“Grass” and “under the leaf.” Summary of the lesson "Khokhloma" Tatyana Sergeevna Voronezhskaya

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Abstract of direct educational

activities.

Topic: “Magic leaves and berries”

(Khokhloma painting)

Tasks:

Educational area “Reading fiction”:continue to introduce Khokhloma crafts using fiction.

Educational area "Cognition":clarify children’s understanding of their native country, expand knowledge about the types of artistic crafts.

Educational field "Artistic creativity":develop the ability to examine Khokhloma products, highlight the elements of the pattern, determine the color of the painting, draw the main elements of the herbal ornament: “blades of grass”, “droplets”, “tendrils” and “curls”, “berries”, “leaves”, improve the ability to paint with a brush without applying preliminary pencil drawing.

Educational field "Communication":encourage children to use dialogic speech in solving problems in visual arts.

Educational field "Labor":to develop interest in folk crafts.

Educational field "Socialization":cultivate interest in folk culture.

Material and equipment:products (reproductions of products) Khokhloma, a sheet of yellow A4 paper, gouache: red, green and black, a foam rubber signet stick, brushes, a jar for water.

Progress:

Organizational part.

Teacher: An old legend tells: once upon a time there lived a man in the Nizhny Novgorod forests, on the banks of a quiet river. We don’t know who he is and where he came from. That man carved wooden bowls and spoons and painted them so that they seemed to be made of pure gold. The king found out about this and became angry: “Why don’t I have such a master in my palace?! Give it to me! Immediately!" He tapped his staff, stamped his foot, and sent soldiers to take the craftsman to the palace. The soldiers set off to carry out the royal order, but no matter how much they searched, they could not find the miracle master. He went to God knows where, but first he taught local peasants how to make “golden” dishes. In every hut cups and spoons sparkled with “gold”. A lot of “golden” dishes were sold at a fair in the village of Khokhloma. This is how the name “golden Khokhloma” was born.

But making real Khokhloma is not at all easy.

First, the master carves a blank for the future bowl from wood. Then he dries it and covers it with a thin layer of clay. Now the bowl looks like a clay one, then it is soaked in linseed oil. And gold is not required for “golden Khokhloma”! Instead of expensive gold, the bowl is rubbed with tin or aluminum powder. The bowl shines like silver. Then the artist draws an intricate ornament. Not to cook porridge, but for drying, for “leavening”. And a miracle happens: the wooden bowl becomes golden, with elegant, colorful designs!

The teacher invites the children to pick up Khokhloma products and carefully examine them and get to know each other better.

Don't rush to take a look

There is grass and flowers there

Unprecedented beauty.

They shine like gold

As if bathed in sunshine.

All the leaves are like leaves,

Here everyone is golden.

Such beauty people

They call it Khokhlamskaya

P. Sinyavsky

Teacher: Why did the masters like “gold”? Are there not enough other cheerful, eye-pleasing flowers?(children's answers). Gold has always represented a happy, rich life, contentment, beauty and purity. People said: “Gold does not burn, but works miracles; they live - they weigh gold, that is, they live in perfect order.

The home village environment was poor. But when the peasant was preparing a wedding feast, it was nice to put on the table a golden-tinted, decorated with clusters of rowan berries and herbal ornaments.

2. Practical work.

Teacher: Guys, where did this funny dishes come from? What are these products made of? Why is it called golden, how does this magical transformation happen?

Children's answers.

Teacher: Today we will learn to paint the basic elements of painting with a brush. What colors do we need?

Children's answers.

The teacher demonstrates elements of painting on products, shows writing techniques, and the children repeat after the teacher.

“Blade of grass” - light pressure.

“Droplet” - you need to lightly touch the paper with the brush.

“Usik” is written with a thin line without pressure, wrapped in a spiral.

“Curl” - you need to apply light pressure.

