1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions.

Definitions are homogeneous if:

a) indicate the distinctive features of different objects, for example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet;

b) denote various signs of the same object, characterizing it on one side, for example: A strange, sharp, painful cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.(T.).

Each of the homogeneous definitions directly relates to the noun being defined, so a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between them. Wed: pure, calm moonlight; a cup of thick, strong coffee and so on.

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different sides, if, under the conditions of the context, they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they produce, appearance, etc.), for example: He held out his red, swollen, dirty hand to me.(T.); Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains(L.); Gray strands glittered in his thick, dark hair(M.G.); pale, stern face; cheerful, good-natured laughter; a deserted, inhospitable house; gentle, lively eyes; proud, brave appearance; dry, cracked lips; heavy, angry feeling; gray, continuous, light rain etc.

As a rule, artistic definitions (epithets) are homogeneous, for example: His pale blue, glassy eyes(T.).

Synonymous (under contextual conditions) definitions are also homogeneous, for example: Quiet, modest river(Ch.); silent, timid, timid girl. In a series of such definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the characteristic they express, forming a semantic gradation, for example: Joyful, festive, radiant mood(Seraph.); In autumn, the steppes completely change and take on their own unusual, special, incomparable appearance.

The role of homogeneous definitions is usually an adjective and the participial phrase that follows it, for example: An elderly man with a bushy beard, beginning to turn grey, entered.

As a rule, agreed definitions appearing after the word being defined are homogeneous, for example: Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road(P.). The exception is combinations of a terminological nature, for example: thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes; late-ripening winter pear.

Homogeneous definitions are those that are contrasted with a combination of other definitions for the same defined word, for example: After six months, long, cold nights give way to short, warm ones.

2. A comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.

Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, for example: big stone house(size and material); white round pebbles(color and shape); beautiful Moscow boulevards(quality and location), etc. Such definitions can become homogeneous if they are united by a common feature, for example: Our terrace now stands on new brick pillars(the unifying feature is “durable”).

Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed by a combination of a qualitative and a relative adjective, for example: a new leather briefcase, an interesting children's book, a warm July night, a light birch grove, transparent window panes and so on. Less commonly, heterogeneous definitions consist of combinations of qualitative adjectives, for example: old gloomy house, interesting rare publications and etc.

Homogeneous members connected

Non-repeating conjunctions

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by adversative conjunctions ah, but, yes,(meaning “but”), however, but, although etc., for example: Gavrila was about to object, but he pursed his lips.(T.); The days were cloudy, but warm(Ax.); The solution is correct, although not the only one.

A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after an adversative conjunction and is not at the end of the sentence is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it, for example: Previously, he lived not in Moscow, but in St. Petersburg and studied at the university there. Wed. Also: the most important, but not the only source of information; the most important, although not the only source of information; the most important, if not the only source of information and so on. (after the conjunction adversative, concessive, conditional). The same after a homogeneous member with connecting conjunctions and also, and even, and etc., for example: Cinema, as well as radio and television, are mass media for millions of people.

When an adversative conjunction is omitted, a dash is placed rather than a comma, for example: Not a bird-a jet plane flies by like a projectile; The student turned out to be more than just smart- talented.

Instead of a comma, a semicolon can be placed before an adversative conjunction if there are commas inside common homogeneous members, for example: During the day he spoke to me more than once, served me without servility; but I watched the master like a child(T.).

2. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting conjunctions and, yes(meaning “and”), disjunctive conjunctions or, or, There is no comma, for example: Irina spoke loudly and confidently; Vasya has lost a lot of weight, only skin and bones remain; It will happen now or never.

Before the union And, connecting two homogeneous predicates, a dash is placed to indicate the consequence contained in the second predicate, or to express a sharp opposition, a quick change of actions, for example: I'm running there- and I find you both(Gr.); At this time, someone from the street looked at him through the window.-and immediately left(P.).

