Frame, wheels, beams of bridges. Suspension device, suspension diagram and suspension design in articles and drawings. Tips from experienced craftsmen suspension repair.
Xbottom of the car serves to move vehicles along the road.Chassis set upin such a way that it is convenient for a person to move comfortably.
DIn order for the car to move, the parts of the chassis connect the body to the wheels, dampen vibrations during movement, soften, perceive shocks and efforts. And for in order to avoid shaking and excessive vibration while driving, the chassis includes the following elements and mechanisms: elastic suspension elements, wheels and tires.
XThe bottom of the car consists of the following main elements:
1. R and we
2. B alok bridges
3. P middle and rear suspension wheels
4. TO oles (wheels, tires)
T car suspension types:
Macpherson pendant
MacPherson Suspension Device -MacPherson pendant this is the so-called suspension on the guide racks. This type of suspension involves the use of a suspension strut as the main element. MacPherson suspension can be used for both rear and front wheels.
Independent suspension
independent suspension called , because the wheels of one axle are not rigidly connected, this ensures the independence of one wheel from the other (the wheels do not have any effect on each other).
Modern suspension design. Modern suspension this is an element of the car that performs depreciation and damping properties, which is associated with the vibrations of the car in the vertical direction. The quality and characteristics of the suspension will allow passengers to experience the maximum comfort of movement. Among the main parameters of the comfort of the car, one can recognize the smoothness of the vibration of the body.
- balancer suspension especially suitable for rear wheels cars that have a front drive axle, this is argued by the fact that such a suspension takes up almost no space on the frame. Balance suspension applied mainly to three-axle vehicles, middle and rear drive axles which are located next to each other. Sometimes it is used on four-axle vehicles, as well as multi-axle trailers. Balance suspension is of two types: dependent And independent. Dependent suspensions have become very popular.
Truck suspension device - this is a section in which you can study the structure, purpose, principle of operation of the suspension of a truck. Car suspension ZIL
- a section that describes in detail the suspension device of a ZIL 130 truck.
The suspension provides an elastic connection between the frame or body with the axles of the car or directly with its wheels, perceiving vertical forces and setting the required ride smoothness. Also, the suspension serves to perceive the longitudinal and transverse forces and reactive moments that act between the reference plane and the frame. The suspension provides for the transfer of pushing and twisting forces.
- Vehicle rear suspension device
- Balance suspension device
- Dependent suspensions
- Rear suspension of a three-axle vehicle
Eelements of the running gear of the car:
- steerable bridge It is a beam in which swivel pins and connecting elements are installed on hinges. A rigid stamped beam is the basis of the steerable axle. Respectivelyfront steering axlethis is a conventional cross beam with driven steered wheels, to which torque is not supplied from the engine. This bridge is not driving and serves to support the carrier system of the car and ensure its rotation. There is a large list of different types of steerable axles that are used on trucks (6x2) and cars (4x2).
- Elastic suspension elements of the machine- atspring elements of the car suspension are designed to mitigate shocks and impacts, as well as to reduce vertical accelerations and dynamic loads that are transferred to the structure when the vehicle is moving. Elastic suspension elements avoid direct impact road bumps on the body profile and provide the necessary smoothness. The limits of optimal smoothness range from 1-1.3 Hz.
Every driver should know and understand what a suspension is and what functions it performs. And it doesn't matter if you have been driving a car for 10 years or just about to get a license. However, many have gaps in this matter, and do not even know what exactly the car suspension affects. But the comfort and convenience that we feel when driving our own car directly depends on it. But, at the same time, when driving over rough terrain, it is the suspension that can cause discomfort. So what is this node responsible for? What parts does it consist of?
It is to all these questions that you can get detailed answers in the article below. However, we will pay attention not only to structural and functional features, which the car suspension has, but also get acquainted with its most common types.
1. Car suspension: all the most important about the design features and functions performed
First of all, it is worth understanding the question, what is a car suspension? At its core, it is a knot or a structure of a specific number of parts that are fastened together in a certain way. What is the suspension for? Thanks to a certain design, it connects the machines with its wheels, thus providing the possibility of movement. Depending on the elements and parts that make up the suspension, as well as the features of their installation, the connection between the body and the wheels can be either rigid or elastic.
