The rules of water polo have been repeatedly changed and refined in order to improve the dynamism and entertainment of the game. Currently, they are reviewed every 4 years, if necessary, additions and changes are made.
Team line-ups
The total number of declared players in one team is 11-13 athletes. Six field players and a goalkeeper play on the field. Players are replaced in case of injury or during game breaks.
There are certain rules of conduct for the goalkeeper. He has the right to hit the ball with his fist, take it with both hands, but he cannot swim across the middle line, touch the ball beyond it. After fixing an offside position, the goalkeeper must throw the ball in between the posts.
The raised red flag by line referees signals the correct formation of teams, after which the chief referee starts the game with a whistle, throws the ball into the middle of the field. After a goal is scored, the match is restarted with a throw-in at the halfway line with the players in their own half.
According to the rules of water polo, each team has the right to a minute time-out, which can be taken by the coach if his team is in possession of the ball. Athletes are given 25 (30) seconds to attack. If during this period there was a throw of the ball on goal, the countdown resumes again.
Playing field, ball, equipment
The site is a rectangle on the water field. Its dimensions:
- Length - 30 m;
- Width - 20 m;
- Depth - not less than 1.8 m.
The middle line, the goal line and 2, 4, 7-meter markings are marked on the field. At the turn of the playing area, 2 meters from the referee, there is a re-entry zone for substitution players or after removal.
The goals are mounted in the middle of the goalkeeper's line, they are two posts with a crossbar. They are painted white, the height is 90 centimeters above the water level, the width between the sides is 3 m. The weight of the ball in water polo is 0.4-0.45 kg, its diameter is from 65 to 71 cm.
Ammunition for water polo players consists of swimming equipment and special caps that differ in color from the opponents' team and the ball. The numbers of the participants are indicated on the hats. Goalkeepers wear red caps with number 1.
Throws (hitting)
A goal is scored if the ball is completely on target behind the goal line. A goal can be scored with any part of the body, if before that it was touched by the palm of at least two participants in the match. A goal after a corner, controversial or free draw is counted if the second player in the field threw the ball purposefully.
After the athlete has knocked the ball over his own goal line, a corner kick is awarded. It is carried out by opponents from the mark of the 2-meter line, where not one athlete at this moment, except for the goalkeeper, should be.
After injuries, ambiguous violations, the referee may appoint a controversial rally. The players of both teams are at the same distance from the place of the throw-in, the referee throws the ball into this zone. After he touched the water, the athletes have the right to touch him.
Errors and violations
- Immersion of the ball completely in the water;
- A field player striking the ball with his fist or receiving it with both hands;
- Pass to a partner who is ahead of the passer within the two-meter zone of the opponent;
- Active participation in the gameplay of an athlete who walks along the bottom or pushes off from it;
- Interfering with the movement of an opponent without the ball;
- Exceeding the time limit for conducting an attack;
- The goalkeeper touches the ball in the opponent's half.
Such fouls are punished with a free throw.
Dismissal violations include fouls such as tackling, hard blocking, interference with a free throw and a corner throw, and rough treatment of an opponent. The participant is removed for 15 (20) seconds of pure time without the right to substitute.
Removal before the end of the match is practiced in case of unsportsmanlike and rude behavior of athletes in relation to other players, referees, spectators.
Offenses punishable by a free throw from the 4-meter line:
- Prevention of taking one's own goal in violation of the rules;
- The appearance of a substitute or sent-off player with a violation of timing;
- Influencing the coach's game against the rules;
- Rough game.
For three personal fouls, the athlete is removed from the field until the end of the match with the right to substitute.
Judges
Matches in water polo are served by a team of referees, which consists of two main referees, a timekeeper, linesmen. The chief referee is responsible and controls the beginning of the games, putting the ball into play, the behavior of the players, scoring.
The timekeepers monitor the attack time, the correctness of substitutions and removals. Judges announce their decisions with whistles and flags of different colors.
The team consists of 11 players, of which 7 people participate in the game at the same time. Players may be substituted in case of injury or during a stoppage of play (a quarter-pause, a goal).
Game time
The game consists of 4 games of 5 minutes of pure time with 3 breaks of 2 minutes. The game lasts approximately 40 minutes, including all pauses due to the fact that the game was interrupted (for scoring a goal, making mistakes, throw-ins and corners). Before the start of play or when play is resumed after an interval, the players line up on the goal line at a distance of at least 2 m from each other and from the goalposts.
The referees at the gate raise a red flag, signaling to the chief referee that the players are in the correct formation. The chief referee starts the game with a whistle and throws the ball into the middle of the field or removes the ball from a special "basket". After a goal, the game is restarted with a throw-in at the halfway line, with the players of each team in their own half of the field.
