastening, and the middle of the left side bent inward, and the top onto the left side. The explosions, due to the mass of barriers in the form of all sorts of fastenings, did not spread far and only scattered small fragments in all directions. The volume of complete destruction is about 300 m?. The fragments damaged the outer part, and many small fragments penetrated down the pipe, riddling the base of the pipe with small holes, and the fragments of the first shell damaged three rows of tubes of boiler No. 13 and the steam supply pipe of boiler No. 14 was broken with fragments 1" thick. The fragments of the second shell increased damage to boiler No. 13 and wounded two stokers at boiler No. 12 and a quartermaster at boiler No. 14. When a shell hit the chimney, large quantities of fragments penetrated the stokers and fell onto the deck.

11. Wooden whaleboat No. 1, located outside on the starboard side, was damaged by fragments from shells that exploded on the side armor and in the water near the ship; it received many small holes. Steam boat No. 1, standing on the rostra behind the stern tube, received several fragments in the underwater part, one of which, having pierced the side (2 mm) on the right side, crushed the triple sheet (6 mm) at the lifting eye, the other side in the stoker, the bulkheads between the stoker and the engine room and with fragments that fell from the left side, it damaged two feed manifolds, a fan bearing, and a steam pipe of the bottom. In the stoker, the steam manifold, three boiler tubes, a tap for filling water, the casing of the coal pit and the water tank around the boiler were damaged by fragments, and, in addition, there were several fragments that hit the bow and stern, but did not cause any damage inside the boat. The stern winch received several fragments from the light hatch of the admiral's dining room, and the handrails and spool rod of the right stern winch were damaged.

The upper deck was pierced by fragments from a bakery or chimney, and the fragments, having pierced the deck, could no longer pierce anything; other fragments pierced the right bed mesh on the waist. The 16-oar boat No. 1, standing on rostra, had its stern on the left side completely broken, and, in addition, many small fragments got into the hull. Boat No. 2 was also badly damaged by shrapnel, and the wooden gear, standing to the left of the stern pipe, was completely broken, in all likelihood, by fragments from the stern pipe. The middle main compass was knocked off the bridge by the gases, and the bridge was severely damaged by shrapnel. The fragments damaged the light hatches in the officer's and command galleys, the table and stove in the officer's galley and the boxes in the command galley, the wall of one samovar was dented, the nets of the middle towers, frame davits, boat blocks, longboat No. 2 and the rostrum deck. Three tanks on 2/3" thick rostras were broken by fragments.

The left front tank received a hole in the lower right part, at the junction of the pipe with the tank, the right one - five holes in the body, the rear - a knocked down pipe, the rear bottom and several small holes. Thus, the total surface of action of fragments from three shells can be considered about 200 m2, and from gases about 400 m2. On July 26, 1904, during the bombardment of Port Arthur by siege artillery from a distance of 20 cables, a high-explosive 120 mm caliber shell hit the bow armor of the battleship "Tsesarevich" near the 37 bow frame on the right side. The mark on the armor turned out to be barely noticeable and consisted of several specks. The damage was only from the concussion. The damage occurred against the premises of the bow mine apparatus. The mine workshop machine was torn from its place and all four cast iron legs were broken. A box with various accessories was thrown over a man lying on the deck by the force of the blow. There were no other injuries.

12. During the battle on July 28, at about 6 o’clock in the evening, from a distance of about 45 cables (probably from an armored detachment of the Japanese squadron), a shell hit the bow turret of 12" guns on the right side. The shell was high-explosive and exploded when it hit the armor of the turret. The turret hit this the time was on the left side. Judging by the force of the impact felt inside the turret, we can conclude that the shell was 12" caliber. The destruction was as follows: a mark no more than 1.5 cm deep remained on the tower and looked like an irregular ellipse. In the center there was the largest depression (1.5 cm). The fragments from the shell that exploded when it hit the turret's armor did not cause any significant damage and only slightly damaged the deck about 5-6 feet from the turret.