Generally the suspension is an element of the chassis of the car and plays a very important role in its functioning. Consider the most common list of parts that make up the integral suspension design of modern cars:
1. Guide elements. It is thanks to them that the wheels are connected to the body and transmit the force of movement to it. Also, thanks to them, the nature of the movement of the wheels relative to the body of the car is determined. Under the guide elements it is necessary to understand all kinds of levers for fastening and connecting parts. They can be longitudinal, transverse and double.
2. Elastic element. It is a kind of "adapter" between the wheels and the car body. It is he who perceives the load from the bumps in the road, accumulates it and transfers it to the body. Elastic elements can be made both from metal and from other affordable and durable materials. Metal - these are springs, springs (cast springs are used mainly on trucks) and torsion bars (in torsion bar suspension types). As for non-metallic elastic elements, they can be made of rubber (buffers and bumpers, but they are mainly used as an addition to metal devices), pneumatic (the properties of compressed air are used) and hydropneumatic (az and working fluid are used) elements.
3. Extinguishing device. In other words, this is car shock absorber. It is needed in order to reduce the amplitude of body vibrations, which are exactly what the work of the elastic element causes. The operation of this device is based on the hydraulic resistance that occurs during the flow of fluid through the calibration valves from one cylinder cavity to another. Although, in general, a shock absorber can consist of both two cylinders (double-tube) and one (single-tube).
4. Thanks to him, it is possible to counteract the rapidly growing roll that is formed during the implementation of the turn. It works by distributing weight across all wheels of the car. At its core, the stabilizer is an elastic rod, which is connected to the rest of the suspension elements through the racks. It can be installed both on the front and on the rear axle of the car.
5. Wheel support. Located on rear axle and perceives the entire load from the wheel, distributing it to the levers and shock absorber. The same device is on the front axle, only it is called "swivel clack".
6. Fastening elements. Thanks to them, all elements and parts of the suspension are connected both to each other and attached to the car body. The main types of fasteners, which are most often used in the suspension, include: rigid connection with bolts; connection using elastic elements, which are rubber-metal bushings or silent blocks); ball joint.
In general, there are a fairly large number of types and types of pendants that can perform different functions and have different purposes and placement. Take for example the rear dependent suspension. Its design is simple and easy to understand for ordinary people: it is held on the car with two sufficiently strong coil springs, and also has an additional mount on four levers that are in a longitudinal position. In general, this design has a rather small weight, so it has a rather strong effect on the smoothness of the car. But let's still not get ahead of ourselves so fast, and first consider a number of signs behind which car suspension is divided into the following several types:
- double-lever and multi-lever;
active;
Torsion;
Dependent and independent;
Front and back.
Let's go in order and take a closer look at the two- and multi-link suspensions of the car.
What features are hidden behind two- and multi-link automotive units?
In general, their name comes from the type of attachment, and to be more precise, from the design features of the levers with which these suspensions are attached to the car body. In the first case, they are attached to two transverse levers, one of which is the upper one (it is short), and the second is the lower one (it is longer). Also, specifically to reduce the sensitivity of the car and this unit to shocks that may occur when driving on an uneven surface, there is also an elastic element of a cylindrical shape between these fasteners.
However, such a double wishbone suspension design has a significant drawback, which is associated with extremely rapid tire wear. This happens because the lateral movements of the wheels are very small and this is reflected in the lateral stability of the wheel. But if we talk about the advantages of a double-lever suspension, then one cannot fail to mention the independence that each wheel of a car receives. This feature contributes to the stability of the car when driving over bumps, and also makes it possible to create high-quality and long lasting grip wheels with the road surface.
Now let's try to understand in more detail what a multi-link scheme is. car suspension and how it differs from the above. All the main differences can be revealed by the following three points:
- Firstly, it is a more complicated version of the double wishbone suspension;
- Secondly- its design includes ball joints, due to which the softness of the car increases;
- third distinction- these are special silent blocks or swivel supports that are mounted on the frame. Thanks to these blocks, reliable sound insulation is provided. car body from wheels in motion.