Goal
A goal is scored if the ball completely crosses the goal line between the posts. A goal may be scored with any part of the body if, after the start or restart of play, it has been touched with the palm of at least two players. A goal from free throws, corners or dropped balls is only awarded if a second field player intentionally touches the ball.
Goalkeeper rules
The rules of the game of the goalkeeper have distinctive features. The goalkeeper has the right to hit the ball with his fist or take the ball with both hands at the same time. The goalkeeper, however, is not allowed to swim across the center line and touch the ball beyond it. The goalkeeper has no right to throw the ball over the center line. After an offside position, the goalkeeper takes a goal clearance between the goalposts.
Corner kick
If a player knocks the ball over his own goal line (without scoring into the goal) into "out" or the ball went there after it was last touched by a player from the defending team, the referee awards a corner blow, which is taken by a player from the opposing team. Corner ball breaks from the mark of the two-meter line. At the same time, none of the water polo players, with the exception of the goalkeeper, has the right to be within the two-meter line.
Drop ball
If the players of both teams have made mistakes and the referee cannot determine who first broke the rules, then (as in the case of stopping the game as a result of injuries or accidents), he appoints a dropped ball, i.e. throws the ball as precisely as possible where the mistake was made. In this case, the players of both teams are at an equal distance from the ball. Athletes have the right to touch the ball after it has touched the surface of the water.
Rule violations
Violations of the rules, which are penalized by the judge, are divided into simple and gross.
Simple Mistakes
For simple errors, a free throw is awarded. It is performed by any player on the opposing team from the place where the mistake was made. The referee signals with a whistle or the color of the flag (blue or white) which team is awarded a free throw.
The following are considered common mistakes:
- if, at the beginning or at the restart of the game, the athlete begins to act before the whistle of the referee;
- if a player helps another player during the game or holds on to an immovable object (goal post, boundary ropes, pool side) or tries to push off from it (except for pushing off from the pool wall at the beginning or when the game is resumed);
- intends to enter the game while standing or walking (for example, in pools with insufficient water depth);
- attempts to dribble or hold the ball under water at the moment it is being attacked, i.e. trying to take the ball away, the opponent;
- hits the ball with his fist (only the goalkeeper is allowed to do this);
- intentionally splashes water in the opponent's face;
- for dropped balls, touches the ball before it touches the water;
- pushes off the bottom of the pool to get hold of the ball or attack an opponent;
- interferes with the actions of a player not in possession of the ball (floats on the shoulders, back or legs), pushes him or pushes him away;
- touches the ball simultaneously with 2 hands (this is not considered a fault for the goalkeeper);
- swims within the 2-meter court without the ball or lingers there, i.e. ends up behind the ball;
- deliberately delays the time of the game: for example, the team has possession of the ball for more than 35 seconds without taking a shot at the goal;
- shoots a free throw not in accordance with the rules.
Gross mistakes
Gross errors are punished by a free throw or removal of the player. For separate gross errors, a free throw is awarded from the 4-meter line within the 4-meter area. In this case, the player who made a mistake is not removed. For all other errors, players are removed for up to 1 minute of net playing time.
In the event that the team to which the sent-off player belongs scores a goal, he is allowed to return to the field before the expiration of the allotted time. In case of gross violations of the rules, the player may be removed for the entire duration of the game. The player taking the free throw chooses any place on the 4-meter line.
All other players leave the 4m line and are at least 1m away from the free throw shooter. The goalkeeper remains on the goal line. The free throw is taken immediately on the referee's whistle. If the ball, after being thrown, rebounds from the goalpost or from the goalkeeper back onto the playing field, the game is immediately restarted.
The following are also considered gross errors:
- if a player kicks or strikes an opponent or attempts to do so;
- blocks, sinks or pulls back an opponent who is not in possession of the ball;
- holds or pulls aside the goalpost to prevent a goal being scored;
- fails to follow the instructions of the referee or repeatedly misses simple mistakes following one another;
- interferes with free throws, free throws or corner throws;
- hits the ball thrown at the goal with both hands (with the exception of the goalkeeper).
Water polo(English) water polo) - a team water Olympic sport, in which the goal is to throw the ball into the opponent's goal more times than the opponent does in a set time. The game takes place in the water, and the ball is held and thrown into the goal with one hand.
The International Swimming Federation (FR. Federation Internationale de Natation, FINA) is an organization that unites most of the national swimming federations. The headquarters of the organization is located in Lausanne (Switzerland).
