As a result of which the height decreases and at the same time the transverse dimensions of the workpieces increase (figure, position a). The draft is used to obtain the shape of the forging, in order to reduce the depth of the firmware, to ensure the appropriate arrangement of the fibers in the future part (in the manufacture of gears, increased strength of the teeth is ensured as a result of the radial arrangement of the fibers), as a control operation (due to significant deformation along the perimeter on the side surface defects are exposed).
When upsetting, it is required that the tool overlaps the workpiece. Due to friction, the side surface of the upset workpiece becomes barrel-shaped, which characterizes the uneven deformation. By repeating the draft several times from different sides, it is possible to bring the workpiece to its original shape or close to it, while obtaining a higher quality of the metal and the same in all directions.
Schemes of precipitation of metal and its varieties
The average diameter of the workpiece is determined by the formula:
Preforms are subjected to upsetting, for which the height does not exceed 2.5 ... 3 diameters. Otherwise, either a longitudinal bending of the workpiece or the formation of a saddle shape is possible.
Varieties of draft are landing and draft by dispersing the butt.
Metal landing
Metal landing- forging, which consists in deforming part of the workpiece (end part or middle). To carry out the operation, local heating is used, for example, in the middle of the workpiece (figure, position b), or deformation is limited on a part of the workpiece with an annular tool (figure, position c).
Draft by dispersing the butt allows you to reduce the height and increase the area of the previously upset workpiece (figure, position d). The localization of the deformation makes it possible to reduce the upsetting force.
Oll I..S,A.N.I.E
INVENTION
Union of Soviet
Socialist
State Committee
USSR for Inventions and Discoveries (23) Priority” (53) UDC 66.012-52 (088.8) Published on 05.03.80. Bulletin #9
A. I. Zolotarev, A. A. Shchelinsky, A. Ya. Patskan, V. A. Nikitenko and A. V. Dubovsky (7l)
/ (54) AUTOMATIC REMOVAL DEVICE
SEDIMENT FROM THE VACUUM FILTER DISC
The invention relates to devices for automatically regulating the operation of disk vacuum filters and can be used in the processes of dehydration of products in various suspensions using disk vacuum filters in the coal, chemical and metallurgical industries.
According to the main auth. certificate No. 521910, a device is known for automatically removing sediment from vacuum filter discs, containing a compressed air receiver with a blow-off valve, a control spool installed on the compressed air line, a pulse sensor with a program unit, a sediment thickness sensor and a threshold element, the output of which is connected to the first input logic element AND, the second input of which is connected to the output of the pulse sensor, and the output is connected to the control spool.
The disadvantages of the device are that the efficiency of its operation depends on the quality of blowing off the filtered sludge, as well as the costs of achieving this quality, which in turn depend on the accuracy of measuring the thickness of the sludge by the sensor and the coincidence of the signal of the latter with the signal of the pulse sensor, owls at the time full entry of the sector with the measured sludge into the blowing zone.
5 In addition, disks (diameter 3 m) consisting of separate sectors, during their rotation, have a runout in the axial direction. The magnitude of this beat reaches
60 - 80 mm with sediment thickness on the disc
10 is about 20 mm, which has a significant impact on the accuracy of sediment thickness measurement.
It is impossible to control the thickness of the deposit on the sector of the disk located in the blowing zone, since the deposit removed in this case interferes with the operation of the sensor. Therefore, the sediment thickness gauge is installed in the zone prior to blowing. In this case, the thickness sensor signal provides information about the thickness of the deposit on the sector that is not included in the blowing zone, and the command is sent to blow off another sector. The coincidence of the required signals in time is violated.
Claim
The purpose of the invention is to increase the efficiency of the device by improving the quality of control.
This goal is achieved by the fact that the device is equipped with a block "zdadert ikki, input
Kotiyaro Oydiien with dt itiiiiiotd ttolshiiitosid-
Oka; and the output - with a threshold element, while the "deposit thickness sensor is made in vi =" "d6" "rollers -" st fixed - on them - change the gene; yakpak - probes located on both sides of the vacuum-FIZhfa disk , and measuring units connected to the rollers. ----- Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a device for automatic removal of sediment from the vacuum filter disks" in Fig. 2 - sediment thickness sensor, view A in Fig. 1.