On such a suspension, you can also add longitudinal and transverse adjustments, which, by the way, can be installed separately on each independent element. But despite all the benefits that multi-link suspension And possible ways its modernization, it has a serious cost. To give you an idea of the price, let's just say that this type of units are installed only on executive cars. The truth and value of such a suspension is obvious, as it allows for the most precise control of the car's movement on the road and provides excellent contact. wheel tires paved road.
2. We get acquainted with active and torsion types of automotive components: their main advantages and disadvantages
If you want to find out which types of car suspensions are the most modern and most often installed on supercars, you should definitely familiarize yourself with the active and torsion types of nodes. Let's start in order.
The special attention of car owners deserves Its name comes from the French word "torsion" and is translated into Russian as "twisting", which is the main visiting property of this type of automotive assembly. What is the secret and benefits? The most interesting thing about the design of such a suspension is the presence of a special elastic element, which is made of alloy steel. But what is so special about this steel, you ask?
The fact is that before being installed on a car, this steel undergoes a number of treatments, thanks to which it acquires the ability to twist around the longitudinal axis of the rod. At the same time, the elastic element itself can have the most diverse cross-sectional shape (square or round), consist of one continuous plate, or be assembled from several separate ones. The most important thing is that at its core it is a prototype of a straightened spring, but with a more good performance and resistance to mechanical stress. How exactly the torsion bar suspension will be installed depends on the type of car. If this is an ordinary passenger car, then the installation is done longitudinally. If we are talking about trucks, then the torsion assembly will be mounted transversely. As you understand, this type of suspension is very convenient when operating a car. In particular, the following advantages should be highlighted:
- the elastic element is extremely light, especially when compared with conventional springs;
Compact design.
If you try to explain the meaning and role of elastic parts, then the following example should be given. If you suddenly need to go to a country road with a lot of deep potholes, having a torsion bar suspension on your car, you can lift the body without much effort. To do this, you will only need to pull the torsion bars with a special motor, which will allow you to adjust the required height of the road clearance.
But this is not all the advantages of such a suspension. If you need to change a wheel and at that moment you do not have a jack at hand, with the help of this device you will easily raise the body of the car on three wheels. Probably for this reason, the most widely used torsion bar type of automobile suspension is used on military armored vehicles.
Now let's pay a little attention to the active type of car suspension. When starting to get acquainted with its design, get ready right away: everything here is radically different from the classical design, there are no rods, no helical springs, or any other elastic elements that are mandatory for other types of suspensions. In order to mitigate and completely level out shocks and other unpleasant “consequences” of road surface irregularities, a special pneumatic or hydraulic strut, or a combination of both, is installed on such a suspension. Surprised? Let's try to understand in more detail.
At its core, this design is nothing more than a conventional cylinder, inside which is either a liquid or a compressed gas. The contents of the cylinder are distributed to the aforementioned racks due to the operation of the compressors. The convenience of this type of suspension is directly related to the fact that its use can be fully computerized. So, with the help of electronics, you can completely control the stiffness of the car's depreciation, and compensate for body distortions while driving on slopes and uneven roads.
Thus, we can sum up the following. The types of suspensions described in this section of the article give the driver a huge number of advantages that start in the comfort of movement and end in the ability to control the operation of the suspension directly from the car. However, they are not suitable for everyone. What is the reason for this, not only old model car or its deterioration, but also price inaccessibility.
3. Dependent and independent suspension - which is more rational to choose?
What's happened dependent suspension probably know those who bought their first car at the end of the last century or even before the collapse of the USSR. We think this gave a hint to everyone - today the dependent suspension is considered an outdated option and cannot be found on modern cars. The only thing is that it is installed on those makes and models of cars, the design of which has not changed for several decades. Of course, we can talk about cars that we have always considered the "children" of the domestic auto industry - the Volga and Zhiguli. Also, dependent suspension today can be found on UAZ vehicles, as well as on older and classic Jeep models.
Why is the suspension called "dependent"? Let's try to explain using a very simple example: when, being in such a car, you accidentally hit a bump with only one wheel, the angle of the entire suspension axis changes. It is not difficult to guess that there is very little comfort from such a ride. However, do not think that manufacturers have reached insanity, since they still install this kind of suspension. Their most important advantage is the simplicity of design, as well as its low cost, which allows you to drop the price from the cost of the entire vehicle.
