The crown in the coat of arms is the most common class of heraldic symbols dignity, indicating the feudal status of the owner of the coat of arms. There are many types of crowns, any of them can be found in coats of arms, placed on a helmet, above a shield, inside a shield (for example, the “ancient red crown” in the noble coat of arms of G. Ya. Travin) or above the mantle.
The custom of decorating a helmet with a crown appeared among knights in the 15th century. Helmets with crowns were worn during tournaments, especially in Germany, where a helmet topped with a crown was considered a sign of nobility. Often the crown is not a sign of royal or princely dignity, but serves a purely decorative function. This heraldic crown, or diadem, is placed on the helmet as a crest, supporting the crest itself instead of the burelet, or together with it, located on top. In the coats of arms of counts and barons, crowns are placed not only on helmets, but also on the shields themselves - between the shield and the helmet. If there are several helmets, then each of them is crowned with a crown.
In Russian heraldry of the 18th - early 20th centuries. The coats of arms of all the sovereigns who reigned after Catherine II contained an image of her Great Diamond Crown, with which each of them was crowned king. The princely title corresponded to the so-called. a princely hat with a red or crimson (purple) top protruding above the ermine edge. The count's crown of dignity with nine pearls was no different from its German prototype, and the baron's crown repeated a similar sign of dignity adopted in French heraldry - a high gold hoop expanding upward, once entwined with a pearl thread. The noble crown, like the German variation corresponding to it in rank, had three leaf-shaped teeth with two pearls between them. Images of crowns of different types in accordance with noble titles - see Title (rank)
In order to streamline the creation of coats of arms in the Russian Empire, in 1857, Baron Köhne drew up rules for decorating the coats of arms of provinces, regions, mayors, cities and towns. They were approved by the Highest on May 7, July 4 and July 16 of the same year.
The rules include: classification of heraldic crowns over shields, decorations (wreaths) around shields, entwined with appropriate ribbons, and a method of indicating provincial affiliation - in the free part of the shield.
The imperial crown (model 1857) was established for the capitals of the empire (St. Petersburg and Moscow) and provinces. Ancient royal (model 1857) - for cities that had the status of city government, regions and counties. An ancient royal crown, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that had the status of a mayor's office and a fortress.
Monomakh's Cap - for ancient Russian cities that were the capitals of the great princes (Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tver, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Smolensk, etc.); for Kazan and Astrakhan - corresponding “personalized” hats (crowns).
A golden tower with five teeth, lined with scarlet, with three teeth on each tooth - for cities that were provincial centers with a population of more than 50 thousand inhabitants. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that were provincial centers and had the status of a fortress with a population of more than 50 thousand.
A golden tower with three prongs, lined with scarlet, with three prongs on each prong - for cities that were provincial centers with a population of no more than 50 thousand. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that were provincial centers and had the status of a fortress with a population of no more than 50 thousand.
A silver tower with three prongs, lined with black - for cities that were county centers. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that were district centers and had the status of a fortress.
A scarlet tower with three battlements, lined with gold - for cities that were part of the state. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for settlements that had the status of a fortress.
A scarlet tower with two battlements, lined with gold - for settlements that were the most significant, “famous” settlements.
Polish crown (Empress Anna Ioannovna) - for the provinces and capital of the Kingdom of Poland. Finnish Grand Ducal Crown - for the provinces and for the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland.
Types of heraldic crowns by country
Austria (Holy Roman Empire)
Heraldic Imperial Crown (Gules Miter).svg
Imperial crown
Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg
Crown of the Roman King (old)
Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (18th Century).svg
Crown of the Roman King (new)
Elector's Crown
Archducal Coronet.svg
Archduke's Crown (old)
T08 Grossherzog.svg
Archduke's Crown (new)
Princely Hat.svg
Princes' cap
Princely crown.svg
Crown of Princes
Ducal Hat of Styria.svg
Duke of Styria's hat
Crown of a Duke of France (variant).svg
Duke's Crown
Crown of a Marquis of France (variant).svg
Crown of the Marquis
Old Crown of a Count (France & Belgium).svg
Earl's Crown
Crown of a Viscount of France (variant).svg
Viscount Crown
Crown of a Baron of France.svg
Baron's Crown
Rangkronen-Fig. 38.svg
Nobleman's Crown
Belgium
Heraldic Royal Crown (Common).svg
Royal crown
Vatican
Papal tiara
Template-Cardinal.svg
Cardinal hat
Patriarch's hat
Template-Patriarch (Latin Rite) - Primate.svg
Primate's hat
Template-Metropolitan Archbishop.svg
Metropolitan hat
Template-Archbishop.svg
Archbishop's hat
Great Britain
Coronet of a Child of the Sovereign.svg
Crown of the children of the monarch, brother or sister of the monarch
Coronet of a Child of the Heir Apparent.svg
Crown of the children of the heir to the throne
Coronet of a Grandchild of the Sovereign.svg
Crown of the monarch's male-line grandchildren
Coronet of a Child of a Daughter of the Sovereign.svg
Crown of the monarch's female-line grandchildren
Coronet of a British Duke.svg
Coronet of a British Marquess.svg
Coronet of a British Earl.svg
Coronet of a British Viscount.svg
Coronet of a British Baron.svg
Coronet of a British Herald.svg
King of Heralds
Torse of a British Gentleman.svg
Nobleman
Russia
Ancient royal crown
Finnish grand ducal crown.svg
Crown of the Principality of Finland
| Title, image | Description |
|---|---|
| Prince |
Princely hat of dark crimson velvet with ermine trim, three visible golden arches studded with pearls, above which is a golden orb with a cross |
| Graph |
Count's crown - gold with nine visible pearls |
| Baron |
Baronial crown - a gold hoop entwined three times with a pearl thread |
| Baronial crown of the Baltic and those with a foreign title - gold with seven visible pearls | |
| Noble crown - gold with three visible leaf-shaped prongs and two pearls between them |
see also
Sources
- Köhne B.V.. Retrieved January 31, 2013. .
- Winkler, P.P.“Coats of arms of cities of the Russian Empire”, St. Petersburg, 1900.
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Excerpt characterizing the Heraldic crown
– Natasha, I’m afraid for you.- What to be afraid of?
“I’m afraid that you will destroy yourself,” Sonya said decisively, herself frightened by what she said.
Natasha's face again expressed anger.
“And I will destroy, I will destroy, I will destroy myself as quickly as possible.” None of your business. It will feel bad not for you, but for me. Leave me, leave me. I hate you.
- Natasha! – Sonya cried out in fear.
- I hate it, I hate it! And you are my enemy forever!
Natasha ran out of the room.
Natasha no longer spoke to Sonya and avoided her. With the same expression of excited surprise and criminality, she walked around the rooms, taking up first this or that activity and immediately abandoning them.
No matter how hard it was for Sonya, she kept an eye on her friend.
On the eve of the day on which the count was supposed to return, Sonya noticed that Natasha had been sitting all morning at the living room window, as if expecting something, and that she made some kind of sign to a passing military man, whom Sonya mistook for Anatole.
Sonya began to observe her friend even more carefully and noticed that Natasha was in a strange and unnatural state all the time during lunch and evening (she answered questions asked to her at random, started and did not finish sentences, laughed at everything).
After tea, Sonya saw a timid girl's maid waiting for her at Natasha's door. She let her through and, listening at the door, learned that a letter had been delivered again. And suddenly it became clear to Sonya that Natasha had some terrible plan for this evening. Sonya knocked on her door. Natasha didn't let her in.
“She'll run away with him! thought Sonya. She is capable of anything. Today there was something especially pitiful and determined in her face. She cried, saying goodbye to her uncle, Sonya recalled. Yes, it’s true, she’s running with him, but what should I do?” thought Sonya, now recalling those signs that clearly proved why Natasha had some terrible intention. “There is no count. What should I do, write to Kuragin, demanding an explanation from him? But who tells him to answer? Write to Pierre, as Prince Andrei asked, in case of an accident?... But maybe, in fact, she has already refused Bolkonsky (she sent a letter to Princess Marya yesterday). There’s no uncle!” It seemed terrible to Sonya to tell Marya Dmitrievna, who believed so much in Natasha. “But one way or another,” Sonya thought, standing in the dark corridor: now or never the time has come to prove that I remember the benefits of their family and love Nicolas. No, even if I don’t sleep for three nights, I won’t leave this corridor and forcefully let her in, and I won’t let shame fall on their family,” she thought.
Anatole recently moved in with Dolokhov. The plan to kidnap Rostova had been thought out and prepared by Dolokhov for several days, and on the day when Sonya, having overheard Natasha at the door, decided to protect her, this plan had to be carried out. Natasha promised to go out to Kuragin’s back porch at ten o’clock in the evening. Kuragin had to put her in a prepared troika and take her 60 versts from Moscow to the village of Kamenka, where a disrobed priest was prepared who was supposed to marry them. In Kamenka, a setup was ready that was supposed to take them to the Warsaw road and there they were supposed to ride abroad on postal ones.
Anatole had a passport, and a travel document, and ten thousand money taken from his sister, and ten thousand borrowed through Dolokhov.
Two witnesses - Khvostikov, a former clerk, whom Dolokhov used for games, and Makarin, a retired hussar, a good-natured and weak man who had boundless love for Kuragin - were sitting in the first room having tea.
In Dolokhov’s large office, decorated from walls to ceiling with Persian carpets, bear skins and weapons, Dolokhov sat in a traveling beshmet and boots in front of an open bureau on which lay abacus and stacks of money. Anatole, in an unbuttoned uniform, walked from the room where the witnesses were sitting, through the office into the back room, where his French footman and others were packing the last things. Dolokhov counted the money and wrote it down.
“Well,” he said, “Khvostikov needs to be given two thousand.”
“Well, give it to me,” said Anatole.
– Makarka (that’s what they called Makarina), this one will selflessly go through fire and water for you. Well, the score is over,” said Dolokhov, showing him the note. - So?
“Yes, of course, so,” said Anatole, apparently not listening to Dolokhov and with a smile that never left his face, looking ahead of him.
Dolokhov slammed the bureau and turned to Anatoly with a mocking smile.
– You know what, give it all up: there’s still time! - he said.
- Fool! - said Anatole. - Stop talking nonsense. If only you knew... The devil knows what it is!
“Come on,” said Dolokhov. - I'm telling you the truth. Is this a joke you're starting?
- Well, again, teasing again? Go to hell! Eh?...” Anatole said with a wince. - Really, I have no time for your stupid jokes. - And he left the room.
Dolokhov smiled contemptuously and condescendingly when Anatole left.
“Wait,” he said after Anatoly, “I’m not joking, I mean business, come, come here.”
Anatole entered the room again and, trying to concentrate his attention, looked at Dolokhov, obviously involuntarily submitting to him.
– Listen to me, I’m telling you for the last time. Why should I joke with you? Did I contradict you? Who arranged everything for you, who found the priest, who took the passport, who got the money? All I.
- Well, thank you. Do you think I'm not grateful to you? – Anatol sighed and hugged Dolokhov.
“I helped you, but I still have to tell you the truth: it’s a dangerous matter and, if you look at it, stupid.” Well, you take her away, okay. Will they leave it like this? It turns out that you are married. After all, they will bring you to criminal court...
- Ah! nonsense, nonsense! – Anatole spoke again, wincing. - After all, I explained it to you. A? - And Anatole, with that special passion (which stupid people have) for the conclusion that they reach with their minds, repeated the reasoning that he repeated to Dolokhov a hundred times. “After all, I explained it to you, I decided: if this marriage is invalid,” he said, bending his finger, “then I don’t answer; Well, if it’s real, it doesn’t matter: no one abroad will know this, right? And don't talk, don't talk, don't talk!
- Really, come on! You will only tie yourself...
“Get to hell,” said Anatole and, holding his hair, he went into another room and immediately returned and sat down with his feet on a chair close in front of Dolokhov. - The devil knows what it is! A? Look how it beats! “He took Dolokhov’s hand and put it to his heart. - Ah! quel pied, mon cher, quel regard! Undeesse!! [ABOUT! What a leg, my friend, what a look! Goddess!!] Huh?
Dolokhov, smiling coldly and shining with his beautiful, insolent eyes, looked at him, apparently wanting to have more fun with him.
- Well, the money will come out, then what?
- What then? A? – Anatole repeated with sincere bewilderment at the thought of the future. - What then? I don’t know what’s there... Well, what nonsense to talk about! – He looked at his watch. - It's time!
Anatole went into the back room.
- Well, will you be there soon? Digging around here! - he shouted at the servants.
Dolokhov removed the money and, shouting to the man to order food and drink for the road, he entered the room where Khvostikov and Makarin were sitting.
Anatole was lying in the office, leaning on his arm, on the sofa, smiling thoughtfully and gently whispering something to himself with his beautiful mouth.
- Go, eat something. Well, have a drink! - Dolokhov shouted to him from another room.
- Don't want! – Anatole answered, still continuing to smile.
- Go, Balaga has arrived.
Anatole stood up and entered the dining room. Balaga was a well-known troika driver, who had known Dolokhov and Anatoly for six years and served them with his troikas. More than once, when Anatole’s regiment was stationed in Tver, he took him out of Tver in the evening, delivered him to Moscow by dawn, and took him away the next day at night. More than once he took Dolokhov away from pursuit, more than once he took them around the city with gypsies and ladies, as Balaga called them. More than once he crushed people and cab drivers around Moscow with their work, and his gentlemen, as he called them, always rescued him. He drove more than one horse under them. More than once he was beaten by them, more than once they plied him with champagne and Madeira, which he loved, and he knew more than one thing behind each of them that an ordinary person would have deserved Siberia long ago. In their revelry, they often invited Balaga, forced him to drink and dance with the gypsies, and more than one thousand of their money passed through his hands. Serving them, he risked both his life and his skin twenty times a year, and at their work he killed more horses than they overpaid him in money. But he loved them, loved this crazy ride, eighteen miles an hour, loved to overturn a cab driver and crush a pedestrian in Moscow, and fly at full gallop through the Moscow streets. He loved to hear behind him this wild cry of drunken voices: “Go! let's go! whereas it was already impossible to drive faster; He loved to pull the man's neck painfully, who was already neither alive nor dead, avoiding him. "Real gentlemen!" he thought.
In the Italian version of the comedy "Turandot", the princess's ministers sang a joke song about how the princess is "a girl with a crown on her head and a fringed robe, but if you strip her naked, she is meat, raw meat, completely inedible!", hinting at the fact that the monarch is the same person as everyone else, only in a crown. Somebody, even the nobles, knew about this firsthand. But still...
And yet, the crown on the head (no matter whether human, lion or eagle) makes the proper impression - just look at the coats of arms given in this book. This is far from the only, but undoubtedly the most famous symbol of power. “Bonaparte put the general’s cocked hat on his head, and suddenly it seemed that he had grown by more than half a meter,” said Marshal Massena. This is an eyewitness account of how, hundreds of years later, the ancient mechanism of representing power continued to function: a crown or a hat, a tiara or a feather headdress (and even a halo) - it makes no difference, as long as it crowns the head with something that others do not have and have can not.
Over time, a whole hierarchy of symbolic headdresses arose, from the imperial crown to the “modest” patrician headband, without celery leaves and pearls - and all because the proclaimed principle of “first among equals” did not work in practice at every step of the socio-political ladder required its own symbolic representation.
Crown in heraldry - meaning in the coats of arms of the nobility
The coats of arms of noble families and the corresponding descriptions in armorial books are literally replete with a variety of crowns.It is usually customary to indicate their type - for example, “antique” - or their correspondence to the title. In this regard, an interesting example is from English heraldry and the English language, where only the royal one is called the crown itself, and all the others, from princely to baronial, are called “coronet”. In this great country, the monarchy as an institution has long been revered, but at the same time, insults were easily inflicted on the king as an individual - just remember John Lackland and William III, who signed up for humiliating conditions in their time, and the beheaded Charles I.
The English tradition absorbed both Celtic ideas about the sacred figure of the king and the Saxon custom of electing a king: the first was king “by divine grace,” but only personally, and the second was first among equals “by the will of the people.” Needless to add that in England, where the unnatural symbiosis of monarchy and democracy has become absolutely natural for the subjects, the abbreviation “HM” (His/Her Majesty), accompanying army corps, courts, institutions, etc., means only that these corps , courts and institutions are the property not of the one who rules, but of the Crown, that is, the State.
It is represented symbolically by the crown-grapheme - a metaphor for the highest magistracy of the state, temporarily embodied in the person of a given king or queen...
Origins of the heraldic meaning of the crown
But it would be completely pointless to continue talking about the crown without becoming familiar with its origins and origins.If we turn to the data of philology, then first of all we will find that the ancient Greeks, masters of immense semantics, called “koronis” “that which is curved, that goes around, that completes, that is on top”, and actually “Stephane” and “ Stephanos" - "crown, diadem, crown." The Latin “stipare”, to encircle, is related to the same root steph-. As you can see, all the meanings come down to one action (to gird the head) and a single idea (to make the one who has the head crowned, supreme and perfect). Philologists trace both terms to Sanskrit roots, which can prove the antiquity of the gesture itself - the crowning of the head, as well as the object - the crown.
The Roman world, which, along with the Celtic world, seems closest to the original Indo-European sacred symbolism, distinguished several types of crowns. There was a classic crown (corona classica), also called naval (navalis), or rostral (rostrata), awarded to the one who was the first to step onto the deck of an enemy ship during boarding; the wall crown (muralis, it has survived in civil heraldry to this day, for those who are the first to overcome the wall of a besieged city, and the serf crown (vallaris, or castrensis), awarded to the first soldier who gets over the rampart of the enemy camp.
Heraldic crown as a reward
These crowns were awarded for specific military merits; in addition to them, the Romans used a radiant crown (corona radiatd) - a golden hoop with twelve sharp spikes deflected outward; it was used to honor statues of gods and emperors who were declared divine (divi). This crown, which found its application in heraldry and was called antique, is one of the “heraldic crowns”. They are depicted separately on coats of arms - on top of the shield (“piercing” it), or inside it, - or, most often, on the heads of lions, eagles, etc. In this case, in the description of the coat of arms, its gender is usually not indicated (it is implied that this is an “antique” crown).However, if we want to understand what position in the hierarchy it corresponds to (king, emperor, etc.), then we need to understand the shapes of crowns. But first, let's talk about the history of the development of the crown and other decorations: seals, badges of honor, shield holders, images of feats and legends, robes, decoration of insignia, eagles and banners, braids, cords, palm trees, leaves, cartouches, vignettes, etc. ( By the way, not all coats of arms have such decorations and not all of these decorations help clarify the degree of nobility, or rank, or position held. Their use in heraldry is regulated by clear and strict rules.)
In the image:
Family coat of arms of the Antici Mattei family (originating from Recanati)
Crest: a vertically depicted sword piercing an open book, surrounded by fluttering leaves with the motto:
“Either in this, or with this” (“Aut in hoc, aut cum hoc”)
Meaning:
Shield holders: two lions of natural color with raised front paws, crowned: the right one - in the count's crown - supports a standard with the inscription “Castrum S. Petri”, the left - in the marquis’s crown - supports a standard with the inscription “Castle” Pesci" (“Castrum Pesciae”) The shield rests on a Maltese cross, is crowned with a papal banner and helmet with a princely crown and gold, silver, blue and black ridges and curls. A mantle of red velvet, lined with ermine, with a gold cord and tassels, crowned with a princely crown.
Contacts:
Heraldic crowns
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania with the motto: "Nihil sine Deo"
The crown was placed on the helmet or, as in state coats of arms, directly above the shield (for example, the princely crown in the coat of arms of Liechtenstein). The crown indicates the position of its owner in the social hierarchy and the title of the owner of the coat of arms.
At first, crowns were placed only on the coats of arms of sovereigns. As a rule, the crown on the monarch’s coat of arms repeated its appearance as the original. Other gentry crowns (ducal or princely, count, baronial and simple gentry), which appeared later were the same in each European country within the same title, and differed little from each other in different countries. So:
IN Germany the heraldry of which had a significant influence on Central European heraldry, the count's crown had nine teeth with pearls at the ends, the baron's - seven, and the simple gentry's - five;
IN Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the noble crown placed on the helmet symbolized the equality of the nobility, although sometimes this rule was violated and rank, mainly German, crowns were used. From the very beginning, the princely coats of arms were crowned with red caps lined with ermine.
church hierarchy crowns were replaced with hats with tassels placed on decoratively braided laces. Moreover, each rank had not only the corresponding color of the hat: red - from the cardinals, green into archbishops and bishops, violet - in papal prelates, but also a well-established number of tassels: in the coat of arms of an archbishop, for example, a hat was depicted with ten tassels, and in the coat of arms of a bishop - with six.
The custom of decorating a helmet with a crown appeared among knights in the 15th century. Helmets with crowns were worn during tournaments, especially in Germany, where a crowned helmet was considered a sign of nobility.
The use of a crown to decorate a shield and as an armorial figure probably came from coins - under the French king Philip VI, they began to mint coins with a crown depicted on the reverse side. At that time, only kings placed crowns on their coats of arms, but with the development of feudalism, even the smallest feudal lords began to wear crowns and decorate their coats of arms with them. Often the crown is not a sign of belonging to a royal or princely family, but serves a decorative function.
An important part of the coat of arms was the helmet, although it appeared only in the 14th century. The helmet was located above the shield. In heraldic systems Western Europe There were different types of helmets, depending on the title or rank of the owner of the coat of arms. Even the position of the helmet - straight, facing to the right or left - is not enough to comply with established rules.
In the coat of arms French kings the helmet was golden, positioned straight and had a raised visor, because its owner had to see and know everything. On ducal And princely In the coats of arms, the helmets were silver with gilding and stood upright. Awnings had the right to a helmet placed in the front, but made of pure silver. On count's in the coat of arms, the silver helmet was returned three quarters to the right. Untitled gentry had steel helmets turned completely to the right. IN bastards on the coats of arms, the helmets were turned to the left and had a lowered visor.
in English heraldry, a golden helmet with a lattice visor, turned straight for the coats of arms of sovereigns and princes royal blood. A silver helmet with a golden lattice visor, turned heraldic to the right - for peers. Silver helmet with raised visor, turned straight - for baronets And knights. Silver tournament helmet, turned heraldic to the right - for Esquires And gentlemen.
Motto
Motto - a short saying, usually written on a ribbon at the bottom of the shield. Sometimes mottos were placed in the coat of arms without a ribbon; if the shield is round, the motto is usually written around the shield. The basis for the motto was originally a knightly battle cry. Subsequently, the motto could be a short saying that recalled some important historical event or the creed of the owner of the coat of arms. The text of the motto could be encrypted and understandable only to initiates. In Western heraldry, mottos are written in Latin, although this is not a mandatory rule.
The motto is not a mandatory and permanent part of the coat of arms, so the owner could change it at will. Examples of heraldic mottos:
- "Je maintiendrai" (in French) - "I will preserve" is the motto of the Netherlands;
- "Nihil-ine Deo" (in Latin) - “Nothing without God” is the motto of Romania;
- "l"union fait la force" (in French) - "Unity gives strength" is the motto of Belgium.
The knight's code of honor included:
1. Loyalty in the service of the king and lord
2. Search for exploits
3. Defense of the Christian Faith
4. Generosity
5. Protection of the weak and offended
Knight's armor of the 15th century.
There are many knightly castles on the territory of Ukraine, mainly in Western Ukraine. Among the main ones are the Kamenets-Podolsk fortress, the Genoese fortress in Sudak, Olesky castle, Zbarazhsky castle, Lutsk castle.
Mukachevo Castle "Palanok"
Monuments of socio-economic thought of the Middle Ages
In the literature of Western European countries in the early Middle Ages, under the influence of Christianity, ideas were expressed about the equality of people before God, about work as a single source of existence, about the need to share property with the poor; the desire for wealth is recognized as a vice, which does not befit a true Christian. Community problems are reflected in "Salic truth" (Salic Law) - records of the ancient customary law of the Salic Frankish tribe. The recording was made by order of King Clovis (481-511).
It reflects the economic structure of the Franks during the period of decomposition of tribal relations and the emergence of property inequality. "Salic truth" testifies to the gradual emergence of individual family property, the transformation of possession into property. The Franks already distinguished between the concepts of movable and immovable property. Movable property could be pledged and inherited by the closest relatives. After the decline of the Frankish state (IX century), “Salic truth” lost its practical significance.
Another reminder of Western European economic thought of the early Middle Ages "Capitulary on villas" (early 9th century) Charles the Great (or his son Louis the Pious) gives an idea of the organization and management of the fiefdom. According to the “Capitulary of the Villa”, all the land of the patrimony was the property of its owner (patrimonial owner), and the majority of the population were enslaved peasants.
The economic thought of Medieval Western Europe was significantly influenced by a variety of religious heresies. Heresies, as a rule, were a means of demonstrating oppositional sentiments of certain social strata. Some heresies became the ideology of the uprisings of peasants and urban lower classes, which filled the entire history of the Middle Ages. The main economic demands of the rebels were a return to the community, the destruction of social and property inequality, private property, the return of seized communal lands, the abolition of corvee, quitrents, tithes, etc.
Thomas Aquinas (Aquinas) (1225/26 - 1274)
His teaching in 1879 was proclaimed the only true philosophy of Catholicism. - The main works of Thomas Aquinas are the Summa against the Gentiles and the Summa Theologica. In their
In his views on the political and social structure of society, he advocated the centralization of power and recognized social hierarchy, since the division into classes “comes from God.” Aquinas saw the natural basis of the class hierarchy in the division of labor. He viewed private property as a necessary institution of human life.
In his views on trade and trade income, Thomas Aquinas justified trade in order for the seller to obtain trade income to provide himself and his family with a livelihood and use it for charitable causes.
Discussing the origin of money, Thomas Aquinas adhered to the idea that it arose as a result of an agreement between people. Their purpose is to facilitate fair exchange. At the same time, he did not distinguish between the concepts of money and coins. Recognizing the need for money as a means of circulation, he also considered it as a measure of value. Thomas Aquinas condemned usury.
School Orem (Oresm) (block 13231382)
The problem of money was devoted to the “Treatise on the origin, nature, legal basis and change of money”, written by the French scientist Nicolas Oresme (Oresme). It expresses the opinion that money is an artificial instrument that people invented to facilitate the exchange of goods. Orem's merit is an attempt to reveal the origin and essence of money, the laws of monetary circulation._
Hello dears!
Perhaps we will continue our fascinating (I sincerely want to believe it) journey into the enchanting world of heraldry. We started it, let me remind you, in this post: , and continued here: .
So, what do we have next? I think it’s time to talk about the crown, this most important, but not at all obligatory element of any coat of arms. Usually it is located above the coat of arms or (in cases of noble or monarchical heraldry) on the helmet or, much less commonly, inside the shield. A crown is an excellent indicator of the status of its owner and for many researchers a great clue to determining the country of origin and time of creation of the coat of arms, since the shape of the crown differs very much in specific territories. Moreover, the most interesting thing is that the heraldic crown, as it is called according to science, may not turn out to be a crown at all. But first things first.
Persian heraldic crown of the reign of Shah Pahlavi.
To begin with, I will note that formally all crowns can be divided into 2 parts. The first are associated with the status of a clan or a specific person, that is, the crown of dignity, and the second with cities, provinces, regions and individual territories, that is, municipal ones. We will begin with these last ones.
Do you know, my dear readers, that the Heraldic Council under the President of the Russian Federation in 2005 determined the procedure for using crowns in the coats of arms of cities and settlements? I think no. Therefore, it will be interesting to examine the following table: 
This is the sign
The basis of this system was the ancient order of the Russian Empire, adopted back in 1858 and which ceased to exist with the collapse of the empire. According to this order, it was determined that:
The imperial crown in the coat of arms is established for the capitals of the empire (St. Petersburg and Moscow) and provinces. The more ancient royal crown (model 1857) is for cities that had the status of city government, regions and counties. An even older royal one, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that had the status of a city government and a fortress.
Monomakh's Cap - for ancient Russian cities that were the capitals of the great princes (Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tver, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Smolensk); for Kazan and Astrakhan - the corresponding “nominal” hats (crowns), respectively, “Kazan hat” and “Astrakhan hat” 
The old coat of arms of the city of Yaroslavl (crowned by Monomakh’s hat)
The Polish crown is for the provinces and the capital of the Kingdom of Poland. Finnish Grand Ducal Crown - for the provinces and for the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland, Georgian Crown - for Tiflis (Tbilisi) and part of the cities of Georgia
A golden tower crown with five teeth, lined with scarlet, with three teeth on each tooth - for cities that were provincial centers with a population of more than 50 thousand inhabitants. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that were provincial centers and had the status of a fortress with a population of more than 50 thousand.
A golden tower crown with three teeth, lined with scarlet, with three teeth on each tooth - for cities that were provincial centers with a population of no more than 50 thousand. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that were provincial centers and had the status of a fortress with a population of no more than 50 thousand. 
old royal crown topped with an eagle on the coat of arms of Sevastopol in the 19th century.
A silver tower crown with three teeth, lined with black - for cities that were county centers. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that were district centers and had the status of a fortress.
A scarlet tower crown with three teeth, lined with gold - for cities that were part of the state. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for settlements that had the status of a fortress.
A scarlet tower crown with two teeth, lined with gold - for settlements that were the most significant, “famous” settlements. 
coat of arms of the city of Stary Oskol (late 19th century)
Naturally, you must understand that not all cities had similar crowns in their coats of arms.
Other European countries (which is natural) did not lag behind Russia. For example, in Italy there are different crowns for the city and municipality, and sometimes for regions with provinces (though not without incidents, when, for example, Apulia has a crown of lower status than it should be).
coat of arms of the Region of Apulia
The city crown in Italy is made in the form of a golden battlement with five towers - a form adopted for city coats of arms in many European countries, going back to the Roman corona muralis.
The municipality has the same crown, but only silver.
Crowns of dignity are more diverse in their shapes and meanings and vary greatly depending on a particular country. 
coat of arms of Milan
As an example, below I will give the maximum table of the heraldic crowns of monarchs and high nobility in France, Italy, Germany and Great Britain. It is as simplified as possible, if only because there are at least 16 crowns in use in the United Kingdom.
And we do not mention the crowns of viscounts, barons and just knights. So everything here is very, very individual. 
Approximate differences in some crown denominations by country. From top to bottom: France, Germany, Italy, England
1 - king, 2 - prince (fuerst), 3 - duke, 4 - marquis, 5 - count, 6 - count (new version)
At the beginning of our story, I mentioned that a crown as a heraldic sign may not be a crown at all in its essence. How can this be, you ask? Very simple. Sometimes, instead of a crown, objects were used (one would not dare call them hats), which, however, did not at all resemble the crown itself. For example, after Napoleon I Bonaparte proclaimed the First Empire, he significantly and seriously reworked the heraldic rules of France. So, newly fledged dukes and even princes, instead of the expected crowns, received on their coat of arms something similar to a shako with a plume. 
Coat of arms of Marshal Etienne-Jacques - Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald, Duke of Tarento, Peerage of France. "New Napoleonic heraldry" in all its glory
A special topic of conversation is church heraldry. The Pope himself uses in his coat of arms, instead of a crown, one of the attributes of his power - a tiara (we will talk about the coats of arms of Popes in a separate post, which I will definitely publish when we finish with the theoretical part and move directly to examples). However, other high prelates of the church (Catholic, Protestant, and even some Orthodox) in their coats of arms instead of a crown use the so-called galero - that is, a special hat with wide brims, which is one of the signs of the highest clergy and derived from the pilgrim’s hat. 
Personal coat of arms of Marian Yavorsky, the first cardinal from Ukraine in my memory
The rank of a particular church dignitary (in addition to other church heraldic signs) is determined by the color of the gallero and the number of tassels on both sides of the coat of arms. So, for example, cardinals with the rank of archbishop have a red cap and 15 tassels, primates, bishops and archbishops (without the rank of cardinal) have a green galero and from 6 to 12 tassels, priests and abbots have black galeros. And finally, the Apostolic Protonotary and the papal prelates have fuchsia galeros
In modern coats of arms of the Russian Orthodox Church, other headdresses are often used - komilavkas and hoods. 
Coat of arms of the rector of the Parish School of the Voronezh Kazan Church, Hieramonk Paphnutius.
At this point, perhaps, we’ll finish with the crowns and move on to the next elements of the coat of arms - the mantle and the burelet. Both of these elements owe their origins to the Crusades. The increased temperature and lack of water forced the cold-loving European warriors to somehow adapt to local conditions, so they tried to somehow avoid loss of moisture. Taking a look at their opponents, the Europeans began to put a piece of keffiyeh-type material on top of the helmet and fasten it with an iqal cord, as the Bedouins do. The material, which during the campaign and battles turned into fancy rags, was called tent. And the Arabic ikal cord began to be called burelet (or burlet). Initially, the burelet was a sign indicating that its owner had been in the Crusade, although this meaning was later abolished.
Tentures can be divided into 2 parts - plant and natural. The former are formed from floral patterns, the latter from patterned fabric. 
Arms of Sir M. Jarmea. The tentorium is present
As a general rule, it is customary to paint the surface of the mantle with the main color of the shield, and the back (lining) with the main metal of the shield. However, the principle of “main enamel lined with base metal” also has exceptions. The mantle can be three-color (the best possible option is one enamel on one side of the helmet, another enamel on the other side, and lined with the same metal on both sides) and even four-color. If two, three or more helmets are used in the coat of arms, each of them must have a personal inscription. In addition, sometimes the mantle is covered with shield figures embroidered on its surface, and sometimes the surface of the mantle is dotted with small non-heraldic figures, for example, linden leaves, stars, etc. 
Coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands. On the helmet you can see a burelet
About the burelet, it must be said that it usually consists of six turns. Just like the mantle, the burlet must be painted in the primary colors of the coat of arms, with the first turn being metallic, the second in enamel color, and then in the same sequence.
To be continued…..
The German word “Rang” = Rang comes from the French word rang - row, and is used in Russian to denote a degree, rank, category, special title or dignity. In German, the meaning of the word Rang is somewhat more precise; it is called: 1) rank (military), 2) degree, rank and 3) tier (in the theater). That is, they most coincide with the characteristics of the Russian word “step” (from the Old Russian word “degree”), meaning different heights.
The levels (degrees) of social status in different countries, although similar, are not the same - in any stratum. The layer of the nobility is no exception; the crowns (many of which actually existed) of these levels show quite clearly their direct connection with the land (land plots), that is, they indicate the size of the landowner.
The largest (largest) landowner is the monarch, who owns all the land (country), therefore the direct connection of the words: monarch = country and crown = country, in different combinations give the same picture. For example: Monarchy of France and under the French Crown, English Monarch and possessions of the English Crown, nobleman of the Polish Crown, etc.
Initially, the name of the size of the land - empire, kingdom, duchy, principality, barony and court (house), gave the same name to both its owner and the type of his head decoration (for many owners - only on documents) - a hat or crown.
1. Modern royal crown (Königskrone). |
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2. Old form of the Elector's cap (Kurhut). |
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3. Elector's hat. |
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4. Archduke's hat. |
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5. German Grand Ducal Crown. |
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6. German ducal hat. |
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7. Old English ducal hat. |
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8. English ducal crown. |
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9. German ducal crown. |
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10. Ducal crown in Belgium and the Netherlands. |
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11. Ducal crown in France, Italy, Spain and Portugal |
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12. German Landgrave Crown. |
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13. Crown of the Crown Prince from the House of Serene Dukes. |
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14. Princely hat. |
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15. German and Danish princely crown. |
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16. Italian and Spanish princely crown. |
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17. Princely crown in Belgium and the Netherlands. |
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18. Princely crown for the title of “lordship”. |
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19. Crown of Marquises (and Margraves)in Denmark, Italy, Spain and France. |
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20. Crown of the Marquises in Belgium and the Netherlands. |
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21. Crown of the English Marquises. |
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22. German crown of “lordships” (Erlauhtkrone). |
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23. Count's crown in Germany, Austria, France, Spain, Belgium, Russia and Italy. |
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24. Belgian Count's Crown until the end of the 19th century. |
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25. Crown of the English Earls. |
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26. Crown of French species. |
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27. Crown of French and Spanish viscomtes (and vice-counts). |
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28. Crown of the Vicomtekron (and burgraves) of the Netherlands. |
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29. Crown of the Italian Viscounts (Viscontekrone). |
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30. Crown of the Belgian Vicomtes. |
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31. Crown of the English Viscounts (Viscountkrone). |
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32. Old baronial crown (Freiherrenkrone). |
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33. German, Austrian, Russian, Belgian and Dutch baronial crown. |
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34. Belgian baronial crown. |
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35. Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish and RussianBaltic province baronial crown. |
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36. Spanish and Portuguese baronial crown (Baronskrone). |
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37. French and Italian baronial crown. |
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38. English baronial crown. |
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39. Italian crown of hereditary nobles (Erbritterkrone). |
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40. Belgian crown of nobles (Chevalierkrone). |
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41. Crown of the Spanish and Portuguese nobles (Caballerokrone). |
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42. German and Austrian crown (Adelskrone) for knights and untitled nobles. |
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43. Italian crown for ordinary nobles (KronederEdelleute). |
Some of the foreign names of landowners are little known on Russian soil. Such names include: “Freigerrs” (No. 32) - German hereditary barons; “marquises” (No. 19), “viscounts” (No. 27) and “vidams” (No. 26) - vassals of the French spiritual feudal lords; and English “earls” (No. 25) - the tribal nobility, corresponding to the concept of “counts” since the 11th century.
Of course, along with the crowns that actually existed (even in the singular), there were also crowns that never existed - conditional ones, or as they are often called: symbolic. The overwhelming majority of them are found in “heraldry” - the Western monarchical system of designating “crown” and “sub-crown” persons (surnames) and territories. “Russian” heraldry, the youngest among European ones, provides many such examples.
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Prince. Graph. Baron. Nobleman. |
The most obvious example is All personal level (rank) crowns. By the time they were introduced into mandatory (heraldic) designation, their practical use (wearing) was completely inappropriate, for many reasons. They have remained so conventional (heraldic, titular) to this day.
Among the set of Russian territorial (land) crowns, the “Crown of the Grand Duchy of Finland” was completely conditional, which “by virtue of the Highest command of 1857, should be depicted in the coats of arms of the provinces of Finland and the city of Helsingfors.” “In the state coat of arms, the crown of the Grand Duchy of Finland is depicted in gold, consisting of a crown decorated with stones, to which are attached two arches converging under an apple, decorated with pearls and a double-headed state eagle. The apple is topped with a diamond cross."
To indicate the rank of lands and cities of the Russian Empire, a simplified (conventional) but understandable form was used, close to the shape of real crowns, for example:
But this is in official (controlled by the Heraldry) activities. As for “...unofficial monuments, the crowns had the most varied shapes” .
In addition to the above, personal and land ones (countries, kingdoms, principalities), in the Russian heraldic system there were also rank crowns for the coats of arms of cities and towns:
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1. Imperial crown - for provinces and capitals; |
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2. Ancient royal crown (non-existent) - for counties, regions and city governments; |
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3. City government and fortress |
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4. Tsar's hat in the form of Monomakh's crown - for ancient Russian cities, centers of the former Grand Duchies; |
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5. Golden tower crown with 5 teeth - for provincial cities with 50 thousand or more inhabitants; |
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6. Golden tower crown with 5 teeth, topped with an imperial eagle - for provincial cities that have 50 thousand or more inhabitants and are fortresses. |
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7. Golden tower crown with 3 prongs -for other provincial cities. |
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8. Golden tower crown with 3 teeth, topped with an imperial eagle - for provincial cities that are fortresses. |
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9.Silver tower crown with 3 prongs -for county towns. |
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10. Silver tower crown with 3 teeth, topped with an imperial eagle - for county towns that are fortresses. |
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11. Red tower crown with 3 teeth - for provincial cities. |
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12. Red tower crown with 3 teeth, topped with an imperial eagle - for fortresses that are not provincial or district cities. |
Also on topic
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