The device contains a disk vacuum filter 1, a compressed air receiver 2 with a blower valve 3; spool 4 controls, sensor 5 pulses with programming unit
6, sediment thickness sensor 7, delay block 8, threshold element 9, logic element 10 I. Sediment thickness sensor 7 you = polyen in the viK of two measuring probes
11, mounted on rollers 12. Rollers 12 - are hinged on a common platform
13 in a radial direction perpendicular to the axis of the disc shaft 14 on opposite sides. The common platform 13 is fixedly fixed on the bracket 15. The output ends of the rollers 12 are connected to the axes of the measuring units 16, for example, of the ferrodynamic type, which form the angle of rotation into a continuous signal. The outputs of the measuring units 16 are connected to each other in series and through the delay unit 8 are connected to the "threshold element 9.
The device operates as follows: When the disk vacuum filter is operating, - 1 at the time of the input "" of each sector of the disk into the blowing zone, the program block 6 turns on the sensor 5 pulses, which sends a signal to one of the inputs of the logic element 10 AND.
Measuring probes 11 of the sediment thickness sensor 7 are pressed with the help of a spring """ zhyyy to the disk with "ji3yx porosity and half-sides. Pr iiotsuts + gvyi" osaidok "Ka Yys) is the total signal of the measuring units 16 is equal to zero. In the presence of" sediment on the disk , . and accordingly, under the measuring probes 11, they deviate by an angle proportional to the sediment thickness. The angle is converted into a continuous sigodal supplied to the block 8 of the delay. In the presence of axial runout "disk proys d @ yt" change @ Eili disk "b gibsaytelyo platform in axis mmt, ut5yalyO Fy V-angle of deviation of the measuring probes 11;
One of them increases its deflection angle, and the second decreases it by the same amount. As a result, the total signal of the thickness sensor 7 remains unchanged, i.e., the axial beating of the disk does not affect the value of the sensor signal. In addition, the measurement result is not affected by changes in humidity, temperature, and other sediment characteristics. Block 8 delays" carries out
delay of the signal of the sediment thickness sensor 7 for the time the sector moves from the thickness control zone to the blowing zone. The signal from the delay block 8 through the threshold element 9 is fed to the second input of the AND logic element 10.
From the output of the logic element 10 And the signal goes to the control spool 4, which opens the valve 3 of the blower, while compressed air comes from the receiver
2 into the distribution head of the disc vacuum filter 10 and through it into the corresponding sector. When the thickness of the filtered sediment is less than a predetermined value, the threshold element 9 does not pass the signal of the thickness sensor 7 to the input of the AND logic element 10, as a result of which there is no signal at its output and the control spool 4 does not work. In this case, the compressed air from the receiver 2 does not enter the sector of the disk vacuum filter 1 and the sediment is not blown off.
The sector with sediment returns to the bath again and enters the filtration zone. There is a reabsorption of the material and the deposition of an additional layer of sediment on this sector.
The total thickness of the sediment increases in this case. As soon as it exceeds the predetermined value, the threshold element 9 passes the signal of the sediment thickness sensor 7 to the input of the logic element 10 AND and at the moment the signal from the sensor 5 of pulses arrives at its second input, a control signal appears at its output, which is fed to the spool 4 management.
The use of the device makes it possible to improve the quality of the filtered sludge blowoff, reduce the loss of useful product and increase the performance of the vacuum filter.
Device for automatic removal of sediment from vacuum filter disks according to ed. certificate No. 521910, characterized in that, in order to increase the efficiency of the vacuum filter by improving the quality of control, the device is equipped with a delay unit, the input of which is connected to the sediment thickness sensor, and the output is connected to the pops located on both sides of the disks vacuum filter, and measuring units connected to rollers.
Draft is the operation of free forging (and forging), which results in an increase in the cross section of the workpiece due to a decrease in its height (Fig. 22).