There is another version of the dependent suspension of a car, which today can already be considered "ancient". We are talking about the de Dion dependent scheme, the first copies of which were installed on the very first cars. The peculiarity of such a suspension is that its final drive housing is attached to the car body, regardless of the bridge. Well, now let's move on to the most modern type of suspension, which is independent. In fact, it can be considered the complete opposite of the dependent suspension scheme, since in this embodiment we get the ability to move all four wheels absolutely independently of each other. That is, if one wheel hits a bump, this does not mean at all that all four wheels will bounce. By the way, one of the options independent suspension we have already mentioned, and it is a two-lever system.
However, independent suspension can be performed in other versions, among which it is necessary to draw your attention to the MacPherson strut, which is a very interesting example. For the first time they began to use it back in 1965, and the first car on which it was installed was the legendary Peugeot 204. How does such a suspension function and what elements does it consist of? In fact, there is nothing complicated here:
- one single lever;
A block that stabilizes the suspension roll stability;
The second block, which consists of a telescopic shock absorber and a coil spring.
Of course, this option is far from a double wishbone suspension. The main disadvantages of the MacPherson circuit are that when driving in a car, a change in camber is felt quite strongly, especially if the car is driving on a high suspension. Also, road vibrations are practically not isolated.
We hope that our article has helped you to understand in more detail what types of suspensions exist and how they differ from each other. Such information will be useful to you not only in a situation where the car needs repairs, but also when purchasing a new “iron horse”. It remains only to recommend that you be more careful when driving a car and always listen to what it “tells” you. Happy travels!
What is the suspension of a modern vehicle and its purpose? First of all, it is a set of individual nodes and assemblies that perform the role intermediate between the roadway and the vehicle itself. It is this system that radically solves the problem of smoothing, or "damping", vibrations caused by roadway irregularities. In addition, the car suspension, the diagram of which is presented below, provides a reliable connection between the vehicle body and wheels.
The functional purpose of the suspension can be formulated as follows: the implementation of a stable connection between the vehicle body and its wheels while minimizing the impact of oscillatory processes caused by roadway irregularities.
Suspension modern car is a rather complex system in technical execution, consisting of the following components and assemblies:
elastic elements. System components that have specific physical characteristics and evenly transfer the load from the road to the car body. They are divided into non-metallic (rubber, pneumatic, hydropneumatic) and metal (torsion bars, springs, springs) parts.
Shock absorbers, or "extinguishing" devices, functional purpose which consists in the effective leveling of the oscillatory movements of the car body, obtained from the elastic elements. They can be of pneumatic, hydraulic or hydropneumatic design.
Guide elements are system links that not only ensure a reliable connection between the body and suspension, but also set the position of the wheels relative to the body and vice versa. These include a variety of levers, both transverse and longitudinal.
Anti-roll bars, made in the form of an elastic metal rod connecting the vehicle body with the suspension. The main function of this element is to counteract the increase in the roll angle of the car that occurs during its movement.
Wheel supports, or special steering knuckles designed for the perception and subsequent distribution of loads from the wheels to the suspension.
Elements of fastening of individual parts, assemblies and components of the system. They are made in the form of rigid bolted joints, ball joints (supports) or composite silent blocks.
The vehicle suspension device is, of course, the prerogative of the manufacturer. However, at present, there are several basic (most common) options for suspension systems that differ in the design of the guide elements:
The main structural element of this type of suspension is a rigid beam that acts as a continuous bridge between the wheels (right and left). A characteristic feature of this element is the dependence (transfer of movement in the transverse plane) of one wheel from another. Modern manufacturers use this type of suspension on light trucks, commercial vehicles, and also as a rear suspension on some SUV models.
The most widely used dependent suspension, equipped with guide levers or based on longitudinal springs.
Video - Car suspension (chassis)
This car suspension, the scheme of which assumes the independence of the right and left wheels of the car from each other, is characterized by increased depreciation qualities, ensuring a smooth ride. This led to its rather successful use as a front and rear suspension. cars.
The basis of an independent suspension are shock absorbers, or "quenching" devices. Currently, pneumatic (gas), hydropneumatic (gas-oil) and hydraulic (oil) shock absorbers are widely used.
The third option, which has a more complex design, is active suspension car, the scheme of which includes the possibility of changing technical parameters depending on the operating conditions of the vehicle. These opportunities are realized through a specialized electronic control system.