Less often in these cases, a dash is placed after the conjunction And,For example: So I thought about it all and- suddenly made up my mind(Adv.); Ask for payment on Saturday and-march to the village(M.G.).

If the union And has a connecting meaning (often in this case a heterogeneous member of a sentence is added), then a comma is placed before it (the same before the connecting conjunction yes and) For example: But I give him a job, and a very interesting one(Acute); Sometimes he would cry and cry, and then calm down; I love my mother very much, and I love my sisters too.

The comma is not placed before the connecting And, followed by a demonstrative pronoun that (that, that, those), used to strengthen the preceding noun, for example: The old people sang along with everyone else. Also: It's nice to stand next to him(part of the predicate is added). But (without union i): Boys, they are not afraid of the dark.

There is no comma before the conjunction yes and in connecting meaning, in combinations like took it and got angry(with the same verb form take and another verb to denote an unexpected or arbitrary action), in combination no no yes and For example: So he went into the forest to buy nuts and got lost(T.); The image of the poor girl, no, no, and yes, appeared before my eyes.

Without definitions that explain the properties and quality of an object, human speech would be “dry” and uninteresting. Everything that has a characteristic is conveyed in sentences using definitions. It is the description of objects that creates our knowledge about it and our attitude towards it: a tasty fruit, a bitter experience, a beautiful person, a white and fluffy rabbit, etc. Such explanations characterizing objects help to better understand them.

The concept of homogeneous members

To further reveal the content of a sentence or strengthen any part of it, sentences are often used. They answer the same question and explain or relate to the same part of the sentence. Homogeneous members are absolutely independent and are connected in a sentence either by enumerative intonation, or rarely they can be connected by concessions or reasons for what is happening that convey the meaning.

For example:

All members of a sentence, both secondary and main, can be equally homogeneous. Difficulties in placing punctuation marks often raise doubts about their uniformity. To know when commas are needed and when they are not, you need to understand what distinguishes between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions heterogeneous and homogeneous

Definitions that relate to one member of a sentence or that characterize it and answer one question are considered homogeneous. Commas are placed between homogeneous definitions, since they describe an object from some aspect or list its varieties, for example:

Heterogeneous definitions give a description of an object from different sides, characterizing it by its various qualities.

This is what distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Examples have shown that homogeneous ones are divided according to the characteristics and conditions that they characterize. They are also characterized by enumerative intonation.

Heterogeneous definitions

According to the method of expressing characteristics and place in a sentence, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions can be divided.

Heterogeneous ones include:

• Definitions that characterize or reveal the properties of an object from different sides. At the same time, its various qualities may be listed - shape, color, width, height, material, etc. For example: a long black scarf was wrapped several times around the neck (definitions indicate the length and color of the object).
• Definitions consisting of a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example: a girl took a red woolen mitten from her hand and stroked the kitten (“red” is a qualitative adjective characterizing the color, “woolen” is a relative adjective indicating the material).
• Definitions represented by qualitative adjectives included in different semantic groups. For example: his cheerful green eyes narrowed (two qualitative adjectives characterize the word being defined from different angles).

Another feature that distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (examples clearly demonstrate this) is the absence of enumerative intonation when they reveal different properties of objects.

Main signs of homogeneity

To determine what type of definitions in a sentence belong to, you should know what specific features of the subject they can characterize. In the section “Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Definitions” (grade 8), the main features indicating homogeneity are given:

• listing the qualities of various objects: aspen trees were decorated with yellow, purple and red foliage, birch trees - golden (definitions characterize foliage of different colors);

  

• revealing the signs of an object, on the one hand, or a state: warm, quiet, unhurried rain rustled through the leaves (uniform definitions convey the state of rain);
• each subsequent definition reveals or complements the meaning of the previous one: every September the forest is briefly transformed, acquiring a special, bright, unique appearance (the subsequent definition reveals the meaning of the previous one);
• between the definitions you can substitute the conjunction and: on the table there were pencil and ink sketches (pencil and ink sketches);
• when they convey different signs of an object, united in a common context by a single property: inflamed red eyes (red due to inflammation);
• when they come after the defined word: we immediately looked at a fluffy, tall, slender Christmas tree (the defined word “Christmas tree”, followed by definitions describing it);
• when this minor member of the sentence is an adjective and the person following it takes a fragrant, browned loaf out of the oven.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are also distinguished by punctuation marks in a sentence. With homogeneous minor terms they are always placed.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