Battleship “Tsesarevich” (Damage to the bow bridge. In the center you can see damage to the bunk nets on the bridge from a shell, which then passed through the conning tower and killed Lieutenant Dragisic-Niksic.)

13. During the first battle on July 28, at about 1 o’clock in the afternoon, from a distance of 50 cables, a shell hit the cushion of the right main anchor. Judging by the thickness of the walls of the fragments found, one can think that it was an 8" or 12" shell. The walls of the fragment were much thicker than those of the Russian 6" projectile, and the fragment itself was quite long. It can be assumed that the projectile hit the 40th frame with its head and immediately exploded. This assumption is based on the fact that the two main holes were created by both sides of the frame: one in the side, and the other in the cushion itself.The frame itself was crushed, and the spardeck deck was broken.

A third, larger fragment hit the porthole of one of the conductor's cabins and knocked it out; the remaining fragments spread along the side to the side armor, heading towards the bow, where they made marks, but did not pierce the sides anywhere. Another part of the fragments hit the spardeck, where they partly flew overboard into the open port of the left 75 mm gun, partly hit the pillars, lost their force, and slightly damaged both 75 mm guns. Some fragments hit the suitcase closets to the left. Two lower ranks were wounded at the same place. The dimensions of the holes are as follows: length 3 meters, width 2.5 meters, height 2.5 meters, in addition, the fragments that pierced the spardeck deck reached the battery deck, which is three meters. So, the volume of complete destruction from the shell explosion was: 3x2.5x2.5 or about 20 cubic meters. meters.

With this shell, the starboard main anchor was thrown overboard. Before leaving Port Arthur, despite the fact that the question was raised, the anchor ropes were not riveted, and therefore the shell hitting the anchor shackle swivel was a happy accident that saved the side of the battleship from an extra hole. The shell freed the anchor in this way: it broke the swivel and tore out the frames from the railing, rustications and fastening stops on the anchor pad. The anchor release machine on the upper deck remained singing.

Soon after the shell hit the anchor cushion, another shell hit the spardeck from a distance of 50 cables. It hit on the right side against the 31st frame. Hitting the side, it exploded; Most of the fragments flew onto the armored pipe covering the supply of the bow 12" turret and, leaving many small holes on it, did not cause significant damage. The remaining fragments scattered somewhat to the sides and slightly damaged the superstructure. Some of the fragments scattered along the side. The dimensions of the hole are as follows: width 2 meters, height 2 meters. The volume of total destruction from the explosion of a shell: 2x2x0.25 = 1 cubic meter. The shell was high-explosive, about 8" (or 6") caliber.

At about 6 o'clock in the evening of the same day, a high-explosive shell (6"?) hit the deck on the forecastle on the right bow. Having hit the deck, it exploded and made a round hole with a diameter of about 1.5 meters. Gases and fragments of the exploding shell met the low tide on its way pipe, broke it and then hit the pillar, which bent and separated from the beam to which it was attached by means of a strip. A recess about 5 cm deep was left in the spardeck deck. The volume of complete destruction is equal to about 1.5 cubic meters. Fragments, Having hit the pillars, they scattered in two directions and reached the sides, the distance between which in this place reaches 8.5 meters.

There was another hit in the bow. The shell hit at about 7.5 o'clock in the evening from a distance of 35–40 cables into the spardeck on the left side against the 21–20 frame, slightly in front of the armored pipe of the left bow 6" turret, directly into the porthole and knocked it out completely. The size of the hole was 1 square. meter The volume of complete destruction is 0.5 cubic meters.

Most of the fragments of the exploding shell were directed at the biteng and scattered about it. There were fragments that reached the opposite side, that is, 12 meters. The power of these fragments was already very weak; they didn't do any damage. This shell came from a detachment of cruisers (“Yakumo”, “Takasago”, “Kasagi” and “Chitose”). Judging by the insignificance of the damage, it can be assumed that it was a 120-mm shell from a 2nd class cruiser or from the Yakumo.