List of changeable parameters:
the degree of rigidity of the elastic elements;
the level of damping of "extinguishing" devices;
the length of the guide elements;
the degree of rigidity of the anti-roll bars.
Suspension is an important system that makes possible movement car (after all, with its help, wheels are attached to the car), and at the same time ensures the comfort and safety of passengers and cargo. Read about the car suspension device, its main elements and their purpose in this article.
Purpose of car suspension
Suspension is one of the main systems of the chassis of the car, it is necessary to connect the body (or frame) of the car with the wheels. The suspension acts as an intermediate link between the car and the road and solves several problems:
Transfer to the frame or body of forces and moments arising from the interaction of wheels with the road surface;
- Connection of wheels with a body or a frame;
- Provides necessary for the normal movement of the position of the wheels relative to the frame or body and the road;
- Provides an acceptable ride, compensates for uneven road surfaces.
So the suspension of a car is not just a set of components for connecting the wheels and the body or frame, but a complex system that makes normal and comfortable driving possible.
General vehicle suspension device
Any suspension, regardless of its type and device, has a number of elements that help solve the problems described above. The main elements of the suspension include:
Guide elements;
- Elastic elements;
- Extinguishing devices;
- Wheel supports;
- Anti-roll bars;
- Mounting elements.
It should be noted that not every suspension has separate parts that play the role of one or another element - often one part solves several problems at once. For example, a traditional leaf spring suspension uses a spring as a guide and elastic element, as well as a damping device. A package of steel spring plates at the same time ensures the desired position of the wheel, perceives the forces and moments arising from the movement, and also serves as a shock absorber that smoothes out road irregularities.
Each element of the suspension must be discussed separately.
Guide elements
The main task of the guide elements is to ensure the necessary nature of the movement of the wheels relative to the frame or body. In addition, the guide elements perceive forces and moments from the wheel (mainly lateral and longitudinal) and transfer them to the body or frame. As guide elements in suspensions of various types, levers of one design or another are usually used.
Elastic elements
The main purpose of elastic elements is the transmission of forces and moments directed vertically. That is, the elastic elements perceive and transmit road irregularities to the body or frame. It should be noted that the elastic elements do not extinguish the perceived loads - on the contrary, they accumulate them and transfer them to the body or frame with some delay. Springs, coil springs, torsion bars, as well as various rubber buffers (which are most often used in conjunction with other types of elastic elements) can act as elastic elements.
Extinguishing devices
The extinguishing device performs important function- it dampens vibrations of the frame or body caused by the presence of elastic elements. Most often, hydraulic shock absorbers act as damping elements, but pneumatic and hydropneumatic devices are also used on many vehicles.
In most modern passenger cars, the elastic element and the damping device are combined into a single structure - the so-called rack, which consists of a hydraulic shock absorber and a coil spring.
In this article we will tell you about the varieties of car suspensions.
Alas, the quality of our roads is getting worse and worse. Therefore, in order to travel by car to bring maximum comfort, and not to feel so strongly unexpected bumps and pits that come across along the way, various suspension designs were developed. Thanks to them, the relationship between the wheel pairs and the car body is carried out, vibration during movement is significantly reduced. Most motorists believe that different types pendants are made for specific types Vehicle. Like it or not, let's try to figure it out.
Suspension design
It is worth noting that the suspension is a rather complex system, consisting of the following elements:
Vibration damper;
Wheel supports;
A special device (stabilizer) that provides stability to the vehicle by suppressing centrifugal force;
guides;
Fasteners.
Each of the suspension parts is multifunctional. For example, the spring plays the role of a guide, vibration damper, and provides cushioning for the wheels. In modern vehicles, regardless of their types, the components of the suspension can be independent, while having a complex device. Elastic elements provide a permanent connection between the body structure and the roadway, leveling vibrations. This is possible due to the presence of shock absorbers, torsion bars and springs in the suspension design. Note that the springs can be either of the same diameter along the entire length, or variable. In this case, the rigidity of the latter is constantly changing. The design of the spring includes a special bumper made of dense rubber, which does not allow it to be fully compressed, while acting as a vibration damper when hitting the pit.