As can be seen from the figure, after upsetting, the workpiece takes on a barrel-shaped appearance. This is explained by the presence of external friction between the strikers and the workpiece,
which prevents the flow of metal in the radial direction both directly at the ends of the workpiece and near them. As the distance from the ends deep into the metal, the effect of external friction decreases, which explains the barrel shape of the side surfaces of the upset workpiece.
Based on the condition of the constancy of the volume of the initial and upset billets, the average diameter of the last one at any moment of upset can be determined by the dependence:
.
The upsetting operation is used: to increase the degree of forging in cases where the initial cross-sectional area of the ingot does not provide the required degree of forging during drawing; to obtain forgings of a larger cross section from blanks with a smaller cross section; as a preliminary operation before piercing in the manufacture of hollow forgings; as a preliminary operation before broaching with the aim of the greatest destruction of the dendritic structure and obtaining the same mechanical properties in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the forging; together with an extractor for uniform distribution and grinding of carbides in forgings made of carbide class steel (high-speed, high-chromium, tool).
The following conditions must be met in order to carry out the drafting operation qualitatively:
- the dimensions of the original workpiece must be within the limits - otherwise, the workpiece may be warped (Fig. 23);
- the ends of the original workpiece must be perpendicular to its longitudinal axis, - otherwise a curved barrel is formed (Fig. 24);
- it is necessary to uniformly heat the metal before upsetting to the forging temperature both along and across the workpiece, - otherwise the forging may get a mushroom shape (Fig. 25), or a shape with a pronounced one-sided barrel shape (Fig. 26);
- blanks of square or rectangular cross section (Fig. 27a) before upsetting must be rolled to a cylindrical shape (Fig. 27b), then upset to a given height (Fig. 27c) and only after that forged to a larger square or rectangular section (Fig. 27d), - otherwise (with direct upsetting of a square or rectangular section), due to the uneven deformation of the metal, the square section of the workpiece is significantly distorted, and diagonal cracks appear in the body of the upset workpiece (Fig. 28a, b).
In addition to upsetting on flat dies, other methods of upsetting are also used in the practice of forging.
Draft ingots with liners(Fig. 29) is carried out in backing spherical plates (Fig. 19j), and the lower plate has a cylindrical hole, where a shank pre-drawn from the profitable part of the ingot is inserted, with the help of which the ingot is held in the tilter chuck during subsequent broaching.
Settling on flat slabs(Fig. 19a) or on backing rings (current figure) is performed when obtaining shanks, protrusions, hubs, pins is difficult due to the small length of the latter (Fig. 30). In this case, a part of the metal of the workpiece is pressed into the holes of the plates (rings). Usually, rings are used with the height and diameter of the holes equal to the dimensions of the protrusions of the forgings and with outer diameters equal to the diameters of the disks (flanges) of the forgings. After upsetting, the barrel-like shape of the side surfaces is eliminated by running along the forgings flange without removing the rings and, thereby, obtaining the exact specified dimensions of the forgings is ensured.
Draft (disembarkation) in the lower (bottom) carried out in a high backing ring on a part of the length of the original workpiece (Fig. 31). The part of the workpiece to be upset must satisfy the condition , and heating to
Forging temperature is subject only to the planted part of the workpiece. The outer diameter of the bottom is taken equal to the diameter of the planted part of the forging; this makes it possible, after disembarkation, to roll the thickening of the forging along its diameter without removing it from the bottom. In some cases, the upper part of the cavity in the back can be made according to the shape and dimensions of the forging head to be planted (Fig. 32).
Draft rolling (acceleration)
using rolls of various cross sections (Fig. 19g, h, i, j). As a result of this type of upsetting, for each rolling installation, not the entire end surface of the upset workpiece is deformed by a hammer or a press, but only a part of it, which is under the rolling (Fig. 33). Then the rolling is moved to the adjacent section of the workpiece, subjecting it to upsetting, etc. When upsetting in this way, the barrel-likeness of the side surfaces of the upset workpiece decreases and the upsetting force required to deform the entire workpiece at once is significantly reduced.