During the first fight about 12.5–1 hour. A high-explosive shell hit the underwater part on the right side against 28–31 frames below the armor. The shell did not make any holes, but only dented the frame and tore out some of the rivets, which resulted in the seepage and filling of two side corridors (upper and lower) with water. In total, 153 tons of water got in. The roll turned out to be no more than 3°. To level the ship, the compartments were flooded on the opposite side and somewhat closer to the stern to avoid trim to the bow.

The shell that hit the conning tower was probably fired from a distance of 45–50 cables at the end of the second battle. From the places of destruction it is possible to reconstruct its trajectory, from which it is clear that it was flying and rising. It was an armor-piercing shell that hit the water and exploded ricocheting. Its head part hit the thin bunk mesh (1/8), tore it, turned the sheets in the direction of movement and flew into the wheelhouse, knocking out a semicircle from the edge of the roof (3" sheets). The head part tore the engine telegraph wiring, hit the roof, leaving an abrasion, gave several fragments and, flying away, again touched the edge of the roof. She did not knock it out, but only bent it, losing her living force. Having got further into the nets with beds, she slightly bent them and remained lying in them.

There were several small fragments, probably torn off from the head of the shell when it hit the roof, but the force of them is difficult to calculate, it must have been very insignificant, since the grating in the tower was only slightly pierced, and the edges of the holes on the thin copper casings of the instruments were barely bent , there are even simple dents on the casings. The shock knocked out some of the artillery indicators and telephones, and all the speaking pipes on the bridge were broken. This shell wounded everyone in the cabin, except for one: there were almost no noticeable fragments on the walls of the cabin and on the gratings.

The shell that hit the mast was fired before the shell that hit the conning tower at the end of the second battle. Some abnormality is that the distance (in time) to the enemy should have been less than 40 cables, and the trajectory of the projectile was not steep - it touched the net and hit the mast by 2.5 feet [i.e. e. 0.6 m] above the deck. It could have been a 12" caliber shell. Flying through the nets, it only twisted them, and the explosion occurred immediately after breaking through the first wall of the mast (0.5"). From the place of the first contact of the projectile in the nets to the place of rupture is about 3 m. The projectile only tore and twisted the front wall of the mast, but the rear wall was completely torn out. The volume of the main destruction is very small (each dimension is 1.5 meters) and is directed cone-shaped in the direction of flight of the projectile, but in such a way that already at 3 m the thin walls are not torn apart, but only pierced by fragments and bent.

In the upward direction, the fragments pierced the deck 3/8" 2 m from the rupture site, and 2/3" squares were even bent with fragments or pieces of the mast at 1–1.5 m. There were few fragments back, but the yellow coating from picric acid was mainly in the part of the bridge behind the explosion site. Minor damage is noticeable at a distance of up to 10 m. Despite the fact that relative to the horizontal plane of the shell explosion the deck is 0.75 - 1 m, and the upper bridge is 1.5–2 m, it was damaged more than the deck, which indicates the direction of greatest destruction is from above. This shell broke all the pipes and wires running inside the mast. The shock broke the wiring under the upper bridge. The pressure of the gases pushed out the upper bridge (by 2 m), and the telegraph room, located at the same distance (but horizontal), was not touched by the gases, even bent in the opposite direction by the third shell.

Admiral Vitgeft, Lieutenant Azaryev 1st, Midshipman Ellis were killed by a shell into the mast, and staff officers were wounded. The dead lay between the left walls and the mast, with their heads towards the latter; This is not entirely clear, since the gases should have thrown them away from the mast. Maybe the cutting had an effect here, reflecting the gases, or they were knocked down by some fragment.

Battleship “Tsesarevich” (Two holes from 6" exploding shells, which took out part of the bulwark on the quarterdeck from the left side, broke the towing bollard and penetrated into the officer’s wardroom.)

