ORDERS - central government bodies in Russia at the end of the 15th - first quarter of the 18th centuries, the first state institutions in the country, which replaced the grand-ducal palace-patrimonial administration.
Establishment under the Ka-za-sist-we-were-called-but-we-have-not-for-the-dachas that stood before-the-ro-zh- given-shey mo-nar-hi-ey in connection with the formation of the Russian state in the second half of the 15th century. At the initial stage of the za-ro-zh-de-niation of orders, they were formed from the devil's staff of the Kaz-ny, Bol-sho palace (see the article Palaces) and, perhaps, the commission of the Bo-Yar Duma.
The government system, which generally existed in the 1530s-1570s, lacked functional clarity : every order of the regional government was given by both executive and judicial authorities, the same functions are used Are there different personal orders - in de-vis-si-mo-sti from the ka-te-go-ria of the village and from the ter-ri-to-ria for which races -they were half-possible.
Among the orders you have received are the courtyards, who are in charge of the management of the state, the general public st-ven-nye (from-race-left-vye, ter-ri-to-ri-al-nye, ter-ri-to-ri-al-but-from-race-left-vye), and so- same pat-ri-ar-shie and mi-tro-by-li-whose. To solve individual, as a rule, ex-t-ra-or-di-nar-ny tasks, temporary orders were created (for example , De-gentle collection order). The value of public administration throughout the entire 17th century was realized in the same way -to several orders to one person (Prince I.B. Cher-kas-sky, F.I. She-re-me-te-vu, B.I. Mo-ro-zo-vu, I.D. Mi-lo-slav-sko-mu, I.M. Mi-lo-slav-sko-mu and others). In the years 1655-1676, supervision over the activities of all orders on behalf of the Tsar was carried out by the Secret Affairs Order. Form-mi-ro-va-nie under-kaz-no-sys-te-we pro-is-ho-di-lo at the same time with co-z-da-ni-em org -new self-administration in the localities - zemstvo huts (see the article “Zemstvo administration”) and provincial institutions.
The palace orders came from the Great Palace order (1501, until 1527 the Palace Palace), the Ko-nu-shen-ny at -kaz (1548, until 1573 Ko-nu-shen-naya from-ba), Ka-zen-ny Pri-kaz (early 1580s) and others. The jurisdiction of the most important public-state orders from races spread mainly to the center. counties of the country (Yam-sky order-kaz, Raz-ryad-ny order-kaz, Stre-lets-ky order-kaz, Local order-kaz, Po-sol-sky order-kaz kaz, Raz-boi-ny order, Big-ho-ho-da order). At the same time with them in the middle of the 16th century, the public territorial territory of the Kazan Palace was established Pri-kaz (in 1637, the Siberian Pri-kaz emerged from it), performing the same functions as from the other races orders, but on op-re-de-linen territory. The order of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1656-1666; in 1673-1710, instead of it, the order of the principality acted) Smo-lensk), Ma-lo-Russian order (1662-1722) and the head of the Slo-boda Ukrainian Great Russian this order (1687-1700). The Vladi-mir court order, the Moscow court -ny order and others Their highly specialized powers (judicial) were spread over one and the same ka-tego -riu people, but on different territories. The treasury and the owner of the Pat-ri-ar-shay department are managed by the Pat-ri-ar-shiy court-order, Pat-ri-ar- This is the highest government order, and the Mi-tro-personal departments are the Mi-tro-personal government and palace orders. The trial of the spirit-ho-ven-st-vo and mi-rya-na-mi according to spiritual de-lams in Pat-ri-ar-shey region-las-ti (dioceses) is carried out st-in-la-li in different years Pat-ri-ar-shy raz-serial order and Pat-ri-ar-shy spiritual order, in dioceses -yah - court mi-tro-by-whose order.
Introduction
Orders are central government bodies in Moscow that were in charge of a special type of government affairs or certain areas of the state. The orders were called differently chambers, huts, yards, palaces, thirds or in quarters.
1. Etymology
According to V.I. Sergeevich, orders as state institutions arose involuntarily: a person, or several, is entrusted with the conduct of certain affairs, "ordered" manage these matters - and it arises order, which is sometimes even called by the name of the person to whom the order was given, for example, “Order (honor) of clerk Bartholomew.”