Draft roaming
(Fig. 34a) is performed in the case when, due to the large length of the workpiece, landing it in the bottom is impossible; then the workpiece is clamped between the strikers of a hammer or press, and the protruding heated end is struck with a "falcon" (ram) suspended from a crane. Depending on the heated section of the workpiece, its upsetting (setting of metal) can be carried out at the ends (Fig. 34b) or in the middle of the workpiece (Fig. 34c), and if at the same time the draft is carried out with light hammer blows, then instead of a barrel-shaped draft, a conical shape can be obtained thickening (Fig. 34d). The landing of thickenings can also be performed with the so-called “machine” (Fig. 34d), while as a deforming force
It uses the force of the press or the energy of the hammer blow.
The estimated press force required to perform the operation of upsetting a round billet can be determined by the formula:
[t] or 
[MN] (6)
Where R– upsetting force, MN; - scaling factor depending on the weight of upset billets (ingots) in the range from 1 kg to 100 tons, respectively; D And H– diameter and height of the forging, mm (Fig. 22); F- cross-sectional area of the forging (after upsetting), mm 2; s » s B is the yield stress of the metal at the precipitation temperature, approximately equal to the tensile strength at the same temperature, MPa.
According to the estimated force of precipitation, the nearest largest hydraulic press is selected from the normal series (GOST 7284-80).
The estimated mass of the falling parts of the hammer, necessary to perform the upsetting operation of round cross-section blanks, can be determined by the formula:
, (7)
Where G is the mass of the falling parts of the hammer, kg; V ZAG - the volume of the workpiece, mm 3; 
- the degree of deformation of the forging for the last blow of the hammer, respectively, for large and small forgings; other data see above. According to the estimated mass of the falling parts, the nearest pneumatic hammer (GOST 712-82) or steam-air hammer (GOST 9752-75) is selected in the normal row.
Number of hammer blows n, necessary for draft, is found by the formula: 
,
where is the coefficient of non-uniformity of hammer blows; 
is the total work of the hammer during the upsetting operation, KJ; 
is the energy of one full hammer blow, KJ;
l P - the height of the fall of the woman, mm;
see the rest of the designations above.
what is sediment? and got the best answer
Answer from
Draft (eng. Draft) - in military and civil shipbuilding - the depth of immersion of a ship or vessel in water.
There are the following types of precipitation.
Design or design draft, or vertical distance from the upper edge of the keel to the level of the main waterline, measured at half the length of the hull. Referred to as T in the technical documentation.
The design draft along the midship frame is the distance from the waterline to the outer edge of the skin at the keel.
Forward draft measured at the forward plunge point, or at the forward mark.
Draft astern, measured at the stern plunge point, or at the stern mark.
Average draft - the arithmetic mean of the bow and stern draft.
To measure the draft, depression marks are applied to the ship's hull. In most navies of the world, indentation marks are applied vertically from the end points of the straight line of the keel to the main waterline on both sides of the vessel. In the Anglo-Saxon countries (but not only in them), the mark share is a foot.
For ships with a large draft, it is difficult or impossible to enter the shallow areas of the sea, harbor, port, and also into the mouths of rivers.
Answer from May Kemov[expert]
DRAFT
1. Gradual subsidence, lowering (structures, soil).
2. The depth of the vessel's immersion in water.
Answer from Ђ C[guru]
Vessel's DOWN - the vertical distance from the waterline to the lowest point of the hull.
DOWNLOADING is a forging operation in which, as a result of plastic deformation of a heated workpiece, its height is reduced and its cross-sectional area is increased.
Settlement in construction - deformation of the foundation of a structure, not accompanied by a fundamental change in the structure of the soil.
Answer from 3 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: what is sediment?
5 l Tait, d library 14% F DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION TO AUTHOR'S APPOINTMENT Soyuz Sovetskin Socialist Republics (51) M. Kl.e V 01 P 37/04 State Government Department of the Council of Minnstraa of the USSR for cases of unacquired and open (43) Published on 25.0 7.7 633 (45) Date of publication of the publication date, 13.09.7 (2) Inventors Pa F FVoroshipovgrad fipiap of the institute Giprouglevtomatizatsiya 1) Italian CONSTRUCTION FOR AUTOMATIC REMOVAL OF SEDIMENT FROM THE VACUUM FILTER DISC 5 i - increase protsvo-. The invention relates to devices for automatic control of work. disk vacuum filters and can be used in the processes of dehydration of products in various suspensions using disk vacuum filters in the processing, chemical and metallurgical industries. omatic 1 Ovacuum-film air vented property 1 n s v rachov yoke A device for automatic removal of sediment from continuous pipes is known, containing a compressed receiver, with a blow-off valve, a spool valve. containing a compressed air siver with a valve from, a control spool and a sensor pulse by a software control unit 1 21. However, the use of a known call device 1 increases the loss of the product’s usefulness in the work on thin shafts, and the vacuum drop in the overall system in the ma for filtration and drying zones. 11 Inventive circuit vacuum-f r 1 P thin slurry For this, the device is equipped with an interconnected sensor of sediment tops, a horn element and a logic element: "And" the output of which is connected to the control valve, and the input is additionally connected to the sensor tsmpupsov. And the drawing shows bpk-s: scheme of the device for automatic removal of precipitation from the disk of the vacuum filter. The device contains a disk vacuum filter 1, a compressed air receiver 2 with a blow-off valve 3, a control valve 4, a sensor of 5 pulses with a software block 6, a sensor 7 of the topshint of the filtered layer, threshold element 8, stepping element AND "9. The device works as follows. When vacuum filter 1 is operating, at the moment each sector of the disk enters the blowing zone, the program block 6 includes a 5-pulse sensor that outputs a signal that arrives at one of the inputs of the soft -.le521910 11 And 11 PI, Order 347 6/340 Circulation 864 Subscription;, Yu Branch 11 GP 11 atent, Uzhgorod, G 1 roektlay str., 4 3 menta I through the threshold element 8 to the second input of the logic element AND". From the output of the element.: "And" the signal goes to the control spool 4, which opens the valve 3 of the blower, while compressed air flows from the receiver 2 to the distribution head of the vacuum filter 1 and through it to the corresponding sector. When the thickness of the filtered layer is less than the specified value, the threshold element 8 does not pass the signal of the thickness sensor 7 to the input of the "AND" element, as a result of which there is no signal at its output, and the control spool 4 does not work. In this case, the compressed air from the receiver 2 does not enter the vacuum filter sector and there is no blow-off from the filtered layer. The sector with sediment returns to the bath again and enters the filtration zone. The material is re-absorbed and an additional layer of sediment is deposited on this sector. The total thickness of the sediment increases. As soon as it exceeds the predetermined value, the threshold element 8 will miss the signal of the sensor 7 column 4:c 1 other sediment at the input of the element AND, and, at the moment the signal from the sensor 5 pulses arrives at its second input, a control signal will appear at its output. on the 4 control spool. Claims of the invention A device for automatic removal of sediment from vacuum filter disks, containing a compressed air receiver with a blower valve, a control spool and a pulse sensor with a program unit, characterized in that, in order to increase: When working with thin slurries, the vacuum filter is equipped with an interconnected sediment thickness sensor, a threshold element and a logical AND element, the output of which is connected to the control spool, and the input is additionally connected to the pulse sensor. Sources of information taken into account during the examination;
Application
2135976, 19.05.1975
VOROSHILOVGRAD BRANCH OF THE INSTITUTE OF HYPROCOAL AUTOMATION
PATSKAN ANATOLY YAKOVLEVICH, CHERNIK YURI PETROVICH, BIRYUK VITALY VASILIEVICH, DUBOVSKY ARKADIY VASILIEVICH, ZOLOTAREV ALEXANDER IVANOVICH
IPC / Tags
Link code
Device for automatic removal of sediment from vacuum filter disks
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