History of water polo (emergence and development)
Modern water polo was invented by William Wilson in the second half of the 19th century. At first, the game was very similar to rugby, since in the first editions of the rules it was allowed to use force in the fight for the ball and hold the opponent. In addition, the field for playing water polo was marked on a stationary reservoir, and instead of a gate, sticks were dug into the bottom of the reservoir, protruding 30-40 cm above the surface of the water. The players had to swim to bring the ball into the goal.
Who Invented Water Polo?
Modern water polo was invented by William Wilson in the second half of the 19th century.
In 1869, water polo was first introduced to the general public in London, at that time the game was called "football on the water" and had no clearly articulated rules. In 1870, a commission of sports experts was convened to formalize the rules, but the commission did not achieve any results. It was not until 1876 that William Wilson drew up the rules for water polo, which remained relevant until 1890.
Since 1900, the game has been on the list of Olympic sports, and the first world water polo championship was held in 1973.
Basic water polo rules (briefly)
Water polo time. A water polo match consists of four periods of 8 minutes each. The countdown in the period starts from the first touch of the ball.
How long is a water polo game?
A water polo match consists of four periods of 8 minutes each.
Each team is given only 25 seconds to attack, after 25 seconds the ball goes to the opposing team. The rules allow each team to take 4 time-outs per game in regular time and 1 time-out in overtime. A time-out can only be taken by the team in possession of the ball.
6 field players and 1 goalkeeper can be on the field at the same time.
In water polo it is forbidden:
- attack a player who is not in possession of the ball;
- drown, drag, hold a player who does not own the ball;
- sink the ball.
Having made a gross mistake, the player is removed from the water for 15 seconds or until the end of the opponent's attack time. At the end of the penalty time, the player must return to the game. A non-gross mistake is punished with a free throw, which can be sent directly to the opponent's goal if the violation occurred behind the five-meter playing line, or played by re-passing. The player who has earned 3 removals is sent off until the end of the game with the right to substitute and sits on the bench with his hat untied.
pool in water polo
The size of the playing field (pool) for men is 30 meters long and 20 meters wide, for women 25 and 17 meters. The depth of the water polo pool must be at least 1.8 meters. The indicated dimensions of the pools are relevant for all major competitions, including the Olympic Games. The field contains the following markings:
- midfield line (white);
- goal lines (white);
- 2-, 4-, 7-meter lines (red, yellow, green);
- playing field border.
The markings must be clearly visible throughout the game. Marking is either permanent or removable. At the end of the playing field, two meters from the corner of the playing field (opposite the official scoreboard), a red or other brightly colored sign must be applied.
Gates are installed on both sides of the playing field. The goals are two posts and a rectangular crossbar 0.075 m thick, facing the playing field and painted white. They must be placed exactly in the middle of the goal line and at a distance of at least 0.30 m from the boundaries of the playing field. The distance between the goalposts must be 3 m and the bottom edge of the crossbar must be 0.90 m above the water surface. The minimum water temperature is 16 degrees.
Equipment and equipment for water polo
The water polo ball has a round shape and an air chamber with a closing nipple. The weight of the ball ranges from 400-450 grams. The circumference of the ball for games of men's teams is 0.68 - 0.71 meters, and for games of women's teams 0.65 - 0.67 meters.
Beanie with ear protectors to protect players from powerful ball impacts. Caps fasten under the chin and are not removed until the end of the game. Usually one of the teams plays in white hats and the other blue. Goalkeeper caps are red.
Standard provisions
A corner kick is awarded if a player kicks the ball over his own goal line or the ball was last touched by that player before going over the goal line. A corner kick is taken by a player of the opposing team from the two-meter line.
A dropped ball is awarded if the referee cannot determine which player was the first to break the rules. When a dropped ball is played, the players of both teams must be at the same distance from the place of violation of the rules, this is where the referee will throw the ball. As soon as the ball touches the water, the players will be able to touch the ball.
Refereeing
The panel of judges consists of the chief judge, the secretary of the judge, as well as the judges at the gate. The Chief Referee has an unlimited say in matters related to goal scoring, corner throws, goal kicks, and fouls.
The secretary of the referee oversees the removals from the field.
Judges at the gate are located on the sides of the pool at the level of the goal line. They give the following signals with flags:
- a white flag for an offside position,
- red flag - about the execution of a corner ball,
- flags of both colors - about the implementation of the goal.
water polo competition
The Olympic Games are the most prestigious competition in water polo.
The World Water Polo Championship is a competition of national teams, which takes place within the framework of the World Aquatics Championship, and is the second most prestigious.
2016-07-01We have tried to cover the topic as fully as possible, so this information can be safely used in the preparation of messages, reports on physical education and abstracts on the topic "Water polo".
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Like any other modern sport, water polo has its own officially approved competition rules. Appearing around the middle of the XIX century. it received uniform general rules in the last decades of the century.
Water polo rules for men and women: game time After that, they were continuously improved and brought in accordance with the trends of the time. This process continues until recent years. We see the process of competition development water polo. Rules of the game also change.
More recently, literally in 2016, the interstate swimming federation agreed on new modernized ones. The official reasons for which the changes were stipulated were to make the competition more dynamic and easier for the majority of spectators who come to the matches.
The most important innovations:
- Removal of an athlete from the game is limited to a quarter of a minute;
- The number of playing athletes in the pool from each team reaches six people, including a goalkeeper;
Changes in water polo rules over time - During game time, only 11 players included in the list participate in it;
- water polo ball number 4 is used for the competition
- the period during which the athlete has the ball is limited to half a minute;
According to these rules, today the world championship among youth, the official water polo championship in Russia and a number of other competitions have already taken place.
Bringing the rules of water polo to life The competitions have brought innovations in water polo. Game rules in brief marked the following changes:
- the number of athletes in each team is 11 main +2 reserve athletes, they are allowed to be involved in these and other competitions in case of force majeure (health problems, etc.);
- reducing the time for possession of the ball from half a minute to a quarter. This required a quicker transition from defense to attack;
- lowering the time to remove the athlete from 20 to 15 seconds.
- The water polo game is divided into four periods of 8 minutes each. The start of the game is announced from the first touch of the ball by the athlete;
- you can not attack an athlete who does not have the ball;
- you can not deliberately immerse the ball completely under water. Such an action contributes to the transition of the ball to the opponents;
Addition to the rules of water polo - it is impossible to influence by different methods on an athlete who does not have a ball. By decision of the referee, for this violation it is possible to remove from the pool for a third of a minute or until the end of the attack of the opposing side. There have been major changes to the game. water polo. The rules of time have become tougher;
- A free kick (a kick aimed directly at the opponent's goal) is not a gross miss. When such a violation was outside the five-meter protective sphere, the referee determines a five-meter kick or the ball is distributed by a pass method;
- an athlete who has earned three removals during the game must leave the pool before the end of this match, but with the possibility of replacement. He must be on the bench with his cap untied as a sign that he is no longer playing;
- by decision of the judges, it is allowed to remove players from both teams at once;
- The transfer of the ball aimed at the players of his team is carried out through the air without affecting the water. Sometimes the transfer comes with a ball rebound from the water mirror to an athlete who is near the opponent's goal line so that he can rise in the air and score a goal.
The area of the existing field, according to water polo rules. men equals 30 m by 20 m, for women, respectively, 25 and 17 m. The distance from the surface of the reservoir to the bottom in a water polo reservoir cannot be less than 2 m. These digital data of reservoirs are valid in the framework of large-scale various competitions, including Olympic ones.
On the game pool there is such a multi-colored drawing of the reservoir:
- center stripe (light shade);
- sashes (light shade);
- 2-, 4-, 7-m. levels (of different colors);
- reservoir outline.
All shades must be well traced in the course of ongoing competitions. The drawing of the reservoir exists stable and variable. At the end of the water playing field, opposite the game board, there is a sign of a bright arbitrary color.
Pool and water polo rules in championships On the opposite edges of the water field are the gates of opponents. The gate consists of two posts and a pole, connected by a rectangular pole 0.075 m thick, directed towards the water field and covered with light-colored paint. They must stand in the center of the boundary line and for at least 0.30 m from the edges of the field. The length between the uprights reaches three meters, and the height of the crossbar is 0.90 m above the water surface. The water temperature is at least 16 degrees.
water polo competition
For water polo players, as well as for other athletes, the most important competition in water polo is the Olympic Games. Water polo rules 2017 left their status unchanged.
Basic rules of the game
Water polo originated in Britain in the late 1860s. Water polo name arose by analogy with horse polo. The participants of the very first games swam on barrels, pushing off the bottom with poles, they also hit the ball - later horse heads and tails were attached to the barrels, hence the word "polo" in the name of the game. Then they abandoned the barrels, but played without a goal: the goal of the game was to swim up to the boat (or raft) and put the ball there. Over time, the boats were replaced with gates, however, the gate, like the goalkeeper who protected them, was originally located on land. In America, they got by with a gate painted on the wall of the pool.
First water polo rules developed in 1876 by the Scot Wils Wilson. In 1885, the English Swimming Federation officially recognized water polo as an independent sport and approved the rules of the game (which determined only general, mainly organizational aspects of the game).