It is important to correctly determine whether or not to put punctuation marks when there are homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions in a sentence. The lesson (8th grade) on this topic gives the following examples of comma placement:

• When homogeneous definitions are expressed by a single adjective and a participial phrase following it, a comma is placed between them: the son handed his mother a large bouquet of wildflowers that he had collected.

  

• When they list the attributes of various objects, for example: red, yellow, orange, blue flowers drawn by children on a gray fence made it festive.
• When listing different properties of one object, pointing out one of its properties: The cold, hard scoops of ice cream were different colors.
• When all homogeneous definitions refer to one word and between them you can put a conjunction and: he answered with an honest, calm look (an honest and calm look).
• When they are located immediately after the word being defined: he saw an elegant, fragile, gentle girl.
• When synonymous properties of an object are listed in a single context: a stormy, roaring, deafening storm broke out.
• When there are signs due to mutual dependence: heavy, prolonged downpour (prolonged because it is strong).

Commas are not used if homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are separated by the coordinating conjunction and. For example: red and yellow balls (uniform definitions); the house was large and made of stone (heterogeneous definitions).

Additional signs of homogeneity and heterogeneity

In addition to the main ones, there are additional signs indicating that the definitions are homogeneous. or poetic forms bound by the requirements of rhyme or terminology. In such speech constructions, definitions, even those that come after the object they define, may be undefinable. For example:




Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (the exercises confirm this) can move from one quality to another. For example, when one definition comes before another, forming a single phrase with the subject: a long train.

A special type of definition

A special type includes definitions that connect explanatory relations. In this case, it is easy to determine where the definitions are homogeneous and heterogeneous. The test for distinguishing them is to substitute the conjunctions “namely” and “that is.”

• A completely different, interesting time has come (different, namely interesting).
• The play received a new, original sound (new, that is, original).



A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions associated with explanatory conditions.

Note

As the rules show, they may have exceptions or notes, which is confirmed by the study of the topic “homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.” A class 11 lesson introduces students to a note on this topic. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions tend to change the meaning of a sentence, for example:

• New, yellow taxis appeared on the city streets (the previous ones were not yellow).
• New yellow taxis have appeared on the city streets (the number of yellow taxis has increased).



In the first example, the emphasis is on the fact that taxis in the city have turned yellow. In the second, new cars appeared among the yellow taxis.

Double punctuation

Depending on what intonation the speaker uses, in some phrases the definition following the first may become not homogeneous, but explanatory. For example:

• New proven methods led to the result (before these methods did not exist).
• New, proven methods led to the result (previous methods were not proven).

In the second example, you can substitute the conjunctions “that is” and “namely”, so a comma is added and the intonation changes.

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions.

The definitions are uniform:

• 1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects, for example: A crowd of children in blue, red, white shirts stands on the shore (Gorky);
• 2) if they denote different characteristics of the same object, characterizing it on the one hand, for example: Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furmanov). - Each of the homogeneous definitions directly relates to the noun being defined; a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between the definitions. Wed: empty, deserted shore; a difficult, harsh matter;
• 3) if they characterize an object from different sides, but according to the conditions of the context they are united by some common feature (appearance, similarity of the impression they make, causal connection, etc.), for example: One small, golden cloud melted in the sky (Gorky ) (appearance); ...Water flows over the pebbles and spins filamentous, emerald green algae (V. Soloukhin) (general external impression); spring, morning, thin ice (Tvardovsky) (general sign - “weak, fragile”); red, inflamed eyelids (“red because they are inflamed”); moonlit, clear night (“moonlit, and therefore clear”);
• 4) if, under the conditions of the context, synonymous relations are created between them, for example: Dark, difficult days have come... (Turgenev).

