The Kurdish language belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian group of Indo-European languages. In fact, “Kurdish” is the collective name for a group of dialects spoken by 16-35 million people in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and Transcaucasia. Literature in the Kurdish language began to appear only at the beginning of the 20th century.
Systematic comparison with other Iranian languages shows that Kurdish belongs to the northwestern Iranian languages. According to the theory of D. Mackenzie (1961), the historical homeland of the Kurds could be located in the central part of Iran. Although the Kurdish language has a long history, virtually nothing is known about its pre-Islamic period. One of the first written monuments in the Kurdish language is the “Black Book,” a collection of sacred texts of the Yazidis. It is believed to have been written by Sheikh Ali ibn Musafir, the founder of this religion, in the 13th century.
The first Kurdish grammar was published in Rome in 1787. Its author is the Italian priest Maurizio Garzoni, who was engaged in missionary work in Kurdistan for 18 years. This book played a very important role in Kurdish history as it became the first scientific recognition of the uniqueness of the Kurdish language. In large areas of Kurdistan, the Kurdish language was banned for some time. Thus, in Turkey it was banned after the coup in 1980 until 1991.
Today, Kurdish has official status in Iraq. In Syria, on the contrary, the publication of books, newspapers and magazines in the Kurdish language is prohibited. Until 2002, the use of the Kurdish language in Turkey was also severely restricted: for example, its use in educational institutions and in the media was prohibited. In Turkey, the Kurdish script is still not recognized and Kurdish names that contain the letters X, W, Q, which are not in the Turkish alphabet, are prohibited. In 2006, the Turkish government allowed private television channels to broadcast programs in Kursk, but the duration of these programs was limited: 45 minutes per day or 4 hours per week. The first Turkish state television channel in the Kurdish language began broadcasting 24 hours a day on January 1, 2009 under the slogan “We live under the same sky”, and its programs use the letters X, W, Q.
Today, literary Kurdish exists as two regional standards: central (Sorani), spoken in western Iran and the main part of Iraqi Kurdistan, and northern (Kurmanji), spoken in Turkey, Syria and parts of Iraq and Iran. During its development, Kurmanji underwent fewer changes than Sorani, both in phonetics and in morphological structure. The Gorani language stands apart: it is clearly different from Kurmanji and Sorani, but it shares common vocabulary with them, and a number of common features in grammar with Sorani. Despite the differences, Gorani is classified as a dialect of the Kurdish language. This is partly due to the fact that its speakers, who inhabit the south and southeast of Kurdistan, identify themselves as Kurds.
Vowels in Kurdish, as in most modern Iranian languages, are contrasted in quality: they may have a secondary difference in length that does not affect the overall length of the syllable. However, this difference is reflected in the writing systems used in the Kurdish language, which distinguishes three "short" vowels and five "long" vowels.
The bulk of Kurdish vocabulary is of Iranian origin. Quite a lot of words are borrowed from Farsi and Arabic, which is associated with the adoption of Islam. A small part of foreign language vocabulary consists of borrowings from Armenian, Turkish and Western European languages. There are also Kurdish words with unclear etymology.
According to Kurdish scholars, the Kurdish language has undergone changes several times throughout its history. According to some sources, the Proto-Slavic dialect was replaced by Kartvelian, and then by Indo-European. But despite all these changes, the Kurds have retained about 6 thousand Slavic words in their language (Kurmanji dialect) to this day.
The Kurmanji dialect is used by the vast majority of the Kurdish people. According to Marr, in the north, the western Kurds use words of the Cimmerian-Scythian dialect, while the southern Kurds of the same area do not.
The Kurds did not have an alphabet for a long time. In Turkey they used the Latin alphabet, in Iran, Iraq and Syria - Arabic, and in the Soviet Union at different times the Kurds used either the Latin or Cyrillic alphabet.
Modern Kurdish belongs to the northwestern subgroup of Iranian languages, belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages, which has nothing in common with Arabic and Turkic languages. It is similar to Persian and other languages of the Iranian group in the same way that Russian is similar to Polish or Norwegian is similar to German.
As an independent language, according to the information available in Kurdish studies, the Kurdish language has existed since the Ahmedin period (VI - IV centuries BC).