We print rowan “berries” with a foam rubber stamp, we write strawberries and gooseberries with a brush, and when the berries dry out, we “revive” them with yellow.

“Leaves” - leaves on the stem can be arranged in pairs - these are narrow rowan leaves.

Guys, now let’s try to draw an ornament with “berries” and “leaves”. Using the end of a thin brush (hold the brush vertically to the surface of the sheet), draw a leading line from left to right, starting from the lower left corner, and draw upward (large curl)

You need to end the line with leaves and berries. The leaves and berries seem to be at the ends of the lines and seem to continue the curl. From the leading line to the left and right we draw auxiliary lines - curls. The pattern is complemented by “antennae” and “grass”. Then we “revive” it - paint it.

At the end of the lesson, the results are summed up.

Recognize works for execution, originality of concept, diligence and independence.

Teacher: Tell me, guys, did you like being masters?

Children's answers.

Teacher: Let's have an exhibition and hang our drawings on stands?

KHOKHLOMA PAINTING - A SPLACE OF SCARLET BERRIES. ECHOES OF SUMMER IN THE GREEN GRASS. GROVES-COPPLES, SILK SPLASHES OF SUN-HONEY GOLDEN FOLIAGE Khokhloma painting delights with bright colors and the radiance of gold. With its beauty, Khokhloma products can compete even with expensive dishes made of gold and silver, although they are made from a very affordable material - wood. They were made in villages near Nizhny Novgorod and brought to the fair in Khokhloma, hence the name “Khokhloma painting”.

4.Olivation. Cover with 4 layers of drying oil, the 4th layer is the thickest, dry in an oven at a temperature of degrees. 5. Tinning - tin or aluminum powder is rubbed into the product, it acquires a beautiful white-mirror shine. Drying.

7. Treatment. The painted and dried product is coated with oil varnish and hardened in an oven at a temperature of degrees. Under the influence of temperature, the varnish turns yellow and the product acquires a golden color.

The main element of the painting is grass; the artists were called “herbalists”. Grass, berries, flowers, birds - all these are symbols of a happy life, like the Garden of Eden... Red - joy, gold - warmth, happiness, wealth, beauty and purity; green - the color of life, nature; black - solemnity.

Writing on the board: Golden Khokhloma.

Khokhloma painting,
A scattering of scarlet berries,
Echoes of summer
In the green grass.

Groves, copses,
Silk splashes,
Sunny honey
Golden foliage.

The beauty is chiseled
Brocade sundress,
Along the waves of patterns
The yachts are burning.

What kind of sorcerers
They dressed Khokhloma
In this unspeakable
Holiday outfit?
(P. Sinyavsky)

A long time ago, in the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region, the custom of decorating wooden utensils with painting arose. In this forested region, almost everything was made of wood. The entire territory of the region was like one workshop scattered across hundreds of villages. Residents, as if by agreement, divided among themselves all types of production of wooden products. Each group of villages had a center - a large trading village, where peasants came every week to the market to sell their products. The villages where wooden utensils were sharpened and painted were located around the large trading village of Khokhloma, which gave its name to the entire art of painting. It was from here that cups and spoons scattered like firebirds all over the earth. When the merchant was asked: “Where does such a miracle come from?”, he proudly answered: “From Khokhloma.” And so it happened: Khokhloma and Khokhloma. To this day, painted dishes are called Khokhloma.

These fake spoons
Saucers, ladles, nesting dolls,
She wrote it out for us herself
Golden Khokhloma!
(L. Kulikova)

Chairs, boards and floors,
And cribs and beds,
She wrote it out for us herself
Golden Khokhloma!
(L. Kulikova)

There is no more elegant coloring book,
As if she came to us from a fairy tale,
Where are the kings and the tower,
Golden Khokhloma!
(L. Kulikova)

But before the dishes fell into the hands of merchants, they were made by the “golden” hands of craftsmen. How did craftsmen come up with the idea of painting wooden utensils golden without using gold? This still remains a mystery even to experts. But the process, developed over centuries, even now turns ordinary white wood into a shiny gold product.