The shell that hit the telegraph cabin at the end of the second battle from a distance of 50 cables exploded in the front wall of the cabin or even before it from passing through the walls, 10 feet (3 m) from them, since the entrance hole of this high-explosive projectile (the torn up wall of the cabin ) is very large - about 4 square meters, and the bulkhead between the command quarters and the telegraph cabin, which is 1.5 m wide, is broken only by fragments. The volume of greatest destruction is about 12 cubic meters; separate fragments punctured the pipe (5/16") and the casing (5/16") at a distance of 2 m. Small fragments pierced only the casing. The shell produced many very small speckled fragments that damaged the wood and the lining of the cabin. The gases again had a stronger effect upward than downward, bending several sheets of the upper bridge and only in one place below tearing the wheelhouse off the deck. The gases and shock destroyed all the instruments in the control room, but the effect of the gases was only in the direction of movement of the projectiles, since the wires on the wooden lining under the upper bridge remained intact, only turning yellow from picrine. Considering the place where the shell burst was 1 m from the deck, large fragments pierced 3/8" sheets in both decks at a distance of 1.5–2 m, but having pierced the deck under the upper deckhouse, they remained in the wood of the table or in the deckhouse sofa and up to the roof The shell did not produce any particularly large fragments, neither the head part nor the whole bottom was found.

The shells that hit the water either ricocheted (mostly armor-piercing) or turned around if they were high-explosive. There were many flying ricochets, their flight was clearly visible. One of these shells broke the forestay wall. High-explosive shells exploding at the J side in the water produced a whole column of water that washed over the bridge up to the compass, but the fragments did not fly onto the bridge; but they also pierced the sheets on Mars (a fragment flying close hit the armor and bounced off). Their strength was small, since long high-explosive shells were buried in the water, and the fragments had to overcome the resistance of the water layer.

In the middle of the second battle, one high-explosive shell exploded over the bridge, several fragments flew onto the bridge, but did not penetrate the deck: the entire amount of exploding metal fell into the water, flying over the battleship.

“Tsesarevich” on the slipway. February 1901

The squadron battleship “Tsesarevich” in France during sea trials. Summer 1903

“Tsesarevich” in Port Arthur

Before loading coal (photo above)

On the “Tsesarevich” while filling a hole

In Port Arthur

On the “Tsesarevich” the side sheets are riveted

On the “Tsesarevich” during the repair of a hole (photo above) “Tsesarevich” and “Amur” on the outer roadstead of Port Arthur

The “Tsesarevich” arrived in Qingdao.

“Tsesarevich” in Qingdao.

"Tsesarevich" in Qingdao. Repair work has begun on the ship.

“Tsesarevich” in Qingdao. Repair work has begun on the ship.

“Tsesarevich” in Qingdao. In the foreground, folded cartridge cases from 152 mm cartridges are visible. They are guarded by Russian and German sailors. On the fence of the bow bridge there is a hole visible from a 152-mm shell, which killed the navigator, Lieutenant Dragisic-Niksic.

Battleship "Tsesarevich". Battle damage in the area of the bow bridge (pictured above).

Damage to the port side at the bow of the ship. On the right in the foreground you can see a hole at the cut for storing anchors. The anchor is lost. Inside, the hole penetrates to the upper deck, where gasoline storage tanks are broken. On the left is a hole in the spardeck at the 12” bow turret, also penetrating into the skipper’s cabin located in the battery deck (pictured below).

Repairing holes on the port side in the area of the aft bridge and damage to the chimneys (pictured above). “Tsesarevich” in Qingdao. Dismantling the stern pipe.

There is a hole in the starboard side of the 305 mm bow turret.

There is a hole in the starboard side of the 152 mm bow turret.

Damage to the 152 mm gun.

Damage to a bakery from a 305 mm shell that hit its roof.

Battle damage to chimneys.

In Qingdao. “Tsesarevich” during repair work.

The renovation of “Tsesarevich” is nearing completion (photo above). “Tsesarevich” in the Mediterranean Sea.

For the Tsesarevich, both battles - at night and in the morning - were combined into one, which inspired great fears for success, a struggle for the survivability of the ship. The French technology, praised and so beloved by the Admiral General, did not reveal obvious advantages over either the American (“Retvizan”) or domestic (Pallada) models. The newest battleship, the last miracle of technology on the squadron, found itself in perhaps a more disastrous situation than the more old cruiser "Pallada".