The common name for the Kurdish people “Kurds”, which is a derivative of the geographical name “Kor Didi”, is found in the form “Corduenu (Gordien)” in Greek sources as the name of the current central part of Kurdistan, later renamed “Bakhtinan” - “place of better faith”, "shrine".
There are also names and self-names of individual groups of the Kurdish people speaking different dialects: “Kurmanj”, who call their dialect “Kurmanji”; “Soran”, who call their dialect “Sorani”; "Lur", whose dialect is called "Luri"; "Goran" who call their dialect "Gorani". They are followed by the names and self-names of individual tribal and religious associations: “Muslim Kurds” and “Yezidi Kurds (Ezdi)”, related to the Kurmanji and speaking the Kurmanji dialect; “Bajalani Kurds” and “Zaza Kurds”, related to the Gorani and speaking two different dialects of the Gorani-Bajalani and Zazai dialect, etc.
Over the past decades, due to the significant growth of the national liberation movement in Kurdistan and its recognition by the wider world community, various tendencies towards splitting the ethnic unity of the Kurdish people have become especially intensified. There are attempts to present the Kurds as a conglomerate of representatives of various peoples - Turks, Persians, Arabs, etc., and their language as a mixture of the languages of these peoples. There is a clear desire of the colonialists of Kurdistan (especially Turkey) and other dark circles to exclude some tribes and religious associations from the Kurdish people and define them as independent peoples, supposedly having their own independent languages. These include Lur Kurds, Zaza Kurds, as well as Yezidi Kurds, who, together with the bulk of Muslim Kurds, are Kurmanji, speak the same Kurmanji dialect and differ from them only in the Yazidi religion - the ancient historical religion of all Kurdish people, in the Middle Ages supplanted by Islam among the bulk of the people - the ancestors of today's Muslim Kurds.
The Kurdish language is a single, national language, a means of communication for the entire Kurdish people. It retains its independence and color throughout the entire territory of its distribution, regardless of the disunity of parts of the people speaking it.
Since the second half of the 19th century. - a period of rapid growth of national life throughout the territory of Kurdistan, the Kurdish language is increasingly acquiring the status of a national language developing at all levels. This is facilitated by: the publication of monuments of oral folk art in various dialects of the Kurdish language, widely reflecting the idea of the unity of the people; publication of fiction, scientific and socio-political literature; participation of representatives of different tribal and religious associations, speakers of different dialects in the struggle for national rights.
The Kurdish language functions in two forms: spoken and written. The main means of communication for all people is the oral-conversational form. It is used in everyday household and work communication in the following three widespread functional variants: in everyday vernacular, special speech of high style (culturally worthy speech) and speech of folklore storytelling. They differ from each other by their specific structural and functional features.
On the basis of the oral-conversational form, in connection with the emergence of Kurdish writing, a written (written-book) form arose, developing in fiction, educational, socio-political and periodical literature. It differs from the oral-conversational form in a number of features and, first of all, in the great complexity of the syntax and the presence of a significant number of compound names and terms, including international ones.
The modern Kurdish language has an extremely rich vocabulary, phraseology and paremiology, has rich stylistic resources, and has a wide range of functional styles. An indicator of its perfection are high-quality translations into this language of the best examples of Russian and world literature: “Mother” by M. Gorky, “The Fate of a Man” by M. Sholokhov, works by A. Pushkin, A. Chekhov, N. Gogol, L. Tolstoy, M. Lermontov, I. Turgenev, F. Dostoevsky, T. Shevchenko and others.
Basically, Kurds use only their native Kurdish language. At the same time, certain groups of the Kurdish people exhibit bilingualism - Kurdish-Iranian (in Iranian Kurdistan), Kurdish-Turkish (in Turkish Kurdistan), Kurdish-Arabic (in Iraqi and Syrian Kurdistan), Kurdish-Armenian, Kurdish-Georgian, Kurdish- Azerbaijani, Kurdish-Russian (in some CIS republics).
Currently, education in Kurdish is not provided anywhere. It is taught as a separate subject in schools in Kurdish villages of the Republic of Armenia and some schools in Kazakhstan.