The rules of water polo have been introduced more than once changes to make the game more dynamic and spectacular. One of the most dramatic innovations was the abolition of the rule that prohibited any movement of players across the field after the referee's whistle. Equally important was the decision of the International Water Polo Committee to limit the penalty time and the time of continuous possession of the ball by one team without a shot on goal (both of these time periods were later reduced). Previously, a sent-off player could return to the court only after a goal was scored, and often a team, having a satisfactory score in a match, was in no hurry to realize a numerical advantage, since the time of possession of the ball (without a shot on goal) was not limited. In different years, the length of the court was also reduced, the duration of periods was increased, power struggle was limited, substitutions were allowed not only during stops in the game, but also during the game, etc. Now the rules of water polo are reviewed every 4 years: if necessary, changes are made there, "prompted" by playing practice.
Water polo players are considered the most athletic athletes. It can be said that water polo is a combination of football, basketball and hockey, with 85% of the players' bodies submerged in water. To stay afloat, athletes use a special leg movement technique that is somewhat reminiscent of beating eggs with a mixer.
Water polo rules
Water polo is a team game. The goal of the game is to defend your goal and throw the ball into the opponent's goal. Players do not have the right to stand on the bottom of the site and touch the sides, but must be afloat throughout the game.
The game is played on a rectangular water platform. At international competitions, its length is 30 m, width - 20 m, and depth - at least 1.8 m (in tournaments for women's teams, the size of the platform is 25 × 17 m). The center line, goal lines, as well as 2-meter, 4-meter and 7-meter lines are marked on the site. On the border of the playing field (from the side judge) at a distance of 2 m from its corner, the so-called re-entry zone is marked with a special mark (for players who have served the removal and coming on as a substitute). Goals (in the form of side posts and crossbars, having a rectangular section and painted white) are installed in the middle of the goal lines. Their height above the water level is 0.9 m, width - 3 m. Water polo weight is 400-450 g, circumference - 68-71 cm (for women's teams - 65-67 cm).
In the equipment of the players special water polo caps are required: white for one team, and a color contrasting with white, as well as different from red and from the color of the ball, for the other team (according to established tradition, they are usually blue). For international competitions, caps must be fitted with ear protectors. The numbers of players are indicated on the caps - from 2 to 13. Goalkeepers wear red caps at number 1 (both main and reserve).
Water polo teams consist of no more than 13 people, 7 of them directly participate in the game: the goalkeeper and 6 field players. Substitution can be made at any time: during a stop in the game - at any point, and directly during the game - only in the re-entry zone.
Match consists of 4 periods of 7 minutes of pure time each with a 2-minute break between them. After the 2nd period and the 1st period of extra time, the teams change ends. If a draw in the match is ruled out, and the winner was not revealed in regular time, extra time is assigned: 2 periods of 3 minutes with a minute break between them. If in this case neither side achieves a victory, a third additional period is assigned, the game in which goes to the first goal.
At the start of the game each team lines up on their goal line. The ball is placed in the center of the clearing by a special buoy. At the whistle of the referee, the buoy goes down, and the ball remains afloat. The fastest player from each team rushes to the ball in order to take possession of it. Each team, with the help of dribbling and passing the ball, approaches the opponent's goal, preparing for a shot on goal. Only the goalkeeper has the right to take the ball with both hands. It is considered a violation to hold the ball under water, whether or not it is intentional.
The attack has 35 seconds to roll. Goal counted in case the whole ball crosses the goal line. If within 35 seconds the throw did not happen, then the opponent puts the ball into play and starts the attack.
It is forbidden to touch the ball with both hands, hold the ball under water, attack a player who is not in possession of the ball, or push an opponent away. A penalty kick is awarded if the violation occurred in the 4-meter defensive zone. There is a punishment in the form of removal of the player for 20 seconds. The suspension lasts until the first goal or change of possession.
If the ball goes over the goal line from the hand of the attackers, then the defending team is awarded a goal throw, if it is from the hand of the defenders, then a corner throw is granted to the attacking team. The goal kick is taken by the goalkeeper from the 2m area. Corner throw is made from a 2-meter zone from the edge of the site.
Each team is entitled to two timeouts(for 1 min). The coach can take them at any time, but only in a situation where his team owns the ball.
Refereeing in water polo carried out by a large judiciary team. In addition to the two chief referees who signal the start (continuation) of the game, fixing a goal, etc., these are, first of all, timekeepers who control the total time of the match, penalty time, timeouts and 35-second segments that are given to teams for uninterrupted possession of the ball. During the game, the referees give sound (whistle) and visual (using special flags of different colors) signals.
From the online encyclopedia "Circumnavigation"