At the moment of the explosion, having tilted to the right (this is how the roll of ships of this type made itself felt again), the Tsesarevich then began to fall menacingly onto the left side. Despite the immediate order of the commander to flood the right aft corridors with water, the list grew uncontrollably. It reached 16° and continued to increase.

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From the book Battleships of the “John Chrysostom” type. 1906-1919 author Kuznetsov Leonid Alekseevich

From the book Armored cruisers of the “Admiral Makarov” type. 1906-1925 author Melnikov Rafail Mikhailovich

Appendix No. 3 Damage to the battleship “Eustathius” in the battle on November 5/18, 1914 (From the book by ML. Petrov “Two Battles”. Leningrad. 1926) Diagram of hits to the battleship “Eustathius”. received in the battle at Cape Sarych on November 5/18, 1914. The description is of undoubted interest

From the book Naval Mine War at Port Arthur author Krestyaninov Vladimir Yakovlevich

Appendix No. 3 Damage to the cruiser “Bayan” in the battle of Gotland on June 19/July 2, 1915 (From the book by K. P. Puzyrevsky “Damage to ships from artillery and the struggle for survivability.” Sudpromgiz, 1940.) The desire of the German flagship to distract during the battle attention of Russian ships from

From the book Tsushima - a sign of the end of Russian history. Hidden reasons for well-known events. Military historical investigation. Volume II author Galenin Boris Glebovich

4. Disaster of the squadron battleship "Petropavlovsk" After the failure of the second attempt to block the exit from Port Arthur, Admiral Togo sent a request for the preparation of new fire-ships. Before their arrival, the command of the Japanese fleet decided to conduct a barrage operation

From the book The First Battleships of Germany author Bystrov Alexey Alexandrovich

4.4. July 28, 1904 Exit and approach The morning of July 28 arrived. With sunrise, Russian ships began to leave the inner harbor for the roadstead and take their places according to their disposition. The raid was previously cleared. At 8:45 a.m. the squadron was in the wake column, following

From the book Battleships of the Wittelsbach, Braunschweig and Deutschland types. 1899-1945 (Collection of articles and documents) author Team of authors

Appendix No. 3 Raising the German battleship “Grosser Kurfurst” (From the magazine “Sea Collection” No. 8 for 1879) Work on raising this battleship began in late May. Research carried out by divers found that the position of the ship's hull was not at all

From the book Battleships of the Queen Elizabeth class author Mikhailov Andrey Alexandrovich

Launching of the squadron battleship “Wittelsbach” On July 3, a new squadron battleship was launched at the Wilhelmshaven State Admiralty, which was listed under the letter O during construction and received the named name during its launch. This battleship, according to the message

From the author's book

Launching of the squadron battleship “Mecklenburg” On November 9 (NS) 1901, at the Vulkan shipyard in Stettin, the squadron battleship F was launched, which received the name “Mecklenburg”. This battleship is the fifth and last ship of the Wittelsbach class. Main

From the author's book

The launch of the German squadron battleship “Elsass” In Danzig, at the Schichau shipyard, took place on May 16 (NST) 1903. The launching of the squadron battleship of the “Brunschweig” type, which was built there by order of the German government, was temporarily listed under the letter J and received

From the author's book

Launching of the squadron battleship “Deutschland” On November 20 (NS) 1904, in Kiel, at the “Germany” shipyard, the battleship N was launched, which received the name “Deutschland” during its launch and baptism. The laying of this battleship was carried out July 20 (NS) 1903, so the time

From the author's book

Launching of the squadron battleship “Hannover” On September 29 (NS) 1905, in the Wilhelmshafen Admiralty, the squadron battleship P, which received the name “Hannover” at baptism, was launched. This is already the second ship of the Deutschland class. It was laid in the summer

From the author's book

Appendix No. 1 Damage to battleships of the 5th squadron in the Battle of Jutland [* From the book by K.P. Puzyrevsky. Damage to ships from artillery and the struggle for survivability. Leningrad. Sudpromgiz. 1940] "Warspite". He belonged to the fifth squadron of battleships and was the third in the column.

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