What is the secret of colorful Khokhloma dishes? How is it made? It turns out that this is not at all easy.

1. A wooden product is coated with a liquid solution of “vapa” clay. Clay closes the pores of the wood, creating a waterproof layer.

2. After this, the products are moistened with raw linseed oil and dried well. Then cover with drying oil and dry again, repeating this operation 3-4 times.

3. The next stage is tinning. The product is covered with half-milk: tin or aluminum powder is rubbed into the product with a swab. The products become smooth, shiny and resemble metal.

4. And only now does the dyer (the person who applies the pattern) get to work. The painting is done with oil paints. All elements of painting are performed immediately with a brush, without preliminary pencil drawing.

5. The painted and dried product is coated with oil varnish (previously it was covered with drying oil) and placed in the oven to “heat”. When exposed to temperature, the varnish turns yellow. Then this delightful honey-golden color appears. This is how the phrase “Golden Khokhloma” arose.

According to the craftsmen, such dishes are not afraid of either heat or cold, wash well, last a long time, compete with gold in elegance, and are affordable for everyone.

Question: What colors do craftsmen use?

Answer: Red, black, just a little yellow and green for fine detailing.

Question: What patterns do you see on the dishes?

Answer: Leaves, berries, curls, dots.

Question: What can these drawings be compared to? Do craftsmen invent them themselves or borrow them from somewhere?

Answer: Nature has twigs, leaves, grass.

Teacher: Correct! The master knows and loves the forest side: here there is viburnum, rowan, lingonberry - all kinds of fruits, flowers and herbs have freedom.

Let's take a closer look and see that Khokhloma painting is divided into two types: “top” writing and “background”.

The peculiarity of the “horse” painting is to apply a pattern with strokes over a golden background.

The peculiarity of the “background” painting is that the background around the pattern is painted red or black. With this method, leaves, flowers or birds stand out against this background in the form of golden silhouettes.

But usually these two types of painting are intricately intertwined in one product.

The most favorite among Khokhloma artists is the “grass pattern” or “grass”, which vaguely resembles sedge. Often among the “grass” a flower, bird, or fish is depicted. The most intricate patterns are called “curls”: grass turns into large curls - curls.

Here are the berries. For lingonberry, currant and mountain ash berries, use a seal-poke (a cotton swab). But gooseberries, strawberries and raspberries are painted immediately with a brush. After the red paint has dried, the berries are “enlivened” with yellow.

A blade of grass is a thin, smoothly bending stem, from which curved stems with curls extend in all directions. The pressure of the brush is applied to the widest part of the blade of grass.

"Kudrina" is a floral-leaf pattern with rounded wide leaves with curls.

The leaflet is most often a stylized currant leaf. Leaves and flowers begin with drawing the stems, then draw the main shape of the leaf or flower. Next, draw the veins on the leaves and the stamens of the flowers.

From such elements you can create a pattern.

"The world of magical Khokhloma"

Surprising
Sprouting,
Somehow festively alive
Young,
Not easy,
Black and red grass.
The leaves are turning red
Not thinning out
From the breath of winter.
We enter the kingdom of Berendey -
Into the world of magical Khokhloma.
(B. Dubrovsky)

And today we will try to turn into masters of Khokhloma painting and make a “grass” pattern. The art of Khokhloma is the pride of our culture. The golden patterns of Khokhloma have absorbed all the beauty of the Russian land.

Question: Do you agree with this?

Answer: Yes!

Teacher: And if you agree, then get to work.

In the process of independent work, the teacher provides children with creative freedom, providing individual assistance. You can turn on soft folk music. At the end of the lesson there is an exhibition. The children place their saucers on a special stand and, together with the teacher, choose the best works. The teacher does not forget to praise each student and note what they did best.