  Wed. also: complete, hopeless darkness; transparent, clean air; red, angry face, timid, apathetic character; thick, heavy oil; quiet, modest life; smooth, monotonous voice; white, strong teeth; a cheerful, good-natured smile; proud, independent appearance; remote, deserted alley; dry, cracked earth; a stern, stubborn old woman, etc.;

• 5) if they form a semantic gradation (each subsequent one strengthens the attribute expressed by the definitions), for example: In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and acquire their own special, original, not similar to anything (Aksakov); A joyful, festive, radiant mood was spreading, and the uniform seemed to become tight (Serafimovich);
• 6) if a single definition is followed by a definition expressed in a participial phrase, for example: In the chest I found a yellowed hetman’s letter written in no Latin (Paustovsky); That was the first joy of discovery, unclouded by any fears (Granin); On the white, carefully ironed tablecloth appeared bear meat, dried sokhatina, fish, blueberries (Azhaev); Through the small, ice-covered window... moonlight was breaking through (Zakrutkin);
• 7) if they stand after the defined noun (in this position, each of them is directly related to the defined word and has the same semantic independence), for example: ... I saw a woman who was young, beautiful, kind, intelligent, charming... (Chekhov). Deviations from the rule occur in poetic speech, which is associated with the rhythm and melody of the verse, as well as in combinations of a terminological nature, where, according to lexico-semantic conditions, definitions even in the position after the defined noun can be heterogeneous, for example: a) Hello, blue autumn days... (Bryusov); b) late-ripening winter pear; thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes; electric grab overhead crane.
• 8) if contrasted, with a combination of other definitions with the same defined word, for example: Recently in this area there were low, wooden houses, and now - high, brick ones.

2. A comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding one does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun, for example: Alyosha handed him a small folding round mirror that stood on the chest of drawers (Dostoevsky) (cf.: round mirror - folding round mirror - small folding round mirror); ...Can you imagine a nasty southern provincial town? (Kuprin); The early harsh winter dawn appeared through the deathly haze (Fadeev)

Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, in different respects, i.e. express signs related to various generic (general) concepts, for example: In the corner of the living room there was a pot-bellied walnut bureau (Gogol) - shape and material; White round clouds quietly float and quietly pass like magical underwater islands (Turgenev) - color and shape; We lived in the basement of a large stone house (Gorky) - size and material; Once upon a time I had the opportunity to sail along a gloomy Siberian river (Korolenko) - quality and location, etc. If it is possible to subsume such characteristics under a general generic concept, such definitions can become homogeneous, for example: A large, stone house is allocated for a tourist base (the unifying concept is “well-appointed”). Depending on the style of speech, some examples allow for different understandings, and therefore different punctuation.

Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, since they denote heterogeneous characteristics, for example: The bright winter sun looked into our windows (Aksakov); The snowdrifts were covered with a thin ice crust (Chekhov); Suddenly, an alarming horse neigh was heard in the darkness (Fadeev). Less commonly, heterogeneous definitions are formed by a combination of qualitative adjectives, for example: A light, discreet whisper woke me up (Turgenev); milk jug with thick yellow cream (Kuprin); huge amazing dark blue swallowtails (Prishvin). Punctuation does not cause any difficulty in definitions expressed only by relative adjectives or participles and relative adjectives, for example: summer sports camp, twisted iron staircase, marble quadrangular columns, unpublished author's rough sketches.

Double interpretation and double punctuation allow combinations like: other proven methods (before that there were already proven methods) - other, proven methods (before that there were methods that had not yet been tested). In the latter case, the second definition acts not as a homogeneous one, but as an explanatory one (a non-coordinating conjunction can be inserted before such definitions And, and explanatory conjunctions A exactly, that is).

