1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions.
Definitions are homogeneous if:
a) indicate the distinctive features of different objects, for example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet;
b) designate various signs of the same object, characterizing it on one side, for example: A strange, sharp, painful cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.(T.).
Each of the homogeneous definitions directly relates to the noun being defined, so a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between them. Wed: pure, calm moonlight; a cup of thick, strong coffee and so on.
Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different sides, if, under the conditions of the context, they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they produce, appearance, etc.), for example: He held out his red, swollen, dirty hand to me.(T.); Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains(L.); Gray strands glittered in his thick, dark hair(M.G.); pale, stern face; cheerful, good-natured laughter; a deserted, inhospitable house; gentle, lively eyes; proud, brave appearance; dry, cracked lips; heavy, angry feeling; gray, continuous, light rain etc.
As a rule, artistic definitions (epithets) are homogeneous, for example: His pale blue, glassy eyes(T.).
Synonymous (under contextual conditions) definitions are also homogeneous, for example: Quiet, modest river(Ch.); silent, timid, timid girl. In a series of such definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the characteristic they express, forming a semantic gradation, for example: Joyful, festive, radiant mood(Seraph.); In autumn, the steppes completely change and take on their own unusual, special, incomparable appearance.
The role of homogeneous definitions is usually an adjective and the participial phrase that follows it, for example: An elderly man with a bushy beard, beginning to turn grey, entered.
As a rule, agreed definitions appearing after the word being defined are homogeneous, for example: Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road(P.). The exception is combinations of a terminological nature, for example: thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes; late-ripening winter pear.
Homogeneous definitions are those that are contrasted with a combination of other definitions for the same defined word, for example: After six months, long, cold nights give way to short, warm ones.
2. A comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.
Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, for example: big stone house(size and material); white round pebbles(color and shape); beautiful Moscow boulevards(quality and location), etc. Such definitions can become homogeneous if they are united by a common feature, for example: Our terrace now stands on new brick pillars(the unifying feature is “durable”).
Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed by a combination of a qualitative and a relative adjective, for example: a new leather briefcase, an interesting children's book, a warm July night, a light birch grove, transparent window panes and so on. Less commonly, heterogeneous definitions consist of combinations of qualitative adjectives, for example: old gloomy house, interesting rare publications and etc.
Homogeneous members connected
Non-repeating conjunctions
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by adversative conjunctions ah, but, yes,(meaning “but”), however, but, although etc., for example: Gavrila was about to object, but he pursed his lips.(T.); The days were cloudy, but warm(Ax.); The solution is correct, although not the only one.
A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after an adversative conjunction and is not at the end of the sentence is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it, for example: Previously, he lived not in Moscow, but in St. Petersburg and studied at the university there. Wed. Also: the most important, but not the only source of information; the most important, although not the only source of information; the most important, if not the only source of information and so on. (after the conjunction adversative, concessive, conditional). The same after a homogeneous member with connecting conjunctions and also, and even, and etc., for example: Cinema, as well as radio and television, are mass media for millions of people.
When an adversative conjunction is omitted, a dash is placed rather than a comma, for example: Not a bird-a jet plane flies by like a projectile; The student turned out to be more than just smart- talented.
Instead of a comma, a semicolon can be placed before an adversative conjunction if there are commas inside common homogeneous members, for example: During the day he spoke to me more than once, served me without servility; but I watched the master like a child(T.).
2. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting conjunctions and, yes(meaning “and”), disjunctive conjunctions or, or, There is no comma, for example: Irina spoke loudly and confidently; Vasya has lost a lot of weight, only skin and bones remain; It will happen now or never.
Before the union And, connecting two homogeneous predicates, a dash is placed to indicate the consequence contained in the second predicate, or to express a sharp opposition, a quick change of actions, for example: I'm running there- and I find you both(Gr.); At this time, someone from the street looked at him through the window.-and immediately left(P.).
Less often in these cases, a dash is placed after the conjunction And,For example: So I thought about it all and- suddenly made up my mind(Adv.); Ask for payment on Saturday and-march to the village(M.G.).
If the union And has a connecting meaning (often in this case a heterogeneous member of a sentence is added), then a comma is placed before it (the same before the connecting conjunction yes and) For example: But I give him a job, and a very interesting one(Acute); Sometimes he would cry and cry, and then calm down; I love my mother very much, and I love my sisters too.
The comma is not placed before the connecting And, followed by a demonstrative pronoun that (that, that, those), used to strengthen the preceding noun, for example: The old people sang along with everyone else. Also: It's nice to stand next to him(part of the predicate is added). But (without union i): Boys, they are not afraid of the dark.
There is no comma before the conjunction yes and in connecting meaning, in combinations like took it and got angry(with the same verb form take and another verb to denote an unexpected or arbitrary action), in combination no no yes and For example: So he went into the forest to buy nuts and got lost(T.); The image of the poor girl, no, no, and yes, appeared before my eyes.
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions.
The definitions are uniform:
- 1) if they indicate the distinctive features of different objects, for example: A crowd of children in blue, red, white shirts stands on the shore (Gorky);
- 2) if they denote different characteristics of the same object, characterizing it on the one hand, for example: Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furmanov). - Each of the homogeneous definitions directly relates to the noun being defined; a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between the definitions. Wed: empty, deserted shore; a difficult, harsh matter;
- 3) if they characterize an object from different sides, but according to the conditions of the context they are united by some common feature (appearance, similarity of the impression they make, causal connection, etc.), for example: One small, golden cloud melted in the sky (Gorky ) (appearance); ...Water flows over the pebbles and spins filamentous, emerald green algae (V. Soloukhin) (general external impression); spring, morning, thin ice (Tvardovsky) (general sign - “weak, fragile”); red, inflamed eyelids (“red because they are inflamed”); moonlit, clear night (“moonlit, and therefore clear”);
- 4) if, under the conditions of the context, synonymous relations are created between them, for example: Dark, difficult days have come... (Turgenev).
Wed. also: complete, hopeless darkness; transparent, clean air; red, angry face, timid, apathetic character; thick, heavy oil; quiet, modest life; smooth, monotonous voice; white, strong teeth; a cheerful, good-natured smile; proud, independent appearance; remote, deserted alley; dry, cracked earth; a stern, stubborn old woman, etc.;
- 5) if they form a semantic gradation (each subsequent one strengthens the attribute expressed by the definitions), for example: In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and acquire their own special, original, not similar to anything (Aksakov); A joyful, festive, radiant mood was spreading, and the uniform seemed to become tight (Serafimovich);
- 6) if a single definition is followed by a definition expressed in a participial phrase, for example: In the chest I found a yellowed hetman’s letter written in no Latin (Paustovsky); That was the first joy of discovery, unclouded by any fears (Granin); On the white, carefully ironed tablecloth appeared bear meat, dried sokhatina, fish, blueberries (Azhaev); Through the small, ice-covered window... moonlight was breaking through (Zakrutkin);
- 7) if they stand after the defined noun (in this position, each of them is directly related to the defined word and has the same semantic independence), for example: ... I saw a woman who was young, beautiful, kind, intelligent, charming... (Chekhov). Deviations from the rule occur in poetic speech, which is associated with the rhythm and melody of the verse, as well as in combinations of a terminological nature, where, according to lexico-semantic conditions, definitions even in the position after the defined noun can be heterogeneous, for example: a) Hello, blue autumn days... (Bryusov); b) late-ripening winter pear; thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes; electric grab overhead crane.
- 8) if contrasted, with a combination of other definitions with the same defined word, for example: Recently in this area there were low, wooden houses, and now - high, brick ones.
2. A comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.
Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding one does not relate directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun, for example: Alyosha handed him a small folding round mirror that stood on the chest of drawers (Dostoevsky) (cf.: round mirror - folding round mirror - small folding round mirror); ...Can you imagine a nasty southern provincial town? (Kuprin); The early harsh winter dawn appeared through the deathly haze (Fadeev)
Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, in different respects, i.e. express signs related to various generic (general) concepts, for example: In the corner of the living room there was a pot-bellied walnut bureau (Gogol) - shape and material; White round clouds quietly float and quietly pass like magical underwater islands (Turgenev) - color and shape; We lived in the basement of a large stone house (Gorky) - size and material; Once upon a time I had the opportunity to sail along a gloomy Siberian river (Korolenko) - quality and location, etc. If it is possible to subsume such characteristics under a general generic concept, such definitions can become homogeneous, for example: A large, stone house is allocated for a tourist base (the unifying concept is “well-appointed”). Depending on the style of speech, some examples allow for different understandings, and therefore different punctuation.
Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, since they denote heterogeneous characteristics, for example: The bright winter sun looked into our windows (Aksakov); The snowdrifts were covered with a thin ice crust (Chekhov); Suddenly, an alarming horse neigh was heard in the darkness (Fadeev). Less commonly, heterogeneous definitions are formed by a combination of qualitative adjectives, for example: A light, discreet whisper woke me up (Turgenev); milk jug with thick yellow cream (Kuprin); huge amazing dark blue swallowtails (Prishvin). Punctuation is not difficult for definitions expressed by relative adjectives or participles and relative adjectives alone, for example: summer sports camp, twisted iron staircase, marble quadrangular columns, unpublished author's rough sketches.
Double interpretation and double punctuation allow combinations like: other proven methods (before that there were already proven methods) - other, proven methods (before that there were methods that had not yet been tested). In the latter case, the second definition acts not as a homogeneous one, but as an explanatory one (a non-coordinating conjunction can be inserted before such definitions And, and explanatory conjunctions A exactly, that is).
Several definitions may refer to the same word in a sentence, which may be homogeneous or heterogeneous. With non-union communication commas separate only homogeneous definitions, and between heterogeneous definitions no comma.
I. The definitions are uniform:
1. if indicated distinctive signs of different objects, characterizing them on the one hand.
- ...at a great distance the city lay out and quietly flamed and sparkled blue , white , yellow lights.(V. G. Korolenko)
- (Some lights are blue, others are white, others are yellow.)
2. if indicated various signs of the same object, characterizing it from one side.
- Loved Chapaev strong , decisive , hard word.
- (D. A. Furmanov)
3. if they characterize an object either only with positive sides and they can be assessed with a “+” sign, or only with negative sides and they can be assessed with a “-” sign.
- ... I saw a woman young , beautiful , kind , intelligent , charming.
- (A.P. Chekhov)
- Has arrived rainy , dirty , dark autumn.
- (A.P. Chekhov)
4. if they represent figurative definitions (epithets).
- Dry , metal His inflamed gray eyes sparkle.
- (According to D. A. Furmanov)
- Met us empty , abandoned house. (Adj. + adverb.)
- I love strong mornings, hot , awakening coffee. (Adj. + adverb.)
- That was first , not clouded by any fears the joy of discovery. (Adj. + proverb.)
- (D. A. Granin)
6. if they are standing after defined word.
- On both sides of the clearings there were pine trees high , ship .
- (Wed: high ship pines.)
7. when describing appearance .
- She met us almost at the house modest , shy , rustic girl about eight years old.
8. if are opposed other definitions related to the same defined word.
- We were passing through then small , deserted stations, then nodal , lively.
Each of the homogeneous definitions is directly related to the word being defined.
II. Definitions are heterogeneous:
1. if relate not directly to the defined, but to noun combination with the definition in front of it.
- Can you imagine bad southern district small town?
- (A.I. Kuprin)
- (Cf.: county town - southern county town - nasty southern county town.)
- Holly dressed up in amazing tight lace dress.
- (S. Ahern)
2. if they characterize an object With different sides.
- Blueberry is a shrub with small round fresh black and blue berries. (Size - shape - taste - color.)
Heterogeneous definitions can become homogeneous if they acquire some common feature in the context.
- Has begun small , pricking rain. (The common feature of these definitions is an unpleasant sensation.)
- Bought as a gift Beautiful silk handkerchief.
- While working here, he acquired huge political experience.
III. Some cases allow ambiguity:
- Wed: She dressed new , mink fur coat
- She dressed new mink fur coat
Comma placement V first case means that second definition explains the first(She put on a new one, namely a mink coat).
Missing comma in second case means that the definition of new refers to the combination of a mink coat (She wore a new mink coat, although there is another mink coat, apparently already old).
When developing a new lesson, we ask questions: what will we study, why and how? When determining the goal, we focus on the class level: lyceum - non-lyceum, as well as on the profile - humanitarian or non-humanitarian. After this, you can make a choice about what material to use - prepared in advance or used during the lesson. Without forgetting the “distant” goal - the formation of the student’s linguistic personality, in the humanities class we set tasks for each student - to determine his own position: speaker - writer, listener - reader. Both examine examples in which, under certain conditions, there is (or is not) a linguistic phenomenon, such as when agreed upon definitions will or will not be homogeneous. In this case, the punctuation rule ceases to be the organizing center; it is assimilated as a consequence arising from the analysis of phrases or sentences. The student comes to the conclusion: there are different options for setting punctuation marks.
In a non-humanitarian, non-lyceum class, the goal can be formulated differently: it is necessary to competently and consciously use constructions with homogeneous/heterogeneous definitions in speech. Hence the tasks: find out when a comma is/is not placed between agreed definitions, learn to correctly read and write sentences with homogeneous/heterogeneous definitions, and be able to compose them correctly.
Independent research on the topic “Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Definitions” promotes stronger assimilation and is better preserved by long-term memory. We offer it in the humanities class in the form of laboratory work.
Preliminary homework to review what has been covered - answer questions, select examples:
– What minor members of a sentence do you know?
– Which part of the sentence is called the definition?
– What adjectives are qualitative, relative?
– What are the signs of the subordinating connection “coordination”?
– What parts of speech words agree with the noun?
– Which coordinating conjunctions are connecting?
– What divisive and adversarial conjunctions do you know?
(Questions can be given according to options, distributed among groups.)
PROGRESS OF THE FIRST LESSON
I. Preparatory stage
1. Checking homework.
2. Working with concepts homogeneous/heterogeneous.
1) Two rows of synonyms are given. Decide what synonyms the word goes with definition as a linguistic term.
a) Heterogeneous, mixed, diverse, heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous.
b) Similar, identical, close, similar, spitting image, similar, homogeneous, heterogeneous.
2) Think about what the phrases mean: homogeneous definitions, heterogeneous definitions.
II. Main stage
1. Updating attention. Motivation.
A student, telling the story of the appearance of a little magpie in the house, wrote: “I was walking through the autumn and damp park, when suddenly, either under a yellow or under a tall larch tree, I saw something I didn’t understand.
Then someone small and black and with a white chest jumped out of the bush.” Describing the chick’s character, the student made up the following phrases:
self-reliant and independent, pugnacious and willful; either neat or capricious.
What speech and grammatical errors would you note?
2. Lesson form.
3. Topic of the lesson.
5. Task.
6. Work with handouts. Exercise.
Carefully read the examples from the book by A.M. Zimin “An Unfamiliar Familiar Forest” and fill out the tables.
| Homogeneous definitions | Signs and conditions of homogeneity |
| Examples | |
| 1. List the characteristics of different objects | |
| 2. Characterize an object from one side, indicate its condition | |
| 3. The subsequent definition explains and clarifies the previous one And | |
| 4. You can insert a conjunction between definitions | |
| 5. Come after the word being defined | |
| 6. Expressed by adjective and participial phrase |
7. Expressed with qualitative adjectives 
warm and thick aroma of pine needles. Large and small bubbles float with the current. Russula stands openly on the road - wet, pink, joyful. Birches dressed in gold, aspens and maples - in yellow, orange and purple dresses. On a gray bank that had not dried out from the spring water, a marigold bush opened its bright yellow buds. Nearby in the grass I found two young porcini mushrooms, browned in the sun. When the winter birds fly away in the spring, swallows from the south will come to visit: both village and city ones.
It seemed that the sparrows had not come here to dine, but were starting a very interesting game with the bread crust, but incomprehensible to me. The rains are falling more and more often, and now there is a quiet, warm, leisurely rain, from which you don’t want to hide either under the tree or under the oilcloth. Under the tree grew lanky, toasted, bun-like porcini mushrooms, and round, reddish-brown boletus-barrels stood near the pines.
The pot-bellied boletus is all in sight, respectable and proud.
Heterogeneous definitions
A small round forest lake. I found a convenient flat rock in the water. Young pink leaves appeared on the aspen tree. Quiet, motionless pines stood further from the water. A chaffinch and a willow warbler began to sing in the light birch forest. I walked along the black, burnt bank of the river. It was difficult to look for firewood in the dark, so I kept the fire going with dry grass from last year. The duckling swims up to the snag-seal, collects something from its wet, smooth back and talks to it about something. In the vague gray bushes the corncrake creaks tirelessly. I'm walking along an overgrown narrow road. Increasingly, the road is blocked by fallen, dry, gnarled trees. I part the grass and catch large ripe berries from it. Here, an amazing hectic life is in full swing around me. Only red marsh russula grew in the damp, mossy spruce forest. A thundercloud rustled over the forest and left clean, warm puddles on the road.
7. Drawing up diagrams.
Homogeneous definitions – ,
heterogeneous definitions –
III. The final stage
1. Assess your condition and your work.
2. Comments and suggestions for the lesson.
IV. Homework (students' choice)
1) Select 8–10 sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;
2) select a text containing sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;
3) come up with 8–10 sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;
1. Be careful! Determine whether the agreed adjectives in all sentences are modifiers.(Not in all of them. In examples 1, 3, 5, the adjectives are part of a compound nominal predicate.)
1) The dried moss crunched underfoot, and the cloudberries were surprisingly juicy and large.
2) A silver night moth flickers in a ray of light.
3) The river here is narrow, the banks are high and steep.
4) I came to collect cloudberries on a hot, windless day.
5) The thick litter of fallen leaves was dry and soft.
2. Explanatory dictation.
1) A queen bumblebee in a black fluffy coat with a yellow belt flew to our parking lot on the shore of the lake, humming with a bass voice.
2) It seemed that autumn had hung colorful holiday lanterns on the aspen tree.
3) The water in the river has already cooled down from the long cold nights and does not have time to warm up during the day.
4) Strong, sharp, alarming cries of a thrush were heard in the bushes.
5) I squeezed my large mushroom basket into my backpack, and together with my son we went to our treasured places to Spring Lake.
6) The marsh grass, cotton grass, approached the lake itself, its heads in white downy caps bent towards the water and began to listen to something. (A. Zimin)
3. Write down the text with a title and explain the punctuation marks. Check the author's punctuation.
The sky is clear blue sun, although not very warm, but bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road there are colorful aspens. When the wind blows, the aspens throw heaps of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch leaves on the fly and throw them up again, rejoicing along with the aspen trees on a fine autumn day.
And suddenly, in the wind, in the shadow of thick fir trees, I noticed a quiet young aspen with black leaves.
What kind of grief does she have? He approached her and stood next to her, but he couldn’t help her, he couldn’t even ask her questions.
OSINKA IN MOURNING
The sky is clear, blue, the sun, although not very warm, is bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road there are colorful aspens. (A. Zimin)
When the wind blows, the aspen trees throw piles of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch the leaves on the fly, throw them up again, rejoicing along with the aspen trees on a fine autumn day.
And suddenly, in the wind, in the shadow of thick fir trees, I noticed a quiet young aspen with black leaves.
It's raining. With the wind. Sometimes drizzling, sometimes _______, _______, _______. In the wet _______ sky, geese flying south scream, screaming night and day, sometimes so high that they are not visible in the rain, and sometimes very low, right above the forest. And then it seems that a gusty _______ wind is carrying them along with the clouds to the south. The aspen and birch trees bow and wave their branches. Red and _______ leaves fall from the branches and fly after the geese. (A. Zimin)
A flock of finches flies along with the leaves.
You start to confuse where the finches are and where the leaves are. But then the finches flew away, and the leaves, exhausted, fell on the _______ _______ grass from the heavy rains, on the muddy and _______ road, on the pockmarked _______ puddles. Behind the birch forest the cries of geese can be heard again. The wind carries another flock of geese to the south.
5. Test. Indicate the numbers of sentences with homogeneous definitions.
1) A large, shaggy dog of some indeterminate color came out from around the bend.
2) The geese noticed the puppy and, cackling with displeasure, gathered closer together, scolding him in different ways.
The great white gander, the leader of the flock, especially tried.
3) Having received a portion of milk, the elk calf lay down immediately under a young spreading birch tree and rested until lunch.
4. Winter was approaching. Lisanka's fur coat became fluffy and thick.
5) By autumn, the fox turned into a beautiful adult fox and began to cause us trouble.
6) The cat squinted her eyes and saw a mouse, small, gray, with a long tail dragging along the floor, running nearby, warily looking in her direction.
7) The chickens lay on their sides in the dust, as if dead, the sparrows were sitting on the fence, not far from the old basin, from which a white cat with yellow spots was slowly lapping, standing on its edge with her paws. 8) Before Naida had time to reach the first bushes, her nose was filled with a fox smell - strong, unbearable.
9) The fox swerved towards the ravine, rolled down the slope and immediately up, jumped over a frozen stream, tore through thick and thorny bushes, leaving tufts of red fur on them, and began to climb to the right. 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10.
10) Spring turned out to be early and unusually quick.
(V. Svintsov)
The proverb says about this bird that it and the sparrow are sea backwaters. It can be semi-domestic and wild at the same time. (Pigeon.)
2. Conversation.
– Do you think the phrase is composed correctly? the dove is bold and semi-homemade?
(No, a speech error was made, since a sign that determines the character of a pigeon is named, and a sign that determines its habitat is indicated.)
– Can you say pigeons? postal and decorative?
(It is possible, because signs indicating the purpose of pigeons are indicated.)
– Is the phrase composed correctly? plumage white, blue and brown-brown?
(Yes, adjectives indicate color.)
– Is there a speech error in the sentence? Pigeons feed on seeds of legumes and cereals?
- Here: transverse white stripe on the lower back? Or:?
wide dark stripe at the end of the tail
(The phrases are composed without errors.) 
– The definitions in the phrases are consistent, but are they homogeneous?
(Heterogeneous.)
– Give an example where the definitions, in your opinion, are homogeneous.
3. Report the topic of the lesson. 4. Offer
– at the end of the lesson, independently formulate the purpose of the lesson.
5. Topic movement. Working with material. Exercise 1.
Look at the drawing. Read the sentences. In which sentence are definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives? What is the rank of the adjectives in the first sentence? What are the definitions in the third sentence? Where are the definitions homogeneous and heterogeneous? Pay attention to the placement of punctuation marks. In what case can a conjunction be inserted between definitions? And?
Try to formulate a punctuation rule. Task 2.
Look at the drawing. Make up phrases: quality adjective + quality adjective + noun, and qualitative adjective + relative adjective + noun
(word order can be changed). When making phrases of the first type, describe the beak, wings, legs, and tail of pigeons. When composing phrases of the second type, take into account the size, age, plumage, endurance, purpose, and habitat of the birds.
Task 3.
Describe the personality of each bird using appropriate adjectives. Independent, unpretentious, cautious, reserved, secretive, brave, quarrelsome, proud, meek, important, calm, pugnacious.
The dove is a symbol of purity, meek disposition, as well as tenderness and love. In a number of traditions, the dove acts as a heavenly messenger and as a symbol of the soul of the deceased. Thus, according to Slavic belief, the soul of the deceased turns into a dove. In addition, he is a sacrificial animal.
The white carrier pigeon, which notified the Greek cities about the victory of the Olympic Games, became the prototype of the dove of peace with an olive branch in its beak, since peace was declared during the games in Greece. The artist Picasso resurrected ancient symbols by painting a white terry carrier pigeon for the World Peace Congress. (According to V.V. Adamchik)
Task 5. Find in the text and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions as part of phrases. Explain punctuation marks.
The buzzard is a large bird of prey, noticeably larger than a crow, with a pointed, hooked beak. Its color is simple: from grayish-ochre to dark brown, the underside is lighter, with longitudinal streaks. Short, rounded tail with transverse stripes. A flying bird has a light stripe visible below its wide wings.
(V.D. Ilyichev) Task 6.
Write down the text, add punctuation marks. Underline homogeneous definitions with a wavy line and heterogeneous definitions with a straight line. The warbler has a thin, pointed beak and plumage that is brownish above and greyish-ochre below. Slender and agile, it moves quickly and maneuverably in the crowns and bushes and leads a secretive lifestyle, although it is not afraid of humans. Active during daylight and night time.
(According to V.D. Ilyichev)
6. Formulating the purpose of the lesson.
7. Generalization. – Do homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side or from different sides?(On the one side.) Moreover, adjectives most often belong to which category?
(These are qualitative adjectives.)
– When do homogeneous definitions list the characteristics of different objects? Give an example. – Is it true that heterogeneous definitions characterize a subject from different angles?
(Right.) – Under what condition is a comma placed between agreed definitions?
(If they are homogeneous.)
8. Lesson summary.
9. Homework.
Read and retell the paragraph from the textbook, select and complete one exercise in writing. Additional material
for control and correction: working with texts by V. Ilyichev (6th version adapted).
1) Read the text.
2) Determine the type and style of speech.
3) Find and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, indicate their characteristics.
The white stork is a large, stately bird with black-tipped wings, an elongated red beak and red legs.
The stork walks a lot on the ground, flies well, interrupting its flight by soaring. Having no voice, it characteristically cracks its beak.
This bird lives in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the western part of Russia. Willingly settles in populated areas, fields and swampy meadows. Winters in Africa. The white stork makes nests on poles, roofs of houses or large trees.
Its food is frogs, mice, insects.
Option 2
Who hasn’t seen this smart and cautious bird!
Black-headed, with a pointed black beak, black strong legs and a rounded tail.
It is gray underneath, and the neck and back are the same color.
Surprisingly, the hooded crow is a songbird, although it is difficult to call its dissonant, piercing croaking, clicking and cracking singing as singing.
She flies well, walks quickly on the ground, and deftly climbs branches. Spends a lot of time in treetops and on buildings. Leads a sedentary lifestyle, undertakes migrations in the autumn-winter period.
Option 3
The wood pipit is an elegant bird, smaller and slimmer than a sparrow, with a thin, straight and pointed beak, long legs, and a loosely cut tail. In summer, its back is covered with clay-grayish spots and streaks. The ventral side is buffy-yellowish, with wide streaks on the crop and chest. The legs are pink, the hind toe has an elongated and curved claw. The outer tail feathers are white.
Option 4
Despite this disrespectful name, the kestrel is a predator, albeit a small one, the size of a pigeon. This is a bird with a long stepped tail, wide rounded wings, and a pointed, hooked beak. Males have a gray head, tail and rump, wings and back with black spots, a gray tail with a black and white border at the top, and an ocher underside with brown longitudinal spots. The female has a brown upperparts, with a transverse pattern on the back, shoulders and tail, and a head with longitudinal stripes.
Winter nature is decorated with our favorites - the handsome bullfinches. The common bullfinch is larger than a sparrow. It has a thick, short, strongly swollen black beak. The plumage is soft, long, thick.
The tail is black, straight-cut. Strong and tenacious legs hold the bird upside down on a tree branch as it reaches for berries and seeds.
Males have bright red underparts, females are whitish-gray, and both have a shiny black crown, forehead, cheeks, wings and tail. The back is gray, the underbelly, rump and undertail are white.
T.V. SENYUSHKINA,
Lyceum “Sigma”,
Barnaul
Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes made in written speech. The most difficult ones usually include placing commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable. What is the definition? This is a denoting attribute, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree ( an older girl appeared).
), adverbs (
Hard boiled egg
What are homogeneous members The definition of this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of the simple (or predicative part). Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Consequently, they will answer a general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible. Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet bloomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.
Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features
This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.
Homogeneous | Heterogeneous |
Each definition refers to one word being defined: " The cheerful, uncontrollable laughter of children was heard from all sides.» | The closest definition refers to the noun, and the second to the resulting combination: “ On this frosty January morning I didn’t want to go outside for a long time.» |
All adjectives are usually qualitative: “ A beautiful, new bag hung on Katyusha’s shoulder.» | Combination with a relative or with a pronoun, participle, numeral: big stone castle, my good friend, third intercity bus |
You can insert a connecting conjunction AND: “ For the craft you needed white, red,(AND) blue sheets of paper» | Cannot be used with I: “ In one hand Tatyana was old, in the other she was holding a string bag with vegetables» |
Expressed by one part of speech. Exception: adjective + participial phrase or inconsistent definitions after a noun | Refer to different parts of speech: “ We finally waited for the first light frost(numeral+adjective) and hit the road» |
These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.
In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.
Definitions that are always the same
- Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance».
- A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
- Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
- Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
- Inconsistent definitions. For example: " A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes and a bewitching smile, cheerfully entered the room.».
Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase
It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.
Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».
One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see the narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.
Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred
- Homogeneous definitions (examples of which can often be found in fiction) designate different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
- Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at the big one, Luzhin, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
- When using adjectives in a figurative meaning (close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».
Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).
Exceptional cases
Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions that relate to the same noun, but have opposite meanings.
Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from the open window." In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.
Rules for placing punctuation marks
Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them." Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.
If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. Exception with combinations that can be ambiguous. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" In this case, everything depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.
Conclusion
Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.