Name huts And order At first it was used mixed, but then the name of orders became established for certain administrative bodies, and for others - huts.
Name ward was more honorable than hut.
Yards And palaces the management bodies that were in charge primarily of the economic part were named; sometimes, however, those administrative bodies that were in charge of individual areas of the state were also called by this name.
Titles ward, yard, castle borrowed from the premises.
Origin of names thirds And quarters stands in connection with the division of the state under John III into three parts, under John IV - into four. Subsequently, the name of the quarter began to be assigned to other orders.
2. Appearance and brief history
Word order In terms of institutions found for the first time in 1512, in a charter from Grand Duke Vasily Ioannovich to the Vladimir Assumption Monastery.
2.1. Orders under Ivan III
Nevolin dates the appearance of orders to the time of Ivan III bit, serf, zhitnogo, Big yard, government, bed, stable, as well as orders for the management of individual principalities and lands acquired by John III, and, finally, orders that later bore the name quarters. Moreover, the name Big order perhaps it belonged to the orders that were in charge of the affairs of the Grand Duchy of Moscow itself, that is, the lands inherited by John III from his father, as opposed to the orders that, managing the affairs of only individual principalities, bore the name from these principalities.
2.2. Vasily III
Under Vasily Ivanovich (1505-1533), the number of court ranks increased by three: hunter (from 1509), armorer (1511) and hunter (1514), and, probably, a special order was established for each of them.
With the conquest of Smolensk appears Smolensk discharge order.
In 1516, the Yamsk order was established.
2.3. The era of Ivan the Terrible
The Code of Law of 1550 established a system of command administration, the basic framework of which remained until the end of the 17th century. Orders are established to ensure basic state needs:
Rogue,
Printed,
Falconer,
Zemstvo orders,
Petitioner,
Ambassadorial,
Local,
Streletsky,
Pushkarsky,
and also quarters:
Kazan order.
Galitskaya,
Ustyugskaya,
2.4. Fedor Ioannovich
With the annexation of Siberia, the Siberian Order was formed.
With the establishment of the patriarchate in 1589, patriarchal orders probably appeared - patriarchal rank And patriarchal government order.
Boris GodunovUnder Boris Godunov, only the order of stone affairs was re-established. Time of Troubles
After the death of Boris Godunov until the election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the throne, no new orders were established; due to the general devastation, some ceased their activities. Thus, with the loss of Smolensk for Russia, the Smolensk discharge order was destroyed, and the Dmitrov and Ryazan court orders are also no longer found.
2.7. Mikhail Fedorovich
Under Mikhail Fedorovich, several temporary orders were established, which, upon achieving their objectives, ceased their work. Of the standing orders, the Palace, Judgment and Pharmacy orders were founded during this reign.
2.8. Alexey Mikhailovich
Under Alexei Mikhailovich, many new orders were created. Some of them were caused by military circumstances and disappeared in peacetime: for example, under Alexei Mikhailovich, orders for canteens and accounting affairs, Polonyanichny, cash distribution, Lithuanian, and Livland affairs disappeared. In addition to them, under him, the order of secret affairs, the grain order, the funeral order, the reitar order, the counting order, the buildings of almshouses, the monastery order, the Smolensk order, and the Little Russian order were founded.
2.9. Fedor Alekseevich
Under Fyodor Alekseevich, there is a noticeable desire to reduce the number of orders and to more correctly distribute the circle of the department between them.
In 1677, the petition order was connected with the Vladimir court order, the monastery order - with the order of the Great Palace.
In 1680, the orders of the Novgorod, Vladimir, new cheti, Galician cheti and the Great Parish were united together, and many items of their department were given to the order of the Great Treasury. In the same 1680, a new distribution of the department of military men was made between P.
In 1681, the cases of the slave order were transferred to the court. Soon after the accession of Fyodor Alekseevich, the Order of Secret Affairs was closed, and in 1680 the Order of the construction of almshouses was closed.
2.10. Regency of Princess Sophia
During the reign of Sofia Alekseevna (1682-1689), the Memorial Order was closed and the Great Russian Order was re-established.