The first written monument that has reached us in the Kurdish language in Aramaic script, reflecting the events of the Arab invasions of Kurdistan and Iran and containing valuable data on the language and history of the Kurdish people of that time, dates back to the 7th century. The formation of a written tradition in Kurdistan became especially noticeable starting from the 10th - 11th centuries. The work of the Kurdish educator and poet Ali Hariri in the Kurdish language based on Arabic graphics dates back to this period. Subsequently, this graphics was used in their works by representatives of all early and medieval Kurdish classical literature - outstanding Kurdish poets and writers: Melae Jiziri (1101-1169), Fakie Tayran (1302-1375), Ahmed Hani (1591-1652), Ismail Bayazedi ( 1642-1709), Khana Qubadi (d. 1699), Nali (1800-1856), Salim (1805-1869), Kurdi (1812-1850), Haji Kadir Koyi (1816-1894), Mir Shakar Ali Dinarvand (1825- 1865), AbasKhan Azadi (1858-1899), etc.
In the chaotic period after Chaldiran, the Kurds, reacting to foreign Turkish (Rumi) or Persian (Ajami) occupation, began to show national consciousness, creating classical literature in the Kurdish language, developing epic, patriotic, lyrical and mystical feelings.
Ahmed Hani (1591-1652), Kurdish poet and philosopher, was born in Central Kurdistan. His grave, located at the foot of Great Ararat, is a place of pilgrimage. He is a “poor people’s poet,” as he called himself. In the preface to his epic work “Mam u Zin”, he says that he wrote it in Kurdish so that other peoples would not say that the Kurdish people have no culture. This truly Kurdish kobzar dreamed of an independent Kurdistan and called on the Kurds for unity and a united national struggle.
Until recently, literature in the Kurdish language was published in the Republic of Armenia - on the basis of Russian graphics, in Switzerland, Germany and some other countries - on the basis of Latin graphics.
The written-book, literary form of the Kurdish language functions in two variants: northwestern - based on the northwestern dialect of Kurmanji, and southeastern - based on the southeastern dialect of Sorani. Literature published in these dialects, presented in different graphic systems, is not sufficiently accessible for general use. At the same time, as the results of specific observations on the dialect structure of the Kurdish language show, the Kurdish people, given the appropriate socio-political situation in Kurdistan, can avoid the bivariation of the literary language and have a single national literary language based on only one dialect of Kurmanji in its Bakhdinan variety, the most understandable, accessible to all native speakers.
Each of the four dialect forms of the Kurdish language (Kurmanji, Sorani, Gorani and Lori) has variants of different degrees of distribution in the form of dialects, sub-dialects, etc. (Feili, Kelkhori, Zaza, etc.).
The Kurmanji dialect is spoken by the Kurdish population of the areas west of Lake Rezaie in Iranian Kurdistan, all Kurds of the CIS and Turkish Kurdistan (with the exception of the Zaza Kurds settled in the areas of Erzurum, Kharput, Diyarbakir and Dersim), the Kurds of Syrian Kurdistan and the areas of Akra, Amedi, Dykhok, Zakho and Sheikhan of Iraqi Kurdistan.
The Sorani dialect is spoken by the Kurdish population of the Kirkuk, Sulaymaniye, Revanduz and Erbil districts in Iraqi Kurdistan and the Mehabad, Sakkiz, Bokan, Bane and Sene districts of Iranian Kurdistan. They are followed further from the south by the Gorani dialect, widespread in the strip from Sene to the southwest along the Iran-Iraq border to a line running from the city of Mandali (Iraq) to Esedabad. To the south and southwest of this line there is a dialect of Lori (a group of dialects Lekki, Feili, Kalhori, Mamesani, Bakhtyari), whose speakers compactly inhabit the areas located in the strip between Sultanabad, Daulatabad and Haneqin in the north to the line running from Shiraz through Kazeroon to the Persian Gulf in the south.
Speakers of all dialects of the Kurdish language, despite their significant territorial fragmentation, have a single ethnic and national identity. The dialects themselves, which have a single grammatical structure and a common vocabulary, in some cases differ sharply from each other in their phonetic, lexical and syntactic features. Among them, only the main dialects - Kurmanji, Sorani and, to some extent, Gorani - have been specifically studied in a comparative manner.