ECHOES OF SUMMER IN THE GREEN GRASS.
GROVES-COPPLES.
SILK SPLASHES
SUNNY HONEY GOLDEN FOLIAGE
BEAUTY'S CHAPPED - BROCADE SUNDRESS
IN THE WAVES OF PATTERNS THE YACHT BURN.
WHAT KHOKHLOMA WAS DRESSED BY THE SORCERERS
IN THIS UNSPEAKABLE HOLIDAY OUTFIT?
KHOKHLOMA PAINTING LIKE WITCHING
ASKS FOR A FAIRY-TALE SONG ITSELF.
AND THERE ARE NO SUCH FLOWERS IN THE WORLD
ALL THE MIRACLES OF OUR KHOKHLOMA!
P. Sinyavsky

Igor Belkovsky

Loving and admiring their native land with all their hearts, Russian people have long not only sung of its beauty in songs and fairy tales, but also created simple household items, decorated with bright ornate paintings, in which their favorite natural motifs came to life.

The art of Khokhloma painting was born a very long time ago. You probably understand yourself why it is so difficult to say when and in what century this happened, because wood is a short-lived material. Masters painted household items - furniture, dishes, household utensils. Nobody treated them as works of art, although their beauty and elegance were always appreciated.

Khokhloma painting is characterized by an original technique of painting wood in a golden color without the use of gold. Objects turned from wood (mainly dishes) were primed with a solution of clay, raw linseed oil and tin powder (in modern products - aluminum), on a layer of which a plant pattern was made in a free brush style of writing, then covered with linseed oil varnish (now synthetic) and hardened at high temperature in an oven.

The typical color of Khokhloma painting is a combination of red and black with gold. Common types of painting are “mountain” (red and black on a golden background) and “under the background” (golden silhouette pattern on a colored background).

Carved spoons and ladles
Take your time to take a look.
There is grass and flowers there
Unprecedented beauty.
They shine like gold
As if bathed in sunshine.
All the leaves are like leaves,
Here everyone is golden.
Such beauty people
They call it Khokhloma.

Khokhloma painting wood painting, Russian folk art craft - one of the most famous paintings in Russia. Art historians date the origins of the Khokhloma craft to the 2nd half of the 17th century. on the territory of the modern Koverninsky district of the Gorky region; The name of the fishery was given by the trade village. Khokhloma of the same region is the center of sales of Khokhloma painting products in the 18th - early 20th centuries.

At first, the peasants themselves sold their products, but this took up precious time, so buyers soon began to buy them up: they resold the unpainted, “white” products to dyers, took the finished items to warehouses, and then for sale in trading villages and towns. Khokhloma is a large ancient trading village in the former Nizhny Novgorod province.

In Khokhloma there were dyehouses, warehouses and shopping arcades in which they sold “Khokhloma goods” brought on carts in beautiful bast-woven bast boxes - elegant golden bowls, spoons, supplies, burlatsky bowls and brothers - spherical vessels with a wide-open rim-neck .

This village, as you may have guessed, gave the name to the whole fishery.

Khokhloma products were sold both at the bazaars of Gorodets and at the most crowded fair in Russia - Makaryevskaya, located near the walls of the Makaryevsky Monastery near Nizhny Novgorod. At the end of the 19th century, the Makaryevskaya Fair was transferred to this city and became known as the Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

At the piers, Volga ships were full of colorful sails and flags, which were later replaced by steamships with colored and multi-voiced pipes.

From here, “Khokhloma” was transported down and up the Volga to villages, towns and cities of Russia, reached Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, India, and entered Europe. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, Khokhloma fishing earned worldwide fame. Products of Russian craftsmen were bought in Romania, Bulgaria, Norway, France, and they sailed to the shores of America, Africa, and Australia.

Khokhloma items, elegant and cheap, could be found in a peasant hut, in the home of an artisan and middle-class trader, and in the simple belongings of soldiers and barge haulers. The beauty of these simple products was appreciated by artists and scientists, and townspeople began to buy them.