2.11. After the reign of Princess Sophia until the establishment of the collegiums
Initially, Peter apparently did not have a definite plan for transforming administrative orders; The writ system continues to exist, undergoing only partial modifications, which in most cases did not affect the essence of the writ system: some P. are united into one whole, the circle of departments of others expands, they receive new names, remaining, in essence, old institutions, new P. are created nearby. with P., offices were established, similar in type to P. and differing from them only in name and, perhaps, in a smaller volume: Ingrian, uniform, bathhouse, etc. Subsequently, the name office began to be used instead of P. A decisive transformation of the administrative administration began only with the establishment of collegiums. In 1721, the main principles of the reform were set out in the Spiritual Regulations. In P. the management and resolution of affairs was individual; In colleges, cases are decided by several persons. This guarantees: 1) greater success in revealing the truth; 2) greater respect for the verdict on the part of society; 3) greater speed in solving cases; 4) less possibility of abuse by judges and 5) greater freedom in deciding cases.
2.12. Later history of orders
Collegiums replaced P., but the latter did not disappear completely. Some of them - under their own name (Little Russian, Siberian P.), others - under the name of offices (Yamskaya Office) continued to exist and outlived even Peter I. The order system only gradually gave way to a new order of things. They sometimes returned to it after Peter I. In 1730, for example, the Sibirsky P., which existed until 1755, was restored, and the Sudny and Detective P. were re-established. Finally, traces of the old Moscow order system disappeared only with the publication in 1775 under Catherine II Institutions about the provinces. The name P. is retained here for some institutions (for example, the Order of Public Charity), but the nature of these institutions and their position in the general structure of the state were completely different.
see also Order of public charity
3. Placement of orders
Main article: Orders Building
The orders were located in the Kremlin. Most of the orders were located in the long order building, located along the edge of the Kremlin hill from the Archangel Cathedral almost to the Spassky Gate. The buildings were dismantled between 1767 and 1770.
4. Composition of orders, their department and structure
Each order consisted of two parts: some were involved in solving cases, others - the written part. The first were called judges, the second - clerks and clerks.
There were one judges in the orders, and two or more in more important ones. One of the judges was in charge. The chief judge was usually appointed one of the members of the boyar duma, sometimes a steward or a nobleman. The rest of the judges were mostly Duma councilors or simple clerks. An exception to the general rule was the order of secret affairs, which consisted only of clerks and clerks. This is explained by the special nature of this order, which was, as it were, the king’s own office.
Judges, clerks and clerks in the orders were appointed and dismissed by the supreme authority. To carry out various orders and instructions, there were interpreters in the embassy order, in the palace there were trumpeters, in other orders there were boyar children, week workers, money men, and gunners. Their duty was to call litigants to court and give the accused on bail, keep them under their supervision until the trial, collect from debtors, carry out punishments, and deliver correspondence of orders as appropriate.
The departments of orders were not strictly demarcated; sometimes the order concentrated so many different cases that it almost did not live up to its name. The judicial part was not separated from the administrative part in the orders; one can almost take it as a rule that the order was a judicial place for those persons whom, by the nature of their affairs, they had in their administration. The orders acted in the name of the sovereign and were the highest governmental and judicial seats; complaints about their decisions were brought to the sovereign and considered in the royal duma.
Judges, clerks and clerks gathered in orders every day, except Sundays and holidays, and had to study for a certain number of hours. In urgent cases, they had to meet on Sundays. Professor V.I. Sergeevich believes that the cases in the orders were decided, in all likelihood, unanimously; Nevolin and Professor M.F. Vladimirsky-Budanov think differently. “Although according to the law,” says the first, “in those orders where there were several judges, cases should have been decided by all the judges together, but in fact the leading judge had such power that he did what he wanted” (“Works,” VI, 141). “Even in the case of a plurality of members,” notes Professor M.F. Vladimirsky-Budanov, “the presence did not constitute a board and matters were not decided by a majority vote.” This opinion is based on the decree of Peter I of December 22, 1718 (Poln. Sobr. Zak., 3261), which, regarding the establishment of collegiums, says that in them cases will not be decided in the same way as in the old orders, where the boyar ordered what, then his comrades performed it. In the hands of the clerks, according to M. F. Vladimirsky-Budanov, “virtually the entire administration of the state was located; they extremely abused their position due to the lack of higher and secondary education and the insufficient definition in law of the conditions of public service.” management to the relevant department for submission...
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Characteristics of orders
Orders, central and local government bodies in Russia in the mid-16th to mid-18th centuries. The word “order” in the sense of a special order came into circulation from the mid-16th century.
The origin of the order system occurred in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. It worked out
during the transformations of the mid-16th century. At this time, the orders began to function:
Great Palace (1534), Great Parish (1554), Zemsky (1564), Kazan (1560s), State (1512), Kostroma quarter (1560s), Lovchiy (1509), Ovgorod quarter (1560s years), Armory Chamber (first half of the 16th century), Printed (1553), Polonyanichny (mid-16th century), Posolsky (1549), Bit (first half of the 16th century), Sokolnichiy (1550), Streletsky (1571), Ustyug Quarter ( 1560s), Kholopy (mid-16th century), Petition (mid-16th century), Yamskoy (1550).
reforms led to the creation of the Rank Order, which was in charge of personnel
and the service of the local army, and the Local Order, which was entrusted
providing serving landowners with land. The Streletsky Prikaz was in charge of the Streltsy army. The restructuring of the “Yamskaya gonba” (communications service) system led to the emergence of the Yamsk order. The introduction of provincial institutions on the ground caused the organization of the Robbery Order. The expansion of international relations contributed to the formation of an independent Ambassadorial Order. The consequence of the disunity of individual lands that became part of the united Russian state was the creation
along with the national financial Order of the Greater Parish of the territorial judicial-administrative financial quarters (Cheti), as well as special judicial regional orders. The expansion of borders to the southeast led to the appearance of the Order of the Kazan Palace. Not only central institutions were called orders,
but also some local palace institutions, for example, the Novgorod and Pskov palace orders that arose in the 1620s, which were under the jurisdiction of the Great Treasury Order. The name “order” was also used to designate rifle regiments. The orders were permanent institutions and their activities were based on the functional principle. Each order was in charge of a certain range of issues and had an independent staff. Many orders were characterized by a combination of judicial, administrative and financial functions, a combination of functional management with territorial management.
The orders were under the direct authority of the Tsar and the Boyar Duma. The heads of orders received the name of judges in the 17th century, as they often performed judicial functions. In the 16th century, clerks predominated among them; in the 17th century, some large orders were headed by boyars and okolnichy, and smaller ones were headed by Duma nobles. However, even in the 17th century, clerks led a number of important orders
(Discharge Ambassadorial, Local). Order paperwork was carried out by clerks and clerks.
The number of personnel of orders (order people) ranged from 3 to 400 people.
From the beginning of the 17th century, internal structural divisions appeared in orders. In 1613-1619, eleven new orders were organized. In the field of military administration, orders were created: Cossack, Inozemsky, Reitarsky, City Affairs; started to act in the field of finance
orders of the New Quarter and the Great Treasury, the powers of the territorial quarters were expanded. In the first half of the 17th century, temporary orders were created, which, having completed the tasks assigned to them, ceased to exist. In wartime, orders arose for the Collection of military and military people, the Monetary and Grain Collection, the Collection of Penta and Request Money. Numerous detective orders were temporary in nature. By the middle of the 17th century there were
about eighty orders.
In the 1650s and 1660s, the government tried to restructure the work of central institutions. Attempts were made to centralize management by combining the leadership of several orders in one hand, the Secret Affairs and Accounting orders were created, which exercised control over the activities of the remaining orders and reported directly to the tsar. But their existence was short-lived. In the 1680s, the government carried out a new reform of the order system, which aimed to concentrate homogeneous management functions in one department. Most of the quarters became part of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, on the basis of the Prikaz
Great Treasury, a large financial institution was created, in which orders were merged
Greater Parish and New Quarter. Financial funds were transferred to the order of the Great Treasury
functions of quarters. The liquidation of the order system took place at the beginning of the 18th century during
the time of Peter the Great's reform of the administrative apparatus and the introduction of collegiums. Only a few of
orders continued to function later. The Siberian order survived until 1763.