The study of the Kurdish language begins in the second half of the 18th century. The first elementary grammar of the Kurdish language by the Italian missionary M. Garzoni, written on material from the Kurmanji dialect, dates back to this period. In 1856 - 58
The works of the Russian scientist P. Lerch were published, in which the dialects of Kurmanji and Zazai were discussed, and in 1864, the work of the Viennese scientist F. Müller, devoted to the description of the Kurdish dialect of Zazai. In 1865, his own short grammatical essay on the Kurmanji and Zazai dialects was published. Following this, in 1857, a short essay by M. Chodzko was published, dedicated to the morphology of Sorani, and in 1872, a Kurdish grammar by the American missionary A. Ree with a dictionary of the Khakrian dialect was published. In 1880, the Kurdish grammar of F. Yusti was published, and in 1891, the work of S. A. Egiazarov, containing valuable information about the grammar of the Kurdish language.
The interest of orientalists in the Kurdish language increased significantly in the first half of the 20th century. The works of O. Mann, E. Soun, L. Fossum, R. Jardine, P. Beydar, devoted to the grammar of the Kurdish language and the description of its dialects, belong to this period.
The Kurdish language has been studied more intensively and thoroughly since the late 50s. In 1956, grammars of the Kurdish language by Ali Badirkhan Kamuran were published, in 1957 - studies by the English Kurdish scholar D. N. McKenzie, devoted to the comparative study of dialects of the Kurdish language.
The leading centers for the study of the Kurdish language continue to be: the Institute of Oriental Studies and the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Republic of Armenia. Among the most important works on the Kurdish language, written by employees of these institutes, one should name: “The Language of the Kurds of the USSR” by Ch. ., 1978). “Essays on Kurdish grammar” by I. I. Tsukerman (M.-L., 1962), “Fundamentals of phraseology of the Kurdish language” by M. U. Hamoyan (Yerevan, 1982), etc.
“There is no bitterer tongue and no sweeter tongue,” says a Kurdish proverb. What are they, Kurdish languages - one of the most popular languages of the East?
What is the language of the Kurds?
Kurdish languages belong to the Iranian group. They originated from Median, but in the Middle Ages they were influenced by Arabic, Persian, and later. Currently, about 20 million people speak Kurdish. But there are significant differences between them, since they speak different dialects and use different alphabets.
This is explained by the fact that the Kurds live in territories belonging to different countries. In Iran and used in Turkey, Syria and Azerbaijan - and in Armenia - Armenian (until 1946) and Cyrillic (since 1946). The Kurdish language is divided into 4 dialects - Sorani, Kurmanji, Zazai (Dumili) and Gurani.
Where are Kurdish languages spoken?
The Kurdish language is most widespread in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Azerbaijan, Jordan and Armenia. 60% of Kurds live in Turkey, Northwestern Iran, northern Iraq and Syria (Northwestern, Western, Southwestern and Central Kurdistan), speak and write in the Kurmanji dialect. About 30% of the Kurdish population living in Western and Southeastern Iran, Eastern and Southeastern Iraq (Southern and Southeastern Kurdistan) use the Sorani dialect. The rest use the Zazai (Dumili) and Gurani (South Kurdish) dialects.
Kurdish language: basics
For those who want to quickly learn the Kurdish language, Kurdish for beginners is suitable, which includes the most basic phrases in Kurmanji, Sorani and South Kurdish.
Dem bashi/Silav/Silam - Hello.
Choni?/Tu bashi?/Hasid? - How are you?
Chakim/Bashim/Hasim - Excellent.
Supas/Sipas/Sipas - Thank you.
Tkae/Tika wild/To hwa - Please.
Khva legeli/Mal ava/Binishte khvash - Goodbye.
Min tom hosh davet - I love you.
So minit hosh davet? - Do you love me?
Vere bo ere / Vere - Come here / come here.
Bo que erroy - Where are you going?
To chi dekey?/To heriki chit? - What are you doing?
Echim bo ser kar - I'm going to work.
Kei deguerrieteve?/Kej deyteve? - When will you be back?
Herikim demeve; Eve Khatmeve/Ez Zivrim/Le Pisa Tiemesh - I'm coming back.
Kari to karek dikey? - What do you do for a living?
Min Errom / Min Deve Birrom - I'm going to...
Min bashim/ez bashim - I'm fine.
Min bash nim / ez neye bashim / me khves niyim - I’m not all right / - I’m not in the mood.
Min nekhoshim - I feel bad.
Chi ye/ewe chiye/ewe ches? - What is this?
Hich/Chine/Huch - Nothing.
Birit ekem/min birya te kriye/hyurit kirdime - I miss you.
Deiteve; degereiteve/tu ye bi zirvi/tiyedev; gerredev? - Will you come back?
Nayemewe; nagerremeve/ez na zivrim/nyetiyemev; Nyegerremev - I will not return.
When communicating in an unfamiliar language, do not forget about sign language, which is practically the same throughout the world, with the exception of some. They can be clarified before traveling to a country where you will communicate with the Kurds.
Navi min... uh - My name is...
Yek/du/se/chuvar/pench/shesh/heft/hesht/no/de/yazde/dvazde/sezde/charde/panzde/shanzde/khevde/hezhde/nozde/bist - one/two/three/four/five/ six/seven/eight/nine/ten/eleven/twelve/thirteen/fourteen/fifteen/sixteen/seventeen/eighteen/nineteen/twenty.
Duchemme/duchembe/ducheme - Monday.
Sheshemme/sheshemb/shesheme - Tuesday.
Chuvarshemme/charshemb/chvarsheme - Wednesday.
Pencheshemme/penchshem/penchsheme - Thursday.
Jumkha/heini/jume - Friday.
Shemme/shemi/sheme - Saturday.
Yekshemme/ekshembi/yeksheme - Sunday.
Zistan/zivistan/zimsan - Winter.
Behar/bihar/vehar - Spring.
Havin/havin/tavsan - Summer.
Payez/payyz/payykh - Autumn.
Resources for learning Kurdish
The best way to learn Kurdish languages is through constant practice, and the best kind of practice is from both a teacher and ordinary people who speak Kurdish as their mother tongue.
You can find such people in groups on social networks dedicated to the Kurdish language and culture. Usually there you can find video lessons for beginners, a dictionary and a phrasebook, look at pictures with inscriptions in Kurdish, read poems in the original and, if something is not clear, ask native speakers.
If you want to get to know the Kurdish culture better, you can also find groups dedicated to Kurdish music and cuisine.
If it is not possible to communicate with a native speaker, then you can find courses for self-learning the Kurdish language.
Kurdish(كوردی, Kurdî) - the language of the Kurds, one of the representatives of the Western Iranian subgroup of. Distributed in the region, informally called.
Story
Linguistic characteristics
Writing
| A a | B b | In in | G g | G" g" | D d | Her | Ә ә |
| Ә́ ә́ | F | Z z | And and | Thy | K k | K" k" | L l |
| Mm | N n | Oh oh | Ö ö | P p | P" p" | R r | R" r" |
| With with | T t | T" t" | U y | F f | X x | Һ һ | Һ" һ" |
| H h | H" h" | Sh sh | sch sch | b b | Uh uh | Q q | W w |
Recently, former Soviet Kurds have almost completely switched to the Latin alphabet. The issue of switching to the Latin alphabet is also constantly raised in Russia, including at the government level; however, actual steps in this direction are being made very slowly.
Phonological information
Vocalism is represented by the following phonemes:
| front | central | back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| close | ||||||
| mid | ||||||
| open | ||||||
Syllable
Morphological type of language
Composition and nature of morphological categories
Basic methods of word formation
Kurdish is one of the languages with a structure.
Sentence structure
Genetic and areal characteristics of vocabulary
Information about dialects
Kurdish is divided into several major dialects, one of them being the Kurmanji dialect, spoken by the Kurds of the former Soviet Union. Its main distribution area is the Turkish, Iranian and Syrian parts of Kurdistan. The vast majority of Kurds in these regions call themselves “Kurmanji”, while clearly recognizing themselves as ethnic Kurds. Famous Kurdish historians Sharaf Khan Bidlisi (2-82), Mah Sharaf Khanum Kurdistani (3-47) and Khusraw ibn Muhammad Bani Ardelan (4-100) divide the Kurds into four groups ( taifa), “whose language and customs differ”: into “Kurmanji”, “Lur”, “Kalhor” (Mah Sharaf-Khanum and Khusraw ibn Muhammad instead of “Kalhor” call “Bani Ardelan”, meaning by the latter all Ardelan Kurds) and “ guran" ("gorans"). The Ardelan Kurds called their immediate neighbors, the Baban Kurds, “Kurmanj” or “Kurmanji”, and called themselves Kurds. In scientific literature, the dialect spoken by the Baban Kurds is usually called Sorani (Sorani), in contrast to Kurmanji, the language of the Kurds of Northwestern Kurdistan (3-194). Despite the fact that the Sorani dialect is part of the southern Kurdish dialect group, the Babans continue to call themselves “Kurmanji”, and this arouses particular curiosity among scientists - and.
There are cases in Kurdish history when speakers of one Kurdish dialect switched to another. At the beginning of the century, the Gorge, Sheikh-Ismaili, Baylavand and Jaf tribes settled in the Leilah (or Eilak) district of Senenjen Kurdistan, where the previous population was made up exclusively of Gorans - carriers of the Kurmanji dialect, which replaced the “Gorani” (3-195). We observe the same intra-Kurdish dialectal assimilation process in the case when in the Biwanizh region, located in the middle of the Zagros Mountains near Zohab, the ancient Biwanizh Kurdish dialect, which was observed in the mid-fifties of our century by the famous Kurdish philologist from Iran Dr. Muhammad Mukri, came to replace Sorani dialect (5-153).
The Mukri Kurds also call themselves "Kurmanji", although their spoken dialect is Soranian and belongs to the Southern Kurdish dialects. In written sources we find one more meaning - in addition to the dialect and self-name of the Kurds - the word “Kurmanji”. The Kurdish historian-ethnographer Mela Mahmud Bayezidi understood the word “Kurmanji” only as sedentary Kurds, as an alternative to the ethnonym “Kurd” in the meaning of “nomad” (6-80). In contrast, the wonderful Russian scientist T.F. Aristova saw in the word “Kurmanji”, in addition to “a reflection of the self-name of the Kurds” and the name of one of the Kurdish dialects, a third meaning - “Kurdish nomadic population” (7-12).
Thus, we observe an interesting fact when tribes speaking the Soranian dialect (Babans, Mukri, etc.) call themselves Kurmanji, using as a self-name the word denoting the North Kurdish dialect (27), and at the same time emphasize their belonging to Kurdish ethnicity. The word “Kurmanji” also means either “sedentary” or “nomadic” Kurdish population. There is a clear fact that there is no clearly defined meaning of the word “Kurmanji”. So what is the true meaning of this word? What's behind it? We will try to answer this question.
In fairness, it should be noted that the Armenian scientist Gr. came very close to unraveling the meaning of this word. Kapantsyan. Referring to the Hittite “Code of Law,” dating back to the 14th century BC, which reported on the Manda and Sila tribes, exempt from special duty lurii (ahhan), the scientist wrote: “In connection with the topic of the Mandas, I would like to scientifically pose the question here and about the ethnic name “Kurmanj”, as most of the Kurds call themselves. I consider this kurmanj as a compound word kurmanj, and I take the first part as kur, and the second part I derive from the name manda, this ancient warlike people widespread in different places, or , more precisely, tribes, although there is still a Kurdish tribe Mandaka without changing “d” to “j” (“dz”) Here the concept of “son” becomes, as it were, a formal word for belonging to a tribe, like the suffix “ak”... Formation of Kurdish. national name is undoubtedly based on this ancient ideology... It would be less successful to derive kurmanj from the addition of “Kurd” and “manj”, that is, to understand it as “Kurds (from the tribe) manj” (that is, manda in both). In this case, there is a great influence in antiquity of the Manda tribes. I leave the question of the similarity of the name manda with the Mathiens and Madami (=Medians), as has been said by many scholars (8-140).
G. Kapantsyan, having shrewdly connected the words “manda” with the Kurds, a little earlier on the pages of his work, speaking about the manda and sala tribes, seeks to see their reflection in the princely families of mandakuni and salkuni from ancient Armenian sources, and explains the meaning of the words mandak as “mand- ets" and "sal-ets" (8-136).
We see the key to unraveling the meaning of the word “Kurmanji” in the following: at the dawn of humanity, when there was no written language yet, primitive drawings played the role of communication. These drawings are considered humanity's first step in creating all species, as it was the easiest way to convey simple concepts. For example, the image of a human figurine meant “man”, if in his hands there was an image of or co - this meant “warrior”, if there was an image of a gazelle, etc. - before us is already a “hunter”. And if a warrior is depicted fighting some kind of predatory and strong beast or mythical creature, then we already see the hero of a famous
KURDISH
(Kurmanji) - refers to the Iranian system, or (according to the still-held terminology of Indo-Europeanists) “family” of the language, namely to its western branch. The latter is divided into the northwestern and southwestern groups of languages, and the Kurdish language. belongs to the northwestern group, while Persian belongs to the southwestern group. However, Iranian languages. and the adverbs have not yet been sufficiently studied to make it possible to give their final classification, and within the western group of them there is a certain mixture and mutual penetration of southern and northern elements. In addition, Iranianists in their works on Iranian languages. and adverbs, the possibility of preserving in them the experiences of the pre-Iranian ethnic layer is not sufficiently taken into account. In particular, some phenomena of articulatory, as well as morphological and syntactic order are found in the Kurdish language. common not only with a number of other Iranian dialects and languages, but also with languages. Caucasus. The vocabulary has its own words that are not found in other Iranian dialects (negation - ??, t?, preposition 'c' - digel, te?i - complete, h?tin - come, ?nin - bring, n?rd - send etc.); There are many Persian loanwords to which Kurdish phonetic laws do not apply. In the dialects geographically bordering the settlement of the Turks, there are many Turkish words (in particular, participles in mi?). In Kurdish. Many more words from the Arabic literary dictionary were included (through Turkish and Persian); Arabic folk forms and Armenian and Aramaic words are also found; it is possible that some Armenian and Kurdish words go back to the language. local pre-Iranian population. Kurdish dialects have not yet been sufficiently surveyed and studied, and the final division
754 of them cannot yet be produced. A significant part of the materials of the researcher of dialects of the Eastern and Persian groups - O. Mann - has not yet been published. A number of Kurdish dialects bear the common name “Kurmanji” and can be divided into two groups: eastern (more precisely, southeastern) and western. The boundary between both is not yet clear. Then we should distinguish a group of Persian Kurdish dialects (Senne - Kermanshah region), designated either by the general name “Kurdi”, or by the name of the area (for example, Zangana, Kalkhuri, Senna, Kermanshahi), as well as small groups scattered here and there in Persia. An attempt to classify Kurdish dialects was made by E. S. Soane in his “Grammar of the Kurmanji” (L., 1913). Bibliography: II. Justi, Kurdische Grammatik, St. Petersburg, 1880; Socin A., Die Sprache der Kurden, “Grundriss der iranischen Philologie”, B. I, 2 Abt., S. 249-286 (both based on materials mainly from Western Kurmanji); Mann O., Die Mundart der Mukri Kurden, Grammatische Skizze, "Kurdisch-Persische Forschungen", vol. I, 1906; Soane E. S., Notes on the Phonology of Southern Kurmanji, J. R. A. S., 1922, pp. 199-226. The only dictionary so far: Jaba A. - Justi F., Dictionnaire Kurde-fran?ais, St. Petersburg, 1879. III. Minorsky W., Kurden, “Enzyclop?die des Islam” (exhaustive bibliography). B. Miller
Literary encyclopedia. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what the KURDISH LANGUAGE is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- KURDISH
- KURDISH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
language, the language of the Kurds living in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria and partly in other countries (Afghanistan, Lebanon, USSR). Number of speakers... - KURDISH
belongs to the Indo-European family of languages (Iranian group). Modern Kurdish is written in Iraq (based on Arabic script) and in... - KURDISH
- one of the Iranian languages (northwestern group). Distributed in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria and the USSR. Official language (along with Arabic) ... - LANGUAGE in Wiki Quotebook:
Data: 2008-10-12 Time: 10:20:50 * Language is also of great importance because with its help we can hide our... - LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Thieves' Slang:
- investigator, operative... - LANGUAGE in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
If in a dream you see your own tongue, it means that soon your friends will turn away from you. If in a dream you see... - LANGUAGE in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
a complex developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing the opportunity... - LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- a complex developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing... - LANGUAGE
OFFICIAL - see OFFICIAL LANGUAGE... - LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
STATE - see STATE LANGUAGE... - LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedia Biology:
, an organ in the oral cavity of vertebrates that performs the functions of transportation and taste analysis of food. The structure of the tongue reflects the specific nutrition of animals. U... - LANGUAGE in the Brief Church Slavonic Dictionary:
, pagans 1) people, tribe; 2) language, ... - LANGUAGE in the Bible Encyclopedia of Nikephoros:
like speech or adverb. “The whole earth had one language and one dialect,” says the writer of everyday life (Gen. 11:1-9). A legend about one... - LANGUAGE in the Lexicon of Sex:
multifunctional organ located in the oral cavity; pronounced erogenous zone of both sexes. With the help of Ya, orogenital contacts of various kinds are carried out... - LANGUAGE in Medical terms:
(lingua, pna, bna, jna) a muscular organ covered with a mucous membrane located in the oral cavity; participates in chewing, articulation, contains taste buds; ... - LANGUAGE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
..1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one... - LANGUAGE in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; it is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one... - LANGUAGE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
2, -a, pl. -i, -ov, m. 1. Historically developed system of sound, vocabulary and grammatical means, objectifying the work of thinking and being ... - KURDISH in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, oh, oh. 1. see Kurds. 2. Relating to the Kurds, their language, national character, way of life, culture, as well as ... - LANGUAGE
MACHINE LANGUAGE, see Machine language... - LANGUAGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
LANGUAGE, natural language, the most important means of human communication. Self is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one... - LANGUAGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
TONGUE (anat.), in terrestrial vertebrates and humans, a muscular outgrowth (in fish, a fold of the mucous membrane) at the bottom of the oral cavity. Participates in … - KURDISH in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KURDIC LANGUAGE, official. the language of Iraq (along with Arabic). Belongs to Indo-European. family of languages (Iranian gr.). Modern K.ya. has writing... - LANGUAGE
languages"to, languages", languages", language"in, language", language"m, languages", language"in, language"m, languages"mi, language", ... - LANGUAGE in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
languages" to, languages", languages", language" in, language", languages"m, languages"to, languages", language"m, languages"mi, language", ... - KURDISH in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
Kurdish, Kurdish, Kurdish, Kurdish, Kurdish, Kurdish, Kurdish, Kurdish, Kurdish, Kurdish, Kurdish, Kurdish, ku rdsky, ku"rdsky, ku"rdsky, ku"rdsky, ku"rdsky, ku"rdsky, ku"rdsky, ku"rdsky, ... - LANGUAGE in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- the main object of study of linguistics. By Ya, first of all, we mean natural. human self (in opposition to artificial languages and ... - LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
1) A system of phonetic, lexical and grammatical means, which is a tool for expressing thoughts, feelings, expressions of will and serves as the most important means of communication between people. Being... - LANGUAGE in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language.
- LANGUAGE
"My Enemy" in... - LANGUAGE in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
Weapon … - LANGUAGE in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
dialect, dialect, dialect; syllable, style; people. See people || the talk of the town See spy || master the tongue, restrain the tongue, ... - KURDISH in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
adj. 1) Related to the Kurds, associated with them. 2) Peculiar to the Kurds, characteristic of them. 3) Belonging... - KURDISH in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language.
- KURDISH in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language.
- KURDISH in the Spelling Dictionary.
- LANGUAGE in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
1 movable muscular organ in the oral cavity that perceives taste sensations; in humans, it is also involved in articulation. Licking with the tongue. Try on... - LANGUAGE in Dahl's Dictionary:
husband. a fleshy projectile in the mouth that serves to line the teeth with food, to recognize its taste, as well as for verbal speech, or, ... - LANGUAGE in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
,..1) natural language, the most important means of human communication. Language is inextricably linked with thinking; is a social means of storing and transmitting information, one... - LANGUAGE
language (book language, obsolete, only in 3, 4, 7 and 8 characters), m. 1. An organ in the oral cavity in the form of ... - KURDISH in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
Kurdish, Kurdish. Adj. to the Kurds. Kurdish... - KURDISH in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
Kurdish adj. 1) Related to the Kurds, associated with them. 2) Peculiar to the Kurds, characteristic of them. 3) Belonging... - KURDISH in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
- KURDISH in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
adj. 1. Related to the Kurds, associated with them. 2. Peculiar to the Kurds, characteristic of them. 3. Belonging... - Türkiye in the Directory of Countries of the World:
REPUBLIC OF TURKISH State in South-Eastern Europe and South-West Asia. In the north-west it borders with Bulgaria and Greece, in the north-east - with ...