In the village of Semyonovo
In the Russian region,
There were huts
When I was there...
And the birds sang there,
The earth fed.
And yellow rye
Caressed the fields.
The forests were born there
Rowan, flowers.
And people lived there
Cherishing dreams.
To make life more beautiful
For residents of technical
They wrote on the bowls
Pattern for fun.
Wrote patterns
Their hands, souls.
Prayed in cathedrals
So that there is no sushi.
And in these patterns
Rowan vines.
The Councils reigned
Forests and mowing.
There he performed the muse
Russian people with a brush.
And he created a fairy tale,
Delicately inscribed fruit.
There the fairy tale was woven
In buckets and at home.
This is how it was born
We have Khokhloma.
L. Larkina

Art historians date the origins of the Khokhloma craft to the second half of the 17th century, linking it with the Old Believers who fled to the Trans-Volga forests. According to legend, their first settlement arose miraculously. Far in the North, on Solovetsky Island, stood the monastery of Zosima and Savvaty. Its inhabitants did not accept Nikon’s innovations and rebelled. The tsarist army was sent here, and after a long siege, the “Solovetsky inmates” were taken from the island to the mainland in shackles.

Only one elder managed to escape from under the royal guard. And as soon as he entered the forest thicket, he saw in the air an icon that had previously been in the monastery. That icon flew over the forest, showing the elder the way. He followed her, and the trees parted before him, the impassable swamps dried up, and the dead wood was scattered to the side.
So the elder came to the Kerzhen forests, where he founded his first schismatic settlement - a monastery.
This legend explained how a close connection arose between the Trans-Volga and northern Old Believers, which had a great influence on the art of Khokhloma.

Moving to the Volga region, the Old Believers brought with them not only icons and books, but also household utensils, which are excellent examples of decorative and applied art.
So in the Trans-Volga forests on the banks of the Volga, first small villages of one or two courtyards grew, and then entire villages began to be built. The location was convenient. Fairs were held on the banks of the river, to which goods were brought from both the north and south of Russia.
Products were brought here from the Urals, and from Ukraine, from Siberia and Asia.
The proximity to a large river and a fair created favorable conditions for various crafts and trade.

Like the sorceress Firebird,
Doesn't go out of my mind

Compiled by: teacher of the MDOU Georgievsky kindergarten
general developmental species in Mezhevsky district, Kostroma region
Markova Marina Vitalievna.

Program content:

Introduce painting on Khokhloma products;
Learn to highlight the elements of the Khokhloma pattern (leaf, berry, grass) and see beauty;
Develop color perception, sense of rhythm, creative imagination;
Learn techniques for painting with a brush the decorative elements of the plant pattern of Khokhloma painting;
To cultivate love and respect for the work of folk craftsmen;
To develop knowledge about the features of painting toys, dishes and other crafts.

Equipment: products (product reproductions) Khokhloma, Gzhel, Dymki; sheets of paper (silhouettes of dishes), watercolor (gouache) red, yellow, black, green colors, brushes, jars.

Progress of the lesson:

Today is our special day,

I invite you friends.

Are you ready to go with me?

I am calling you to a wonderful world.

Look at these products guys. Which ones are you familiar with? What are their names? (Dymkovo and Gzhel products)

Divide them into groups. Look carefully and find similar ones. Show which products can be combined into a separate group. Let's look at products that are unfamiliar to us (Khokhloma). What do they have in common, what unites them? (these products are made of wood, the same patterns: berries, leaves, decorative flowers, “grass”, twigs). What makes it different from products from other groups? (Khokhloma products are made of wood, and the rest are made of clay and porcelain. Khokhloma products are decorated with patterns on black and yellow backgrounds, and Dymkovo and Gzhel products are on a white background)

Look, these are like extraordinary wooden bowls and spoons, ladles and bowls, but they are gold!