Types and structure of orders
In the 17th century orders flourished as bodies of central government. Nationwide orders, divided into administrative, judicial-police, regional (territorial), military and financial constituted the largest group subordinate to the Boyar Duma. Palace orders , who were subordinate to the king and managed the lands, peasants, palaces, workshops, etc. The third group included patriarchal orders , who managed the patriarchal property, as well as administered justice for crimes against faith. A special place in the system was occupied by Order of Secret Affairs, formed in 1654. It was the personal office of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and controlled the activities of other orders. The most important state issues were resolved there, without the consent of Boyarskaya
Duma. The forms of control were very diverse: the study of cases, information and reporting of orders, the consideration of petitions submitted personally to the tsar; sending clerks with a secret order
to check the activities of clerks and governors. He was also in charge of political investigation. Among the political cases he examined: such as the cases of Patriarch Nikon and Stepan Razin. The order of Secret Affairs was placed in the palace, and the king often visited there, taking part in the preparation of papers;
demanded reports, listened to reports, gave orders. The Order of Secret Affairs was abolished in 1676 after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich.
Characteristic disadvantage the order management system was the diversity and uncertainty of the functions of orders, the lack of a clear delineation of competencies
between orders. During the entire existence of the order system, the act regulating
organization and procedure for the activities of orders on a national scale, and
was not prepared and published. There was confusion in everything: the judge was at the head of the order,
but sometimes the judge of the order was called differently: treasurer, printer, butler, armorer
etc. The judges of the orders were appointed from among the members of the Boyar Duma: boyars, okolnichy, duma
nobles and Duma clerks, but it also happened that the same judge simultaneously headed several orders.
Extensive paperwork required people with experience
clerical work. Judges of orders sometimes did not have such experience, so they could help
clerks were appointed, the number of which depended on the meaning of the order. The clerks were recruited
from the family nobility, they actually carried out affairs in orders. For their service they were awarded a local salary and received monetary compensation. The clerks were subordinate to clerical servants - clerks. The novice clerk served for several years “incredibly,” i.e. without a salary, on only the “offerings” of the petitioners. He was then rewarded with a small cash salary. The average clerk received a slightly higher salary. A clerk could earn the rank of senior clerk, who was entitled to an annual salary.
The system of state office work began to take shape in Rus' during the formation of a centralized state - from the middle of the 15th century. The administration of the Moscow state was formed from an appanage principality, and the latter was not so much a state as an economy of the prince, in which various parts of administration were entrusted to individual boyars, forming the prototypes of future administrative departments.
As the Principality of Moscow turned into a Great Russian state and administrative tasks became more complicated, individual parts of the administration, which were under the authority of one person or another by order of the prince, turned into permanent public places - “huts” or “orders”. The origin of orders is connected with the practice of personal instructions (orders) from the Grand Duke to his immediate circle - princes and boyars to resolve certain issues of public administration. Their activities were united by the highest government institution - the Boyar Duma. The Moscow Grand Dukes managed to create a strong centralized management system, in which all the most important administrative functions were performed by the Boyar Duma and orders. That is why the period of formation and development of state office work is usually called the order period - after the name of the first state institutions - orders. This period covers the time from the 15th to the 17th centuries. In general, the system of government bodies during this period looks like this: (Fig. 1)
Some of the orders were bodies of territorial administration, and some were in charge of individual industries. The total number of orders that existed in Rus' has not been precisely established; in the 17th century, according to researchers, from 40 to 70 orders functioned.
At the head of the order was an order judge, appointed from the Duma ranks. He was subordinate to 1-3 clerks; by the end of the 17th century. in large orders there were 6-10 of them. The service also consisted of clerks, depending on their knowledge, length of service and experience, divided into “old” (senior), “middle-class” (middle) and “young” (junior). In large orders, clerks were united into “tables,” or structural divisions of orders; the division into desks was made not according to the type of work, but according to the territorial principle. In the activities of the orders, the principles of collegial and individual management were not clearly distinguished. It can be said for sure that administrative activities belonged entirely to the clerks; the role of the clerks was more modest. They, together with the clerks, were involved in organizing and maintaining office work. Through their hands, the order received petitions, reports, and reports from local rulers; they kept files and kept records. Senior clerks, the most experienced and respected, and "medium-ranking" clerks were entrusted with complex work related to preparing decisions on cases, storing files, and sealing archive chests, while junior clerks did not enjoy much trust. Many royal decrees of the 17th century. draw attention to the need to strictly monitor their work. For mistakes made in official documents, clerks were severely punished: they were beaten with batogs and deprived of their salaries.
Locally, the orders were voivodes, who governed the territories and carried out the instructions of the central authorities. The governors had their own “office” - an official hut and assistants - “lesser” governors and clerks. In the administrative hut the state city seal, sums of money were kept and office work was carried out. The official hut was divided into tables. For example, the Nizhny Novgorod moving house in 1663 consisted of four tables: a money table, where the treasury and receipts and expenditure books were kept; a judge who dealt with completed and pending court cases; detective, local and yamsky, who kept the royal letters on local affairs. The orders and administrative huts represented at the same time a presence, an office, and an archive. Documents were usually placed on tables, on benches, and especially valuable documents were placed in chests in the same rooms where current work and reception of visitors were carried out.
In the 15th century expensive parchment was replaced by paper, which was also originally brought from Western European countries, and from the second half of the 17th century. - own, domestic. The first paper “mill” (factory) was built on the Pakhra River by order of Patriarch Nikon, then in Moscow on the Yauza River. But only in the 18th century, after the construction of several paper factories, was it possible to satisfy the internal demand for paper in Russia. Initially, paper was made from rags, and ink was made from iron salts and tannins extracted from ink nuts - growths on oak leaves. The rag was a mass of fibers twisted into yarn and then woven into fabric (Fig. 2)
The combination of ferrous ink and rag paper made the text especially durable; it hardly faded. Therefore, documents from this period stored in archives are quite readable.
As writing tools until the second half of the 19th century. They used goose feathers, and later metal ones. With the advent of so-called cursive writing, characterized by the outline of rounded letters and the use of a large number of graphic abbreviations, reading texts became difficult and required knowledge and skills.
In the paperwork of orders, the columnar form of documents continued to be used. Important state acts were large in size, for example, the Charter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to the Pskorsky Monastery for land is more than a meter long, and the Cathedral Code of 1649 is 309 meters long.
The text in the columns was written only on one side, the back was used only for putting notes, resolutions, and addresses. Documents were stored in scrolls or rolls; sometimes special cases were made for particularly important documents, but more often they were simply stored in chests or chests. It was difficult to use such documents: it took a lot of time to expand and collapse a column, and the gluing itself was not strong enough. All this quickly led to deterioration and wear of the document. The columnar form of office work was abolished by Peter I.
Along with the columnar form of documents, notebook form began to be used in orders. A notebook is a sheet of paper folded in half. The notebooks were collected together, bound as needed, and made into books. Lists, financial, accounting, registration records, etc. were kept in the form of books. More than 300 types of books are known: dinner books, threshing books, money books, etc.
The type of documents in writ proceedings was not particularly diverse: letters, sentences, orders, reports, memorials, formal replies, petitions. Letters are royal decrees sent from local orders to boyars, governors, and clerks. Unsubscribes are documents received in orders from the governor. The orders were submitted to the tsar by replies or reports, the tsar gave orders to the governors and other local commanders, the orders were passed down among themselves by memory, citizens' appeals to the central government were formalized in the form of petitions. Within each type of document there were many varieties.
One of the features of an official document is a form - a set of stable information elements (details, language formulas) of the document, arranged in a certain sequence. It is known that in writ documents, most of the details have not yet been separated from the text: the appeal, addressee, date of the document, designation of the author, etc., including the contents of the document, were a continuous text. As a rule, the document began with the address, date or designation of the author and addressee of the document.
The royal decree letters, for example, began with the designation of the author and the addressee (from whom to whom), after which the essence of the issue was stated:
“From the Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich, autocrat of all Great and Lesser and White Russia, to our boyar and governor, Prince Yakov Kudenetovich Cherkassky...” or: “... to Prince Ivan Alekseevich Vorotynsky and his comrades...”.
Petitions and unsubscribes began with the following appeal:
“To the Tsar Sovereign and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of all Rus', your servant beats his forehead...” or: “To the Tsar Sovereign and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich, autocrat of all Great, Little and White Russia, your orphan Ivashko Mikhailov beats him with his forehead...”.
In the final part of the decree, the date and place of composition were indicated: “Written in the reigning city of Moscow in our royal chambers. Summer of 7166, March on the 16th day.”
The petition ended with the clerk’s inscription: “Demyanko Blisov had a hand in this petition,” and also indicated the names of the rumors (witnesses), the place and time of compilation.
You can also record some stable elements of the text for each type of document in the order paperwork. For example, the presentation of a request in a petition began with the traditional formula - “...order the sovereign to give me...”, and ended with “... the Tsar-Sovereign, have mercy, please...”.
The preparation of documents in writ proceedings included the following stages: receipt of the document, submission of it for consideration, preparation of the case for the “report”, consideration and decision of the case, execution of the document containing the decision.
When a document was received, a date was stamped on it, and the clerk made the note “Write out,” which meant “Make inquiries.” Cases in the order were considered on the initiative of the tsar on a complaint, denunciation, petition, unsubscribe. If the order had the necessary information, the “release” (decision) was prepared immediately, but if not, the collection of necessary materials began. In cases where correspondence with other orders was required to resolve a case, it was carried out without observing special formalities in short “memories” or notes from clerks of one order to clerks of another order.
The preparation of cases for the report was carried out at the tables, where the clerk or, on his instructions, the senior clerk collected the necessary material and drew up a draft response document. The role of the rapporteur on the case belonged to the clerk, and the decision of the issue belonged to the Duma clerks. The decision was made after discussion. If the Duma clerks made their own adjustments to the prepared draft, after the decision was made, the clerk corrected the document, and the junior clerk rewrote it completely. The clerk checked the white paper with the draft and certified it with his “right” signature, which meant that the white paper corresponded to the draft. The document received legal force after the “attribution” (signature) of the clerk.
The heads of the orders - judges and persons close to them who participated in decision-making did not put their signatures on the documents. The Tsar and the boyars personally signed only treaty documents concluded with other states.
INTERESTING FACT!
The clerk’s signature was unique: if a document consisted of several sheets, the clerk “attributed” the document to each gluing, putting one syllable of his last name on each gluing, so that the letters covered both sheets, which was legalized by the Code of Law of 1550. This protected the document from falsification and forgery.
For the first time, the Moscow orders outlined the separation of completed cases from ongoing ones. Along with storing documents in sacks, bags, chests, some orders (for example, in the Local) introduced cabinets for storing documents, and then measures to protect documents, for example, supplying chests with locks. In the Code of 1649 and a number of decrees adopted later , norms for the written execution of various contracts were introduced, which established external uniformity in the activities of orders.
Thus, during the order period, a system of state office work of central and local institutions was formed, a cadre of office workers was formed, stable forms of documents and methods for their preparation were developed. However, the state, taking private measures, did not introduce general administrative rules and systematic order in the organization of institutions and their office work. Only from the middle of the 17th century. Some general measures were taken to restore order in office work, and separate legislative acts appeared that established the procedure for documenting and drawing up private acts.
order document documenting act
IBriefly about the main thing
During this period, orders were finally formed: as a system of central sectoral management. The noble-bureaucratic bureaucracy begins to play an important role in government, primarily orders.
1. Orders in charge of special branches of management:
Ambassadorial, Yamskoy, Kamensky, Bit, Printing, Robbery, Vitskarsky, Printing, Monastic, Gold and Silver Affairs, Detective, Petition, Big Order.
2. Military orders include: Streletsky, Cossack, Armory, Pushkarsky, Bronny, Inozemny.
3. Judicial and administrative functions were carried out by orders: Local, Zemsky, Serf Court.
4. Orders in charge of certain territories: Moscow, Vladimir, Dmitrov, Siberian, Nizhnegradsky chet, Ustyug chet, Kostroma chet, Galician chet, Vladimir chet, Smolensky, Ryazan, Kazan Palace, Little Russian, etc.
5. The following orders were in charge of palace affairs and finances: the New Quarter, the Great Palace, the Great Treasury, the Stables, the Hunter, the Falconer, the Great Parish.
The orders concentrated management issues by industry and judicial functions in their hands. As before, the orders duplicated each other both in work in their respective sectors and in matters of territorial administration, which introduced some confusion in the management system and the court.
IIDetails
Order management system. The transition to it (from the palace-patrimonial system) was completed in the middle of the 16th century. During its formation, the leading role belonged to military administrative orders. There was a reorganization of the army, the basis of which from now on was the noble cavalry and archers. Streltsy formations were created as a result of the reform carried out by Ivan IV. (The need for them arose in connection with the further development and improvement of firearms). A special order was created to control the Streltsy army.
The formation of a new organization of the Russian state was resisted by large landowner boyars, who were accustomed to participating in campaigns with their regiments and taking places in battle at will: where they wanted, they stood with their regiment. Tsarist legislation extended the principle of compulsory military service to all ranks of feudal lords. All landowners and patrimonial owners were ordered to appear at the gathering place with weapons and their people. Unlike Western Europe, where the armed forces during the Middle Ages were formed mainly from mercenaries, the Russian army consisted of subjects. Persons obliged to serve included “serving people for the fatherland” (princes, boyars, nobles, boyar children) and “serving people according to the device” (streltsy, city Cossacks, gunners, etc.).
He was in charge of the personnel of the boyar and noble cavalry Bit order, who registered all cases of appointment to positions and promotions. Appointments to positions were made in accordance with the principle of localism (by birth, nobility).
In charge of the local land holdings of the service nobles Local order, who ensured that they received manorial lands for military service in accordance with established standards. The Cossack troops were in charge of the Cossack Order.
At this time, special territorial orders appeared that were in charge of the affairs of those territories that had recently been annexed to Russia. These included Kazan and Siberian orders. Subsequently, the Little Russian Order (on Ukrainian Affairs) also began to function.
During the period of the estate-representative monarchy, the embryo of a central police body arose. At first, the Boyar Duma Commission on Robbery Acted, then a special one was created Robbery order, who developed orders for local authorities on issues of combating ordinary crime and appointed relevant officials to the local authorities.
The palace orders were in charge of serving the personal needs of the king and his family members. These included: order of the Great Palace (managed the palace lands), Konyushenny (in charge of the royal stables), Hunter and Falconer orders (organization of hunting), Postelnichy (in charge of the royal chambers) etc. The positions of the leaders of these orders were considered the most important and honorable; in accordance with the principle of localism, they could be occupied by the most noble boyars.
Under Ivan IV, nobles and boyar children received the privilege of appealing to the court of the Tsar himself. In this regard, a special Petition order.
The system of court orders appeared at the end of the 17th century. (Moscow, Vladimir, Dmitrovsky, etc.), which performed the functions of the highest judicial bodies. Subsequently, these orders, as well as Petition, merged into a single Court order.
In the activities of the Russian state was of great importance Ambassadorial order, who was in charge of foreign policy issues. Before its emergence, many bodies dealt with these issues. The absence of a single embassy center created considerable inconvenience. The direct participation of the Boyar Duma in foreign policy affairs seemed inappropriate. A limited number of persons had to take part in these cases in order to avoid disclosure of state secrets. The Tsar believed that all major issues of foreign policy should be decided by him personally. The head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz and a small number of clerks were called upon to help with this.
The main responsibilities of the Ambassadorial Prikaz were to negotiate with representatives of foreign states. This function was directly performed by the head of the order himself. The order produced the most important documents that substantiated the position of the Russian state on various foreign policy issues. In addition, he resolved border conflicts, exchanged prisoners, etc. The appearance of the Ambassadorial Order led to a decrease in the role of the Boyar Duma in the field of foreign policy. The Tsar rarely consulted with her, preferring to rely on the opinion of the Ambassadorial Prikaz.
In the second half of the 16th century. a special central institution was created that was in charge of affairs regarding slaves. Previously, this was done by local governments and State order, which simultaneously performed many other functions. In connection with the spread of indentured servitude, the need for a special body arises. Main Responsibility Serf order consisted of registering servitude records in special books. In addition, he considered claims in cases of fugitive slaves.
Throughout the 17th century. A total of over 80 orders functioned, of which by the end of the century a little more than 40 had survived. Some orders were abolished, others were created as the need to manage new industries arose. Thus, the creation of regiments of the new system caused the emergence Reitarsky order, and the reunification of Ukraine with Russia was accompanied by the creation Little Russian order, return of Smolensk lands - Smolensk order etc. This was a natural process that reflected the complication of the socio-economic and political structure of society. The influence of “mongrel people” grew in the state apparatus. If in 1640 there were only 837 people on the payroll, then in 1690 there were almost four times more - 2739. At the end of the century, more than 400 people each sat in the Local Prikaz and the Grand Treasury Prikaz. The staff of the Grand Palace order numbered more than 200 people. In other orders there were from 30 to 100 clerks. A contemporary noted that there were so many clerks in the orders that “there was no place to sit, they wrote while standing.” The growth in the number of clerks is evidence of the increasing role of officials in government.