Homogeneous are those members of a sentence that answer the same question and relate to the same member of the sentence or are explained by the same member of the sentence.

Compare two sentences:

I often getletters Andparcels . I oftenI get AndI'm sending letters

In the first sentence, two complements answer the question WHAT? and refer to the same predicate, and in the second sentence two predicates are explained by one common addition.

Homogeneous members are usually expressed by words of one part of speech, as was the case in the sentences above, but can also be expressed by different parts of speech. For example: He spoke slowly With long pauses. In this sentence, the first circumstance is expressed by an adverb, and the second by a noun with a preposition.

Homogeneous members in sentences can be extended, that is, they can have dependent words. Consider the following sentence carefully.

Guys filmedfrom the head of the cap andbowed.

Here there are two homogeneous predicates (REMOVED and BOWED): the first is common by circumstance (FROM THE HEAD) and the object (HATS), and the second is not common (it has no dependent words).

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members. For example:

The moon rose and illuminated the road, field and houses of the village.

The first row of homogeneous members in this sentence is created by predicates, the second - by complements.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

The same word in a sentence can have several definitions, which can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. It is necessary to learn to distinguish between these two types of definitions, since homogeneous definitions in writing are separated by commas, and a comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.

1. Homogeneous definitions are pronounced with enumerative intonation and characterize an object on one side: by color, shape, size, and so on.

In the morning the sun hits the gazebo through purple, lilac, green and lemon foliage(Paustovsky).

This sentence contains four definitions for the word FOLIAGE; they are uniform, since they all name the color and are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration.

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles and are pronounced without enumerative intonation, for example:

It was an unbearably hot July day(Turgenev).

The definition of HOT tells us about the weather, and the definition of JULY tells us what month this day was in.

Please note that homogeneous definitions can be connected by coordinating conjunctions, and if there are no conjunctions, they can be easily inserted. Compare the three sentences below.

He spoke German, French, and English.
He spoke German, French and English.
He spoke German, French, and English.

2. Homogeneous definitions cannot be expressed by adjectives belonging to different lexical categories.

If definitions are expressed by adjectives, then you can determine whether they need to be separated by commas in the following way. It is known that adjectives are divided into three categories: qualitative, relative And possessive . If one word has definitions expressed by adjectives of different categories, then these definitions will be heterogeneous.

His old woman is standing on the porchExpensive sablewarmer(Pushkin).

The word DUSHEGREYKA has two definitions: DEAR (qualitative adjective) and SOBOLEY (relative adjective).

3. Definitions are considered heterogeneous if one definition is expressed by a pronoun or numeral, and the other by an adjective.

Look at the examples in the illustration.

Why don't you put it onyours newdress?
Finally we have waitedfirst warmdays.

4. Sometimes in works of art there may be sentences in which there are commas between definitions that characterize the subject from different sides.

Read sentences from the works of I. A. Bunin and A. P. Chekhov. In them, the authors strive to create a single, holistic idea of ​​an object or phenomenon, and such definitions can be considered homogeneous.

Has arrivedrainy, dirty, darkautumn(Chekhov).
Clear days have changedcold, bluish-gray, soundless(Bunin).

Punctuation in sentences with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions in Russian speech are divided into three categories: connective, divisive and adversative.

Meaning connecting unions can be conventionally designated by the phrase: “BOTH THIS AND THAT.” They connect two homogeneous members to each other. Meaning dividing conjunctions can be defined as follows: “EITHER THIS OR THAT.” Such unions indicate the possibility of only one homogeneous member out of several or their alternation. Meaning adversative unions is expressed differently: “NOT THIS, BUT THIS.” Opposite conjunctions contrast one homogeneous member with another. Consider examples of conjunctions of each category in the illustration.

Please note that the conjunction YES is written both in the column with connecting conjunctions and in the column with adversative conjunctions. The fact is that it can be used in two meanings. Compare two sayings: Without thread Yes needles cannot sew fur coats And Small spool Yes roads. In the first saying, the conjunction YES can be replaced by AND, and in the second - by BUT.

Some coordinating conjunctions consist of several words, for example, AS... AND; NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO. Such unions are called compound.

The placement of commas in sentences where homogeneous members are connected by coordinating conjunctions depends on what category they belong to.

Before coordinating conjunctions connecting homogeneous members, a comma is placed in three cases:

1) if in a sentence homogeneous members are connected by an adversative conjunction:
The berry is red,Yes tastes bitter. The task is difficultbut interesting;

2) if homogeneous members are connected by repeating unions:
It's noisy in the forest alone,And creepyAnd funny(Fet);

3) if homogeneous members are connected by compound unions:
There will be a holidayNot only Today,but also Tomorrow..

Now let's turn to cases when there is no need to put a comma before conjunctions connecting homogeneous members.

1. If homogeneous members are connected by a single connecting or dividing conjunction, for example:

Minnows were splashing in the cageAnd perches.
In this forest you may spot a squirrel in the pine treesor woodpecker.

2. If unions combine homogeneous members into pairs, for example:

There were many knives in his collection And daggers, pistols And guns, decorated with precious stones.

3. If two homogeneous members are connected by repeating unions, but form a stable combination: BOTH DAY AND NIGHT, AND LAUGHTER AND SIN, NEITHER YES NOR NO, NEITHER TWO AND A AND A HALF, NEITHER BACK NOR FORWARD and others.

We were woken upneither lightneither dawn.

Punctuation marks in sentences with generalizing words

Read the proposal carefully.

Conifers grew near the housetrees: spruce, pine, fir.

In this example there are four subjects, but it is impossible to call them all homogeneous, because the first of them - the word TREES - unites the subsequent ones in its meaning, or, conversely, the last three subjects specify and clarify the meaning of the first. Between the first subject and the subsequent ones, you can insert the question: “Which ones exactly?”

If one of the words in a sentence is specified, clarified by a number of homogeneous members, then such a word is called generalizing . Please note: the generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members.

Generalizing words in sentences can be expressed by different parts of speech, but pronouns are especially often used in this capacity, for example:

Neither noble family, nor beauty, nor strength, nor wealth - nothing can escape trouble.(Pushkin) or It has always been this way: a hundred and three hundred years ago.

Generalizing words can also be expressed as whole phrases, for example:

Every day old Moses began to bringvarious large fish : pike, ide, chub, tench, perch(Aksakov).

In this sentence, the combination will be DIFFERENT LARGE FISH.

In sentences with generalizing words, punctuation marks are placed in accordance with the rule of three main points.

1. If a generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after it.

Yellow maple leaves layeverywhere : cars.

2. If a generalizing word comes after homogeneous members, then a dash is placed in front of it.

On paths, on benches, on roofs cars – everywhere yellow maple leaves lay.

3. If a generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, and after them the sentence continues, then a colon is placed after the generalizing word, and a dash is placed after the homogeneous members.

Everywhere : on paths, on benches, on roofs cars – yellow maple leaves lay.

Exercise

He lay on his back and looked at the sky for a long time.

The outlines of trees, sprinkled with rain and agitated by the wind, began to emerge from the darkness (Turgenev).

Exhausted_dirty_wet, we reached the shore (According to Turgenev).

In the deep silence, the clinking of a nightingale (Bunin) could be heard clearly and cautiously throughout the garden.

I collected my goodies and returned to my sister (Bunin).

Dew glistened on the wet, fragrant, thick flowers and herbs (Bunin).

The clatter of hooves and the ringing of wheels echoed with thunder and reverberated from four sides (According to Gogol).

Songs and screams were heard louder and louder through the streets (Gogol).

We took a rubber inflatable boat with us and at dawn we went beyond the edge of the coastal water lilies to fish. (Paustovsky)

The waiter put cold and hot appetizers on the table, as well as the main dish - stuffed salmon.

From somewhere outside came the restlessly growing, mighty, menacing noise of a huge crowd (Babel).

I threw a heavy lead sinker at the she-wolf (Paustovsky).

From here one could see a large neglected garden (A. Gaidar).

The menu offered a large selection of white_red wine_ as well as carbonated drinks_ and juices.

Evgeny Schwartz grew up in the small provincial southern city of Maykop.

In the depths of the garden stood an awkward two-story shed, and under the roof of this shed fluttered a small red flag (Gaidar).

It’s especially good in the gazebo on quiet autumn nights, when the leisurely, vertical rain is making a low noise in the garden (Paustovsky).

There are many gas_electric stoves_ and ovens on display at the exhibition.

Ahead is a deserted September day (Paustovsky).

He packed not only clothes but also books into the suitcase.

He decided to pack either clothes or books in his suitcase.

He took out a suitcase and put there_ shirts_ and ties_ and an album with photographs.

The album contained photographs of his wife_ and relatives_ and friends.

In the depths of the garden there was a small outbuilding with small windows that did not open either in winter or in summer.

There were already pies_ and pancakes, pancakes_ and cheesecakes on the table.

I'll order_ either ice cream_ or strawberry juice.

I'll order ice cream_ or strawberry pie_ or cheesecake.

I will order_ not only ice cream_ but also apple pie.

Before, Yegorushka had never seen steamboats, locomotives, or wide rivers (Chekhov).

He is well acquainted with the life of the landowner and the peasant and bourgeois (Turgenev).

On the left side you can see vast fields, forests, three or four villages, and in the distance the village of Kolomenskoye with its high palace (Karamzin).

And the deceptive wave of the blue sea in the hours of fatal bad weather_ and the sling_ and arrow_ and the crafty dagger_ spare the winner for years (Pushkin).

The palisade was hung with bunches of dried pears and apples and airy carpets (according to Gogol).

There were a lot of flowers growing there: crane peas, porridge, bluebells, forget-me-nots, field carnations (Turgenev).

He knows a lot about everything that is important_ and interesting for a Russian person_ in horses_ and in cattle_ in the forest_ in bricks_ and in dishes_ in red goods_ and in leather goods_ in songs_ and dances (Turgenev).

The hare has many enemies: the wolf and the fox and man.

Whether at home or on the street or at a party, he felt someone’s gaze on him everywhere.

Tatyana prepared everything necessary for embroidery: multi-colored threads, beads, sequins, beads.

In our department store you can purchase various_ hats_ caps_ hats_ winter_ and sports hats.

Everywhere_ in the club_ on the streets_ on benches at the gates_ in houses_ noisy conversations took place (Garshin).

Everything merged, everything mixed up: earth_ air_ sky.

The next day, very tasty crayfish pies and lamb cutlets (Chekhov) were served for breakfast.

There were no human feelings left in him - neither love for his son nor compassion for his neighbor.

Deciduous trees_ aspen_ alder_ birch_ are still bare (Soloukhin).

The dew drops shimmered with all the colors of the rainbow: red_ yellow_ green_ purple.

It was joyfully young both in heaven and on earth and in the heart of man (Tolstoy).

1. _ and fatal secrets of the grave, fate_ and life in their turn_ everything was subject to their judgment (Pushkin).

And the shepherd driving the cows and the land surveyor riding in a chaise across the dam and the gentlemen walking all look at the sunset and every single one of them finds that it is terribly beautiful, but no one knows or will say what the beauty is (Chekhov).

And the fact that they were sitting in the living room, where everything, the chandelier in its case, and the armchairs, and the carpets underfoot, said that these same people, who were now looking out of the frames, had once walked, sat, and drank tea, and the fact that it was now silent here beautiful Pelageya walked - it was better than any stories (Chekhov).

Sometimes it happens that the clouds crowd in disarray on the horizon, and the sun, hiding behind them, paints them and the sky in all sorts of colors: crimson, orange, gold, purple, dirty pink; one cloud looks like a monk, another like a fish, the third like a Turk in a turban (Chekhov).

The glow covered a third of the sky, glitters in the church cross_ and in the glass of the manor's house_ reflects in the river_ and in the puddles_ trembles in the trees; far, far away against the background of dawn, a flock of wild ducks is flying somewhere to spend the night... (Chekhov).

Imagine... a cropped head with thick, low-hanging eyebrows, a bird's nose, a long gray mustache, and a wide mouth, from which a long cherry chibouk protrudes; this head is clumsily glued to a skinny, hunchbacked body, dressed in a fantastic suit, a scanty red jacket and wide, bright blue trousers; this figure walked with his legs apart and shuffling shoes, spoke without removing his chibouk from his mouth, and carried himself with purely Armenian dignity, did not smile, did not widen his eyes, and tried to pay as little attention to his guests as possible.

A good conductor, conveying the composer’s thoughts, does twenty things at once: reads the score, waves his baton, follows the singer, moves towards the drum, then the horn, and so on. (Chekhov).

Alien people_ alien nature_ pathetic culture_ all this, brother, is not as easy as walking along Nevsky in a fur coat, arm in arm with Nadezhda Fedorovna_ and dreaming of warm lands (Chekhov).

Hatred for von Koren_ and anxiety_ all disappeared from the soul (Chekhov).

In Russian between heterogeneous definitions no comma
placed between homogeneous definitions a comma is added.
Several agreed upon definitions that are not related to each other
unions can be both homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions directly related to the defined (main)
in a word, while among themselves they are in a relationship
enumeration (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and between
they can be combined with and):
Here's an example:
Red, yellow tulips. Yellow tulips. Red tulips. Reds
and yellow tulips.

Heterogeneous definitions not pronounced with enumerative
intonation, it is usually impossible to put the conjunction and between them.
Heterogeneous definitions are differently related to the defined (main)
in a word. One of the definitions (the closest one) is directly related to
defined by the word, while the second is already associated with
a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:
Here's an example:
Short passenger train.
In this sentence, the main word composition is associated with the closest to
its definition is short.
The definition of short is connected with the whole phrase – passenger
train (Passenger train is short).

Definitions are homogeneous if:

Indicate the distinctive features of different objects;
Here's an example:
Blue, white balls – blue and white balls; the balls were blue; there were balls
white.

Denote various signs of one object, characterizing it with
one side;
Here's an example:
Wooden, burnt barn – wooden and burnt barn; there was a barn
wooden; the barn was burnt down.

Characterize the subject from different angles, but in this context
are united by some common feature;
Here's an example:
Sunny, beautiful day - “Sunny, and therefore beautiful”;
cloudy, dreary days - “cloudy, and therefore dreary.”

Under contextual conditions, synonymous ones are created between definitions
relationship;
Here's an example:
sharp, cutting pain in the leg - in this context, the form is acute and
cutting act as synonyms, that is, as words similar in
meaning.

They are artistic definitions - epithets;
Here's an example:
Oval, cat eyes.

They form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens
the attribute it expresses;
Here's an example:
joyful, festive, radiant mood.

A single definition is followed by a definition expressed by a participle
turnover, that is, a participle with a dependent word;
Here's an example:
Gray, neatly combed hair.

They stand after the word being defined;
Here's an example:
Gray hair, combed.

The second definition explains the first - between the definitions you can put the conjunction that is or namely.
Here's an example:
Normal, peaceful coexistence of states is normal, that is, peaceful coexistence of states.

Definitions are heterogeneous if They:

They characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, that is, they express features related to different generic (general) concepts:
Here's an example:
small wooden shed - “size and material”,
the wooden shed was small;
gray oval clouds – “color and shape”,
the oval clouds were gray;
pot-bellied walnut bureau – “shape and material”,
the walnut bureau was pot-bellied;

Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed:

Pronoun and adjective;
His new car.

Qualitative and relative adjectives;
Small wooden shed.

Relative adjective and singular participle;
A neglected orchard.