Herbs, leaves, flowers, leaves, fabulous firebirds, wonderful fish are painted on them. There is no shame in putting such dishes on the royal table. How did this marvelous wonder - “golden Khokhloma” - appear?

An old legend tells: once upon a time there lived a man in the Nizhny Novgorod forests, on the banks of a quiet river. We don’t know who he is or where he came from. That man carved wooden bowls and spoons and painted them like this (colored) that they seemed to be made of pure gold. The king found out about this and became angry: “Why don’t I have such a master in my palace?! Give it to me! Immediately!" He tapped his staff, stamped his foot, and sent soldiers to take the craftsman to the palace. The soldiers set off to carry out the royal order, but no matter how much they searched, they could not find the miracle master. He went to God knows where, but first he taught local peasants how to make “golden” dishes. In each hut cups and spoons sparkled with gold. A lot of “golden” dishes were sold at a fair in the village of Khokhloma. This is how the name “golden Khokhloma” was born.

But making real Khokhloma is not at all easy.

First, the master carves a blank from wood - the future bowl. Then he dries it and covers it with a thin layer of clay. Now the bowl looks like a clay one, then it is soaked in linseed oil. And gold is not required for “golden Khokhloma”! Instead of expensive gold, the bowl is rubbed with tin or aluminum powder. The bowl shines like silver. Then the artist draws an intricate design with a soft brush. Then the bowl is varnished and placed in the oven. Not to cook porridge, but for drying, for “hardening”. And a miracle happens: the wooden bowl becomes golden, with an elegant, colorful design!

Let's take a look at these products again. How much heat they emit, soft, smooth to the touch, pleasing to the eye. How delicious it is to eat from such fabulous dishes! And even with a golden painted spoon. Khokhloma is not afraid of heat, moisture, or cold. Its colors will still shine, and the “gold” will not fade. Because the golden hands of masters made this miracle.

Who can tell me what plant elements the Khokhloma pattern consists of? (berries, leaves, curls).

Look, there are scarlet bunches of rowan, and a ripe strawberry, and curls of herbs and leaves. And most importantly - a shimmering golden background. Today we will learn to draw such patterns.

What colors do we need to make the pattern? (black, red, green)

First you need to draw a curved branch with the end of the brush. Then berries and leaves are depicted on the branch (leaves can be painted with the end of a brush, by dabbing, and berries can also be drawn with the end of a brush or by poking). Then you can draw blades of grass near the berries and leaves - with lines (arched). And you will get a garland.

I see you are tired. Now you can get up and we can rest a little

Physical education minute.

If everything in the world were

Same color

(Rotational movements of the head)

It would make you angry

Or did it make you happy?

(head tilts back and forth.)

People are used to seeing the world

White, yellow, blue, red

(Hands on the belt, body tilts left - right)

Let everything around us be

Amazing and different!

(Jumping in place on the left, right, two legs).

Well done! Have a seat!

Guys, look. I have dishes here: bowls, spoons, vases. This dish has a golden-yellow background.

Now you will become masters - artists of Khokhloma and decorate the products with patterns.

What is the main rule when creating a pattern? (the elements of the pattern should be located rhythmically, at the same distance, repeating the elements evenly).

Children's work.

Now look at these products and tell me, what mood does Khokhloma dishes evoke?

Choose and show the most beautiful spoon. Tell us about it: what color it is, what colors it is painted on, what berries are on the pattern, why this spoon is better than others.

Now show me the most beautiful bowl or vase

Guys, look, now our exhibition has been replenished with Khokhloma products.

Now listen to the poem about Khokhloma:

Like the sorceress Firebird,

Doesn't go out of my mind

Sorceress-craftswoman,

Golden Khokhloma.

And rich and beautiful,

I am glad to see the guest from the bottom of my heart.

Cups, bowls and ladles.

And what’s missing here:

Bunches of fiery mountain ash,