Springs and torsion bars
The design of the spring elements consists of metal strips of different lengths. In turn, all spring elements are divided into:
Spring;
Leafy;
Torsion.
The latter type is a rotating rods located inside a metal casing-pipe. Torsion bars also include all pneumatic and hydropneumatic suspension structures. In pneumatic elements, the main driving force is air, and in hydropneumatic elements, liquid and gas. During movement, these parts ensure the correct spatial position of the body.
The anti-roll bar allows you to achieve an even distribution of the load between the suspension elements at the time of the turn. It is also performed in the form of a torsion element.
Other suspension parts help to strengthen the body, the correct location of the front and rear wheelsets relative to it. Guide parts allow you to correctly distribute the centrifugal forces that arise during the movement.
Shock absorbers allow you to smooth out the ever-increasing body vibrations and vibrations. Structurally, they are metal tubes in which the working fluid (oil) or gas is located.
All suspension elements are fastened with bolts, silent blocks and ball bearings.
Types of car suspensions
It is known that all pendants that exist today are independent, dependent and other types arbitrary from them. Let's look at each type.
A feature of the dependent suspension is the presence in its design of a special beam, which allows you to combine the wheels on opposite sides. If for some reason one of the wheels shifts, the same will happen with the second. This type has been used on vehicles for many years, although the dependent suspension has been significantly upgraded recently. Today, in it, the spring system, which was used for a long time, has been replaced by trailing arms, and a special transverse link has been installed as a stabilizer. It should be noted positive sides The latter type of construction, which, in addition to a small mass and stability of the camber angle, also includes high structural rigidity, which is especially important given the condition of our roads.
Dependent suspension provides the vehicle with a constant grip on the road surface, regardless of the conditions and type of driving. But, there are also disadvantages, which include the likelihood of loss of vehicle stability when making a turn or hitting an obstacle with one of the wheels. Also, due to the presence of a transverse thrust, controllability is reduced.
The dependent type suspension is mainly the prerogative of trucks and some models of four-wheel drive vehicles, where it is installed at the rear.
As for the independent type of suspension, it is represented by a more complex design solution with no relationship between the wheels. For example, suspension, where the main bearing elements are trailing arms, which are articulated with the body. Due to the strength of all elements of the system, a clear parallel arrangement of wheel sets is achieved. A car with this type of suspension has better maneuverability and good handling, however, when entering a turn, it is necessary to significantly slow down, because when performing maneuvers, the vehicle body tilts, resulting in loss of stability.
The semi-dependent types of suspensions include a torsion-lever design, which combines the two types described above. Instead of springs, shock absorbers and springs, the elastic element here is the torsion bar, which can have a round or square section, and acts as a link between the frame and the wheels. Due to its simplicity and compactness, this semi-independent suspension is mainly included in the design of small city runabouts. The only negative is that it has increased rigidity, as a result of which it is only suitable for driving on good roads.
One of the most common types of suspension is the "swinging candle", or Macpherson known to all motorists. It can be installed both on the front and rear of the vehicle, while it works well in any position due to the increased distance between the main elements of the support. It is one of the cheapest, most compact and easy to maintain types. running gear automotive technology.
However, MacPherson, like the torsion-link type of suspension, does not like bad roads and quite often suffers from a change in the camber angle. But, this still does not prevent him from being one of the most sought-after species today.
The first type of suspension that was installed on old sports cars, became double-lever. In it, transversely located levers are connected to a subframe or car body. Thanks to this design, it is quite easy to adjust the wheel alignment parameters. This type is good because, despite all the unevenness of the road surface, the wheels occupy a constant vertical position, resulting in a smooth ride and less rubber wear. The only drawback is the complex, multi-element design.
In terms of complexity, it is followed by a multi-link type of chassis. This suspension, like the double wishbone, provides the car with a smooth ride, maneuverability and excellent handling. In view of this, it is installed on all models of expensive vehicles. This type of suspension has a minimum of four links, which increases its cost and causes some maintenance problems. However, no matter how complex its design is, road bumps are still well felt during movement.
Unfortunately, it is impossible to call any of the described types of chassis ideal, since each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.
These video clips will clearly show and tell you about the types of suspensions and the principles of their work:
How suspension works:
The work of the front suspension VAZ 2106: