Ranked battles started on February 19 at 05:00 (UTC) and will continue until March 12, 05:00 (MSK). Detailed regulations can be found at the following link:
One goal, one step
Starting from the next season, the Ranked Battles season will become uninterrupted. The new season will consist of only one stage, so it will no longer be necessary to sit at the computer all day long to reach the maximum rank in a week. Now you will have 21 days and as many as 15 consecutive ranks.
Rank protection
As you already know, there will be 15 ranks in the new season (the higher the rank achieved, the better). Rank 1 and 15 do not burn out. However, the season will be long and intense, so we're introducing a "Rank Protection" system that will ensure certain ranks are safe and give you room to make mistakes.
How it will work: rank 5, 10 and 13 will have protection (literally) that will allow you not to lose rank even if according to the rules it should have happened. This system will allow us to forgive you for some mistakes, and for you to get ready for the next push. Defense is destructible. Before the defense breaks and you lose rank, you will be forgiven a certain number of defeats.
- Rank 5 allows 3 defeats.
- Rank 10 allows 2 defeats.
- Rank 13 allows 1 defeat.
Remember that each defeat will reduce the defense of the rank by one point. However, even getting one chevron will be enough to fully restore the strength of the protection.
The winner gets it all
Chevrons still determine rank progression, and we've changed their distribution to keep you motivated.
At the end of the battle, chevrons will be awarded to the top 10 players on the winning team and only 1 best player on the losing team. However, if you finish in the top 3 on the winning team, you will receive an additional chevron. If you are among the bottom 10 players on the losing team, you will lose one chevron. For all other occupied positions, the number of your chevrons is preserved. Such a system will allow good players to earn ranks faster, providing additional motivation for effective play.
Here's what it will look like:
Rating
To guarantee yourself a place in the rankings, you will need to earn at least 6 rank points, which means reaching rank 6. Further progress will be more difficult than it seems. As before, you will receive one point for each new rank. After reaching rank 15, every 5 chevrons earned on a specific vehicle will give an additional rank point and 25 . Starting this season, you will be able to monitor your position in the ranking both in the game and on our portal.
Special rewards will await participants in Ranked Battles: they will depend on your progress in the season. Therefore, it is important to demonstrate a good game both individually and as a team!
About awards
Since the next season will be a single competition, there will be no milestone awards. However, rank rewards will remain and will be revised to justify your efforts and motivate you to move forward. For example, having reached the 9th rank, you will earn up to 1 500 , and the higher the rank, the larger the reward will become. For reaching rank 15, you will receive a total of 4,500 and more than 3,500,000 .
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We will also revise the rewards at the end of the season so that you get a decent promotion in gold, bonds, and Premium Account days. And for getting into each of the leagues, you are guaranteed to receive unique styles and patches
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Abbreviated list of cards
The previous season showed that some maps are not well suited to the requirements of Ranked Battles. For this reason, we have updated the list of available cards, removing Erlenberg and Swamp from the rotation.
Available maps: Karelia, Malinovka, Himmelsdorf, Prokhorovka, Ensk, Lasville, Mines, Murovanka, Siegfried Line, Monastery, Westfield, Sandy River, El Halluf, Aerodrome, Fjords, Fishing Bay, Arctic Circle, Highway, Quiet Coast, "Tundra", "Windstorm", "Paris", "Industrial zone".
We've made all of these changes to make winning more rewarding, to reward top performing players, and to make the ranks match your skill level. Now it's your turn: take part in Ranked Battles and tell us how we succeeded with the help of feedback on the forum!
MIGRATION [lat. n gayo relocation] - 1) M. population - the movement of people associated, as a rule, with a change of residence; 2) M. animals - movements of animals caused by changes in the conditions of existence in their habitats or associated with the development cycle. M. can be regular, made along more or less certain routes (for example, seasonal flights of birds), and irregular, usually associated with natural disasters (fires, floods, etc.).[ ...]
Animal migration - regular and directed movements of animals "back and forth" from one habitat to another, caused by a change in the conditions of existence in their habitats or associated with the cycle of their development. There are: periodic (migratory birds, seasonal migrations of fur seals) or non-periodic (eviction due to lack of food for nutcrackers from the north of Siberia to the south, etc.) migration. They can be passive (larvae, eggs, adults carried by sea currents) and active (locust flights, anadromous fish, migratory birds). Migrations are also distinguished: forage (in search of food), wintering (flounder forms accumulations in deep, warmer waters in winter; bream, pike perch, catfish, etc. spend the cold season in the same "wintering pits").[ ...]
Seasonal migrations are carried out by many mobile organisms. The areas of habitat in which the necessary resources are available shift with the change of the seasons, and populations move from one area to another, of a completely different type. An example is the vertical migrations of herbivores inhabiting mountain areas. By the way, these annual high-altitude migrations were clearly reflected in the methods of keeping domestic animals in mountainous areas. During the summer, cattle, sheep, goats, and even pigs are herded to high mountain pastures; the shepherds are often women and children, while the men mow hay in the valley meadows during transhumance. In these cases, as a result of migrations, the animals usually get the opportunity to always feed where the best conditions are; with the change of seasons they move and thus avoid the great fluctuations in weather and abundance of food, which they would inevitably encounter if they were in one; and the same locality constantly.[ ...]
Seasonal variability of biocenoses is expressed in a change not only in the state and activity, but also in the quantitative ratio of individual species, depending on their breeding cycles, seasonal migrations, the death of individual generations during the year, etc. At certain times of the year, many species are practically excluded from the life of communities, passing into a state of deep dormancy (stupor, anabiosis, hibernation), experiencing an unfavorable period at a certain stage of ontogenesis (eggs, larvae, seeds), migrating to other climatic zones.[ ...]
Migrations are a special, extremely interesting type of settlement, in which there is often a mass movement of entire populations. Such phenomena are possible, of course, only in mobile organisms, and they are best expressed in arthropods and vertebrates. Seasonal and diurnal migrations make it possible to use areas that are only temporarily habitable and keep activity and average population density at a higher level. In populations of non-migratory organisms, not only does a significant decrease in density often occur, but during unfavorable periods, organisms pass into a state of temporary stupor or hibernation. Orientation and navigation of animals migrating over long distances (birds, fish, etc.) is now a very popular area of research and theoretical generalizations, but not everything is clear here yet.[ ...]
Seasonally changing semi-permanent ocean currents, the California and Davidson currents, also have a strong influence on the shelf during lateral migration towards the shelf, especially in winter, when the bottom current is directed to the north. In summer, the opposite happens. The currents are too weak to erode the seabed, but can carry suspended sediment and increase the northward wind drift current during the winter. Mixed and semidiurnal tides 2-3 m high cause circular tidal currents, which intensify other bottom currents, but are themselves relatively weak. Tidal currents on the middle and outer shelves have an average speed of only 10 m/s. However, on the inner shelf, the average current velocity can reach 30 cm/s and is often enhanced by wave swells.[ ...]
Seasonal migrations are known for many animal taxa. However, the physiological basis of this phenomenon has been studied in sufficient detail only in fish (spawning migrations of anadromous forms) and in birds.[ ...]
All the migrations discussed in the examples above usually result in an accumulation of individuals. In addition, life cycles are, as a rule, synchronized, so that mass migration is squeezed into a narrow time frame (it falls on a well-defined segment of the annual cycle). Equally short seasonal periods are usually associated with such events as seed germination, insect emergence from diapause, opening of buds on trees, as well as the appearance of offspring in birds and mammals and the replenishment of the "adult" part of the population with young animals (see Section 5.7).[ ...]
With seasonal dynamics, there are more significant deviations in biocenoses, determined by the biological cycles of organisms, which depend on the seasonal cyclicity of natural phenomena. The change of seasons significantly affects the life of plants and animals (periods of flowering, fruiting, active growth, autumn leaf fall and winter dormancy in plants; hibernation, winter sleep, diapause and migration in animals).[ ...]
In other seasons of the year, the water regime of forest-steppe soils is characterized by the following features. In winter, due to deep freezing of the soil (1.5–2 m) and a stable negative regime of air and soil temperatures, the absence of thaws, moisture migration from the snow cover to the soil and replenishment of moisture reserves in the upper soil layers do not occur. The soil begins to thaw from the surface after thawed areas form in the snow, areas freed from snow appear. During the snowmelt period, areas of soil thawed from the surface are moistened with melt water, but deep wetting of the soil does not occur, since the permafrost serves as an aquiclude, preventing the infiltration of melt water into the soil. Therefore, deep wetting of soils and their significant water charging in the spring does not occur here. During the period of soil thawing, the moisture reserve in the upper layers is replenished insignificantly and in most cases the spring moisture reserve differs little from the autumn one.[ ...]
During the period of seasonal migrations, accumulations of birds from several tens to 200 individuals are noted: teals of both species, red-headed and crested ducks, mallards and great grebes. The maximum number of migrants on lakes Turgoyak, Ilmenskoye and on sections in the floodplain of the river. Miass near the central residential areas reaches a total of 3 thousand individuals. Compared with the 1930-1940s. the number of waterfowl decreased by 3 times (Gordienko, 2001).[ ...]
The range of seasonal migrations is somewhat less than that of the gray crow.[ ...]
Catadromous migrations of juveniles can be of different types. Salmon migrate to the sea actively, which is determined by regular ontogenetic changes in metabolism, osmoregulation and other processes, united by the concept of smaltification. These changes are regulated at the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary system and the endocrine complexes stimulated by this system. It is a certain physiological state, and not absolute age, that determines the beginning of migration. On the example of salmon, it is shown that smaltification occurs depending on the photoperiod in its seasonal aspect. With an experimental duration of the daylight cycle of 6.8 and 10 months, smaltification began earlier, respectively, by 5, 3, and 1 month; with a cycle of 16 months, smaltification was delayed (M. Thrush, N. Bromage, 1988). Similar data were obtained in experiments with Atlantic salmon: an increasing photoperiod in winter stimulates smoltification, while constant illumination disrupts it (S. Me Cormick et al., 1987).[ ...]
Seasonal vertical, sometimes repeated migrations of many hunting animals and birds in the mountains in southern Siberia are very common (brown bear, deer, ptarmigan, etc.).[ ...]
The daily rhythm of life is manifested primarily in the diet of fish. It can be said that during the feeding period a number of other biological rhythms (daily migrations, formation of schools, dispersal of fish, etc.) are associated with the feeding rhythm of fish. This question can be answered with sufficient certainty and it can be said that the daily rhythm, for example, of fish feeding is different in adult fish, juveniles, and underyearlings. But the question of whether the daily rhythm of fish nutrition is different within a population, say, adult fish of the same herd or race or even species, has not only not been studied, but has not even been raised.[ ...]
Koblitskaya AF Seasonal migrations of juvenile fish in the lower reaches of the Volga delta in the period preceding runoff regulation. - Ibid., 19586, no. 4, p. 209-235.[ ...]
Birds feed in different communities in different seasons of the year, for example, starlings in the first half of summer - in gardens and fields, and then, when the chicks grow up - in the forests; bullfinches fly in winter to forests and parks where there is food for them (mountain ash, viburnum). Many species of birds are absent in the composition of the ecosystems of the North and the temperate zone in cold weather, as they fly to the South. Seasonal migrations are possible in search of food from ungulates. For a person, accounting for S.I. is especially important. herbal ecosystems that are used as hayfields and pastures, since plants have different nutritional value at different periods of the growing season (after flowering they coarsen, their protein content decreases and the amount of fiber increases); pastures, depending on the rate of regrowth of plants after grazing, in different seasons have different aftertaste and, accordingly, different pasture capacity.[ ...]
For the formation of seasonal conditions, gonadotropic hormones (gonadotropins), which stimulate the functions of the sex glands, are of the greatest importance; thyroid-stimulating hormone that controls the activity of the thyroid gland; adrenocorticotropic hormone (AKT1), which activates the production of hormones in the adrenal cortex; and prolactin, which is involved in the direct regulation of reproduction and (in birds) migrations.[ ...]
Chukuchan makes seasonal migrations in the spring - for feeding in channels, backwaters, oxbow lakes (Shilin Yu. A., 1972). The mass of Chukuchan in commercial catches reaches 1.6 kg; average weight - 620 g.[ ...]
The biota is adapted to the seasonal climate: hibernation, migration, dormancy in the winter months.[ ...]
The most remarkable are the migrations associated with overcoming huge distances. As far as the terrestrial animals of the Northern Hemisphere are concerned, such migrations most often consist of a spring movement to the north, where an abundance of food can be expected only in warm summertime, and an autumn movement to the south, to the savannas, which abound in food only at the end of the rainy season. Apparently, long-distance migrations are almost always migrations between two regions, in each of which there is plenty of food, but this abundance does not last long. Seasons of relative abundance in these areas alternate with seasons of starvation, and the year-round presence of numerous sedentary populations there is impossible. So, for example, swallows that annually arrive in South Africa are much more numerous than their sedentary relatives. Throughout the year, only a very small sedentary population is able to feed there, but in the foraging season there is much more food than sedentary birds can eat. Of all the animals that breed in the Palearctic region (in the temperate zone of Europe and Asia), and migrate for the winter, 98% (according to the number of species) winter in Africa - in tropical woodlands and savannas (i.e., among deciduous vegetation), and their arrival usually coincides with the maturation of the richest crop of seeds of dominant herbaceous plants.[ ...]
The composition of dominants in different seasons of the year and depending on the type of technogenic reservoir, its area and age varies. During the nesting period, black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus), lapwings (Vanellus vanellus), grasshoppers (Tringa totanus), and starlings (Sturnum vulgaris) dominate in the silty areas. In the post-nesting period, lapwing, herbalist, black-headed gull, and oystercatcher (Calidris minuta) predominate; during periods of migration - lapwing, black-headed gull, rook (Corvus frugilegus), jackdaw (Corvus monedula), cracked teal (Anas querquedula), shoveler (Anas clypeata), turukhtan (Philomachus pugnax), starling, hooded crow (Corvus cornix), tree sparrow (Passer montanus). Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) dominates in the lagoons of the sugar factory during the nesting period; in the post-nesting period - turukhtan, black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa); during migrations - cracked teal, red-headed duck (Aythya ferina), rook. In the reservoirs of biological post-treatment during the nesting period, the black-headed gull, crested duck (Aythya fuligula) dominate; in the post-breeding one, the black-headed gull; during periods of migration - gray crow, crested duck, mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), tree sparrow, rook. On water bodies of mechanical cleaning, jackdaw, tree sparrow, rock dove (Columba livid), black-headed gull are dominant in the nesting period; in the post-nesting one, the rook, tree sparrow, rock dove predominate; during migrations - rook, jackdaw, rock dove, tree sparrow.[ ...]
In most habitats, capercaillie are sedentary, but in some places they are characterized by seasonal movements. So, in autumn, from forests where larch, birch and spruce grow, capercaillie fly to where there are pines and cedars - the main winter fodder trees. Another reason for migrations is the search for small pebbles necessary for grinding coarse food in the stomach. In the flat, growing on the sands, taiga forests of the Cis-Urals and 3. Siberia, mass movements of both single capercaillie and their flocks to pebbles are known. In winter, as a rule, there are no migrations; capercaillie keep alone or in flocks, sometimes large ones, consisting of dozens of birds. Males more often adhere to the boundaries of pine forests and moss swamps with pine crooked forests, females prefer denser forests. In the morning and evening, the birds feed on pine or cedar needles, spend the night in the snow, and during the day they rest on the ground or on trees or, in frosts, sleep in the snow. In the most deaf and frosty time, they go out to feed once a day, in the middle of the day. In the absence or lack of pine and cedar, they eat juniper needles, fir, as well as buds and shoots of deciduous trees. With the appearance of thawed patches, they again switch to a summer diet, collecting overwintered berries, cutting blueberry stalks, and later they eat a wide variety of green foods, seeds, as well as insects and other invertebrates.[ ...]
Lifestyle. In middle latitudes, the beginning of arrival falls on the end of April - the beginning of May, the migration is very extended. Favorite habitats are meadows with sparse shrubs or at least tall stiff-stemmed grasses, which are used as perches by the coinage. They also settle on clearings and forest edges, on the outskirts of fields, on fallow lands, old peat bogs, grassy swamps with bushes. Sometimes several pairs settle quite densely, and the nests are located only 50-100 m from each other, but still each pair has its own territory, protected not only by males, but also by females. The singing season lasts until the chicks hatch. The beginning of nesting is relatively late, in the middle lane it is the end of May - the beginning of June. The nest is built by the female. It is always on the ground, in a depression, well hidden among grass, tussocks, bushes, built of blades of grass, moss, roots, the tray is lined with thin blades of grass, hairs. In laying 4-8, more often - 5-6 eggs. In color, they are always darker than those of the black-headed coinage, greenish or bluish, with a brown or reddish bloom or an indistinct rash, less often with weak spots at the blunt end. Egg sizes - 17-22 x 13-16 mm. Only the female incubates, sometimes flies out to feed, sits tightly, especially at the end of incubation. In danger, both birds fly with restless cries not far from the nest. Incubation - from the completion of laying for 12-13 days. The chicks have dark brown down on the head and back, the mouth cavity is light orange or dark yellow, with yellowish or creamy white beak ridges. Both adult birds feed, fledglings leave the nest at the age of 12-13 days, begin to fly on the 17-19th day of life. Perhaps there are two broods per summer. They feed mainly on insects, which are collected on the ground among the grass. Usually they look out for prey from a low perch, sometimes they catch it in the air, like flycatchers.[ ...]
Erokhov S.N. Assessment of the stocks of hunting waterfowl in the Kostanay region during the period of seasonal migrations (interim report) / / Kostanay, 1998, 16 p.[ ...]
Another way of self-elimination of the body from the adverse effects of the environment are migrations that occur instinctively. There are regular (seasonal) and irregular (emergency) migrations. The reasons for regular migrations are the change of seasons, the worsening conditions of the environment, and seasonal physiological changes in the body that stimulate the migratory instinct. For example, birds fly many hundreds and thousands of kilometers from nesting sites; for example, waders from northeastern Siberia migrate to Australia over 10,000 km. In the winter months, whales from the North Atlantic and the northern regions of the Pacific Ocean migrate to subtropical and tropical zones, seals from the Commander Islands to the warmer Sea of Japan.[ ...]
The most important source of matter in the emerging accumulative layer of gley podzol is the lateral migration of iron, aluminum, and humus from soil areas (podzols) located higher along the relief. It arises and intensifies in connection with the differentiation of the soil stratum into podzolic and illuvial horizons, which differ in water permeability. In areas with long seasonal freezing, lateral migration occurs along the upper part of the longest thawing horizon, which is horizon B. Lateral sedimentation of the substance is facilitated by the location of areas of gley podzols on the geochemical redox barrier: they occupy a place at the transition from well-aerated podzols to certain soils with a predominantly reductive regime.[ ...]
BIONAVIGATION [from gr. bios - life and lat. navigatio - swimming] - the ability of animals to choose the direction of movement during seasonal migrations and find their habitat, due to internal mechanisms of orientation in the surrounding space and instincts. B. is inherent in birds, fish, mammals that make long-distance migrations, some reptiles, and others. See also Homing. BIONICS [from gr. bios - life and (electro)nics] - a scientific discipline that studies living organisms in order to use the results of knowledge of the mechanisms of their functioning in the design of machines and new technical systems. For example, B. data obtained in the study of the flight of birds and insects are used to improve the design of aircraft; architects use the structural features of the bodies of plant organisms when designing buildings, etc. BIOORIENTATION - the ability of organisms to determine their location in space, choose the optimal position in relation to the environmental factors acting on it, and determine the biologically expedient direction of movement. B. is based on the property of irritability and perception of external influences of a physical, chemical, and biological nature and is the basis of bionavigation. BIOPOSITIVITY of buildings and engineering structures [from gr. bios - life and lat. positivus - positive] - the ability of buildings and structures to organically fit into the natural environment, not to destroy or pollute it, to be resistant to various influences and acceptable (bioadaptive) for the existence of living organisms on their surface.[ ...]
The physiological features of the migratory state are best studied in migratory fish using the example of (Jishdromous spawning migrations. In these fish, as well as in lampreys, the stimulus for spawning migration occurs after a long (from 1 to 15-16 years) period of marine life. Migratory behavior can be formed in different seasons and with an unequal state of the reproductive system. An example is the so-called spring and winter races of fish and cyclostomes. The most common indicator that stimulates migration in fish, high fat content. As we approach the spawning grounds, fat reserves decrease, which reflects the high level of energy expenditure for movement and maturation of reproductive products. And in this case, there are differences between spring and winter races: in spring, entering the rivers in spring, shortly before spawning, fat content is not very high.[ ...]
They swim quite actively and have appendages that allow them to support themselves in the water. Daily vertical migration occurs under the influence of phototropism. Some types include only microscopic individuals (protozoa, rotifers), while others are represented by organisms measuring a few millimeters (lower crustaceans). They feed on algae, bacteria, organic detritus, and even each other. Their reproduction is subject to seasonal changes and is associated with the proliferation of phytoplankton.[ ...]
Following their food, crustaceans, fish sometimes make significant movements. Some movements have a daily rhythm, others are repeated in the same seasons of the year. So, for example, in the Aral Sea, amphipods rise to the surface of the water at night, and sink to the bottom during the day. Following amphipods, sabrefish and shemaya move. During the day they feed in the bottom layers, and at night they rise to the surface. An example of seasonal migrations of fish associated with movements of crustaceans is the movement of the lume fish - Harpodon nehereus Ham. from the family Scopelidae (Hora, 1943a). During the rainy season in India, which falls between June and October, huge masses of water rush into the rivers, carrying a large amount of nutrients there. These biogenic substances, being carried out into the sea, allow huge masses of planktonic algae to develop in the immediate vicinity of the mouths of the rivers, and in particular the Ganges, which attract crustaceans from the regions of the sea remote from the mouths of the rivers. In places of mass development of planktonic algae, huge accumulations of crustaceans are formed, after which the lume migrates. The locals are well aware of the time of appearance of this fish, and as soon as the rainy season comes, they immediately begin to prepare for fishing.[ ...]
The entire terrestrial biostrome as a whole, as a cover of living matter, has mobility. The most mobile is the aerial part of the bio-strom, and of the structural parts - the micro- and zoostrome. The migrations of lemmings and other rodents are well known; seasonal interzonal movements of the reindeer are measured in hundreds of kilometers, spring-autumn flights of birds are measured in thousands of kilometers. Fifty tropical countries are still not spared from invasions of "migratory locusts" whose average flocks, numbering up to 2 billion insects on an area of 10 km2, move daily from the places of the morning "breakfast" to the places of the evening "dinner" for 20-30 km. If we take into account that the mass of each insect is 2 g and the same mass of green vegetation is eaten by them every day, then this example alone can be used to judge the size of the active movement of matter and energy in the terrestrial biostrome.[ ...]
Oxygen technogenic barriers arise most often when pumping gley (rarely hydrogen sulfide) water from mines, adits, quarries and wells. These barriers, like the considered alkaline barriers, do not affect the general course of element migration in the biosphere. However, there are also technogenic oxygen barriers that arise over large areas. They are the result of swamp drainage and control the migration of Re, Mn, Co on a scale approaching the biospheric one. Even more dangerous are the consequences of the oxidation of previously buried large masses of undecomposed organic matter (mainly peat) on these barriers. The scale of these consequences can be judged by the terrible fires in the Moscow region in 2002. Extinguishing these fires with all modern means for several months did not give positive results. Only the beginning of the rainy season led to the elimination of fires. You should think about this before drawing up plans for draining the swamps of Siberia and creating new oxygen barriers.[ ...]
The proposed sites include a number of lakes, including Lake. Kulagol, where one of the rarest birds in the world, the Siberian Crane, stops annually during the period of seasonal migrations. At the expense of WWF, a land management project for the allocated land plot was prepared. The proposed project was supported by Akim of the Naurzum region, Mr. S.A. Erdenov (2000) and Akim of Kostanay region, Mr. U.E. Shukeyev (2001). Prepared documents for the decision of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan.[ ...]
The areas of planned and current oil and gas developments have a high biodiversity index. 108 species of fish, 25 species of marine mammals live here, 11 of which are specially protected. Opposite Piltun Bay in the north-east of Sakhalin are the seasonal habitats of the Okhotsk-Korean population of gray whales, which are listed in the Russian and international Red Books and are on the verge of extinction. The population has about 100 individuals. To the south is a unique island. Tyuleniy, famous for rookeries of fur seals, sea lion seals and bird markets. Numerous lagoons and bays in the northeast of Sakhalin are nesting and stopping places along the migration routes of birds listed in the Russian and international Red Books. The main wealth of the Sakhalin shelf is numerous herds of salmon - pink salmon, coho salmon, chum salmon, sim, chinook salmon, most of which are "wild", i.e. emerged from caviar on natural spawning grounds. Other commercial fish species also live here (pollock, herring, flounder, navaga, capelin, cod, smelt), crabs and shrimps, squids and sea urchins. Even sturgeons are found in the north of Sakhalin.[ ...]
At the first stages of migration or at low thickness of rocks in the aeration zone, which exclude the development of such asymptotic processes, it makes sense to modify these approaches depending on specific situations, in particular, boundary and initial conditions; the latter is especially important for the near-surface part of the aeration zone with a thickness of several meters: there are strong fluctuations in humidity associated with seasonal changes in the natural supply and consumption of moisture. It is clear that such modifications are all the more necessary for technogenic changes in the intensity of the moisture flux or other boundary conditions on the earth's surface.[ ...]
For example, for pollutants represented by oil products (OP), the density of which is usually lower than the density of water, barriers to their path are primarily aquifers. The waters contained in the soil layer, the perched water, the front of the capillary rise of groundwater and, finally, the groundwater mirror serve as barriers to the migration of such pollutants. Therefore, most often technogenic "deposits" of NP are waterfowl, they are located at a shallow depth, within a few meters (less often - several tens of meters). Reservoir pressure of such technogenic deposits is equal to hydrostatic. In areas of permafrost, barriers to the formation of such oil deposits are permafrost, supra-permafrost waters of seasonal taliks or seasonally frozen rocks.[ ...]
Apparently, the absence of habitats for an individual or a herd is a rather rare exception. Now, with the help of aviation, it is quite well known that even very large crossings of herds of steppe or tundra animals occur within quite definite boundaries, and such sometimes huge areas can be delimited as habitats for individual, quite specific populations. Thus, in East Africa, local wildebeest populations make seasonal migrations over 450-1200 km within a territory of about 18 thousand km2.[ ...]
Thus, the eluvial-illuvial differentiation of this soil profile gives an idea of what the soils of this area were like in the Subboreal time, and possibly in earlier periods of the Holocene. The initial stages of swamping of the area under consideration proceeded, most likely, according to the mechanism of long-term flooding, since the boundary of peat bog 3 was located quite close. Therefore, stable gleying hardly contributed to an increase in the removal of solid matter (in particular, silt), but rather weakened this process. The migration of soluble organo-mineral compounds and iron continued and continues to occur due to seasonal fluctuations in the level of swamp waters.[ ...]
Currently, environmental issues have become important. It is now clear that the salvation of any species requires not only (and not so much) the protection of itself, but also the maintenance of its niche, the stabilization of the community. All measures aimed at preserving the cheetah in the Central Asian deserts did not achieve their goal: this specialized predator was doomed to extinction as soon as the number of its prey - goitered gazelles - sharply decreased. It is not enough to regulate the shooting of saigas and wild reindeer; it is still necessary not to block their seasonal migration routes with canals and gas pipelines. In short, protection of any kind is protection of its niche. The best result is given by landscape reserves, but the possibilities for their expansion are very limited.[ ...]
The first (basic) variant (Table 8.3.1) more or less corresponds to the state of the community in the 1980s, when the catch of zander was limited and its stocks began to slowly recover. A more accurate adjustment of the state of the community to official data on the catch of fish is quite possible, but it does not make much sense, not only because of the significant share of poaching, but also because of the large number of uncertain coefficients (characteristics of the food supply, spawning grounds, fishing intensity for individual fish species). Moreover, for such a large body of water as Lake Ladoga, a model that does not take into account seasonal feeding and spawning migrations of fish cannot be the basis for a final judgment on the state of the fish community and recommendations for rational fishing. Note that the main variant is stable in time with a duration of the transition process of 20-25 years (from a biologically meaningful initial state).[ ...]
Behavioral (ethological) adaptations manifest themselves in a wide variety of forms. For example, there are forms of adaptive behavior of animals aimed at ensuring optimal heat exchange with the environment. Adaptive behavior can be manifested in the creation of shelters, movement in the direction of more favorable, preferred temperature conditions, the choice of places with optimal humidity or light. Many invertebrates are characterized by a selective attitude towards light, which manifests itself in approaching or moving away from the source (taxis). Diurnal and seasonal migrations of mammals and birds are known, including migrations and flights, as well as intercontinental movements of fish.[ ...]
A. A. Lovetskaya (1940) points to the existence of the same, smaller than the race, intraspecific groups, also called by the author herds, in the Caspian common sprat ¡ (Chipeoneila delicatula caspia). The first of them, spending the winter in the South Caspian, at the beginning of spring begins to move north, mainly along the western coast of the Middle Caspian, heading for spawning to the North Caspian, from where part of this herd enters the lower reaches of the Volga and other rivers, where spawning takes place ... The second herd of the common sprat, apparently, spends its entire life in the South Caspian, making seasonal migrations within it.”[ ...]
A number of researchers have discovered the toxicity of chlorine-treated wastewater to aquatic organisms. The Michigan Department of Natural Research has reported harmful effects of chlorine on fish in some bodies of water downstream of sewage outlets. In 96 hours, 50% of Canadian trout died at a total residual chlorine concentration of 0.014-0.029 mg/l at a distance of about 1.3 km below the release. Fish schools have been observed trying to avoid streams containing toxic substances. Due to these reasons, wide straight channels of watercourses below the treatment plant can become unsuitable for the life of many fish. There may be a barrier that blocks the migration of some fish to the upper reaches during the spawning season. The current increase in the amount of wastewater disinfected with chlorine in such watercourses complicates this problem.[ ...]
Nutrition is one of the oldest connections of the body with the environment. Adaptation to its lack can also be behavioral. them, instinctive, and conditioned by processes occurring at the molecular level. The former include, first of all, eating more food than the energy expenditure of the body requires. Excessively consumed food is converted into fat reserves, which are consumed under unfavorable conditions; for hunting. This is observed, for example, in coppers, whose females feed their young in winter without leaving the den. Other examples of instinctive adaptation to the lack of food are the storage of food for the winter by many rodents and various animal migrations (whether within their habitat, to more food-rich areas, or over long distances, like migratory birds). An essential way of adapting to the lack of food and water is the winter and summer sleep discussed earlier, associated not only with changes in the nature of nutrition, but also with seasonal fluctuations in temperature, daylight hours and other environmental conditions.[ ...]
The molting from mating to autumn (it is customary to call it winter) in adult birds occurs in different ways. Waders of some species are found within our region only in breeding plumage and change it on wintering grounds, others put on winter plumage even at nesting sites, some birds begin to molt in the nesting area and fly away in mixed feathers, so that in flocks there may be birds that are colored differently. In all species, molting into spring attire occurs at wintering grounds, and they fly to us in a breeding feather. The change of flywheels in all species is gradual, good flying abilities of birds are preserved. The character of the wing pattern is wholly or mostly retained in all plumages, and this is convenient for identifying waders in flight. Almost all waders are excellent fliers, having a fast and maneuverable flight; during seasonal migrations they can overcome distances of thousands of kilometers in one throw. Migrate mostly at night, even purely diurnal species. All waders in our fauna are migratory birds.
Aircraft fleet
1 aircraft Boeing 767-300
4 B.C. Boeing 757-200
1 B.C. Boeing 737-700NG
3 aircraft Boeing 737-300
3 aircraft Boeing 737-500
6 B.C. Bombardier CRJ 200
Flight range (km) - 9 700
Crew (pilots) - 2
Boeing 757-200
Crew (pilots) - 2.
Flight range (km) - 6 230
Crew (pilots) - 2
Boeing 737-300
Crew (pilots) - 2. 
Boeing 737-500
Cruising speed (km / h) - 800.
Crew (pilots) - 2.
Bombardier CRJ-200
Crew (pilots) - 2.
Safety
Carrying out general work on the aircraft:
Seasonal maintenance:
secondary radar
Secondary radar is used in aviation for identification. The main feature is the use of an active transponder on aircraft.
The principle of operation of the secondary radar is somewhat different from the principle of the primary radar. The device of the Secondary Radar Station is based on the following components: a transmitter, an antenna, azimuth marker generators, a receiver, a signal processor, an indicator, and an aircraft transponder with an antenna.
The transmitter is used to generate request pulses in the antenna at a frequency of 1030 MHz.
The antenna is used to emit interrogation pulses and receive the reflected signal. According to ICAO standards for secondary radar, the antenna transmits at a frequency of 1030 MHz and receives at a frequency of 1090 MHz.
Bearing marker generators are used to generate azimuth marks(English) Azimuth Change Pulse, ACP) And labels North (English) Azimuth Reference Pulse, ARP). For one revolution of the radar antenna, 4096 small azimuth marks are generated (for older systems) or 16384 improved small azimuth marks (eng. Improved Azimuth Change pulse, IACP- for new systems), as well as one label of the North. The north mark comes from the azimuth mark generator with the antenna in such a position when it is directed to the North, and small azimuth marks serve to read the antenna turn angle.
The receiver is used to receive pulses at a frequency of 1090 MHz.
The signal processor serves to process the received signals.
The indicator serves to display the processed information.
An aircraft transponder with an antenna is used to transmit a pulsed radio signal containing additional information back to the radar on request.
Advantages of a secondary radar:
higher accuracy;
· additional information about the aircraft (number of board, altitude);
low radiation power compared to primary radars;
Long range of detection.
Conclusion
I mastered some subtleties of civil aviation (GA) in practice, understood how some devices that were incomprehensible to me work, realized their significance in practical activities. Practical activity helped me learn how to independently solve a certain range of tasks that arise in the course of the work of a radio operator. Once again I was convinced that in practice the bulk of the knowledge I received in the classroom would be in demand. Also, my head of practice was a great help in solving the tasks.
Aircraft fleet
The aircraft fleet of SCAT Airlines consists of modern Western-made aircraft, most of which are owned by the company. The regular schedule includes:
1 aircraft Boeing 767-300
4 B.C. Boeing 757-200
1 B.C. Boeing 737-700NG
3 aircraft Boeing 737-300
3 aircraft Boeing 737-500
6 B.C. Bombardier CRJ 200
The wide-body airliner is the most popular long-haul aircraft. The design of the Boeing 767 combines high fuel efficiency, low noise levels and advanced avionics systems. For its creation, the most modern materials are used. The cabin of the 767 is almost 1.5 meters wider than the cabins of earlier designs. There was also plenty of room for luggage and cargo, with the 767-300 variant at 114.2 m³, which was 45% more than any other commercial airliner in its class. The total length of this model is 54.94 meters. The flight range of the aircraft is 9,700 km.
Number of seats - 260
Flight range (km) - 9 700
Cruise speed (km/h) - 850
Maximum height (m) - 13 100
Crew (pilots) - 2
Boeing 757-200
A medium-haul aircraft developed by the American aircraft manufacturer Boeing, which combines advanced technologies that provide exceptional fuel efficiency, low noise levels, increased comfort and high performance. This aircraft can operate on both long and short routes and is powered by two powerful Rolls-Royce jet engines.
Number of seats - 200/235.
Flight range (km) - 7,200.
Cruising speed (km / h) - 850.
Maximum height (m) - 12,800.
Crew (pilots) - 2.
Boeing 737-700 Next Generation
On June 23, the airline welcomed its first Boeing 737-700 Next Generation, which differs from the base Boeing 737 model with a new wing and tail design, a digital cockpit, more advanced engines and comfortable passenger seats. The new bright interior of the aircraft can accommodate 149 passengers. The Boeing 737-700 can operate flights of up to seven hours with a full commercial load and is already involved in the airline's regular schedule in Kazakhstan, to countries of near and far abroad, as well as in tourist flights from Kazakhstan to Turkey.
Number of seats - 149
Flight range (km) - 6 230
Cruise speed (km/h) – 828
Maximum height (m) - 12 500
Crew (pilots) - 2
Boeing 737-300
The Boeing 737-300 narrow-body jet passenger aircraft is the most mass-produced and popular jet passenger aircraft in the history of the passenger aircraft industry, the result of the most successful passenger aircraft construction program, the base model of the so-called classic series of the Boeing 737 family of aircraft.
Number of seats - 144.
Flight range (km) - 4,270.
Cruising speed (km / h) - 800.
Maximum height (m) - 11 100.
Crew (pilots) - 2.
Boeing 737-500
The Boeing 737-500 passenger aircraft is a medium-haul passenger aircraft operated on short and medium haul routes. The aircraft complies with all modern world requirements for flight safety and environmental parameters.
Number of seats - 118.
Flight range (km) - 4,400.
Cruising speed (km / h) - 800.
Maximum height (m) - 11,600.
Crew (pilots) - 2.
Bombardier CRJ-200
Regional narrow-body passenger jet aircraft CRJ-200 has improved operational characteristics, is capable of flying in difficult meteorological conditions and in high-altitude airfields. The fifty-seat comfortable cabin is equipped with comfortable leather armchairs, which allows passengers to travel in comfort.
Number of seats - 50.
Flight range (km) - 3,950.
Cruising speed (km / h) - 790.
Maximum height (m) - 12,500.
Crew (pilots) - 2.
Safety
Safety measures mean a set of technical and organizational measures aimed at creating safe working conditions and preventing accidents at work.
In order to ensure labor protection, the enterprise takes measures to ensure that the work of employees is safe, and large funds are allocated for the implementation of these goals. The factories have a special security service subordinate to the chief engineer of the factory, which develops measures that should provide the worker with safe working conditions, monitors the state of safety in production and ensures that all workers entering the enterprise are trained in safe working methods.
As part of ensuring labor protection at the enterprise, the plants systematically take measures to reduce injuries and eliminate the possibility of accidents. These activities are mainly as follows:
Improving the design of existing equipment in order to protect workers from injury;
· installation of new and improvement of the design of existing protective devices for machine tools, machines and heating installations, eliminating the possibility of injury; improvement of working conditions: ensuring sufficient illumination, good ventilation, dust extraction from processing sites, timely disposal of production waste, maintaining normal temperatures in workshops, workplaces and at heat-emitting units;
elimination of the possibility of accidents during the operation of equipment, rupture of grinding wheels, breakage of rapidly rotating circular saws, splashing of acids, explosion of vessels and lines operating under high pressure, ejection of flame or molten metals and salts from heating devices, sudden switching on of electrical installations, electric shock, etc.;
Organized familiarization of all applicants with the rules of conduct on the territory of the enterprise and the basic safety rules, systematic training and testing of knowledge by employees of the rules of safe work;
Providing employees with safety instructions, and work areas with posters that clearly show dangerous places in the workplace and measures to prevent accidents.
Maintenance and repair (MRO, TORO -maintenance and repair support)- a set of operations to maintain the operability or serviceability of production equipment when used for its intended purpose, waiting, storing and transporting.
Carrying out general work on the aircraft:
1. Aviation work is carried out on the basis of an agreement between the civil aircraft operator and the customer.
2. The list of aviation works and requirements for their implementation are established by the Basic Rules for Flights in the Airspace of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Seasonal maintenance:
Seasonal maintenance of aviation equipment
With regard to civil aviation aircraft, the following types of maintenance are established: operational, periodic, seasonal, special, during storage.
Seasonal maintenance is carried out 2 times a year during the transition to operation in the autumn-winter and spring-summer periods. Modern types of aircraft, as a rule, do not require large labor costs to perform seasonal maintenance, so it is carried out in conjunction with another form of periodic maintenance. Seasonal maintenance provides for fault detection and full restoration of protective coatings, elimination of minor damage and corrosion on airframe and landing gear parts, adjustment of cable wire tension, checking the performance of anti-icing systems and icing alarms, fault finding and repair of covers and plugs, and other work.
is intended for removal from the cutting area (lower warehouses) of raw wood and round timber to places of processing, temporary storage and shipment
According to the validity period, logging roads are divided into permanent (year-round), seasonal and temporary (timber mustache). TO permanent includes freight roads. They serve several logging companies; each enterprise exports timber to transshipment points located near the highway. Further, the wood is transported to the junction point of the cargo assembly road, to highways logging road (the main section of the logging road serving timber base enterprises for the entire period of its existence or for a significant part of it), a branch (branches adjacent to the main logging road, serving part of the timber base for several years; the validity of the branches depends on the size forest areas and the sequence of their development; the distance between individual branches is 2-3 km in areas with intensive logging, and 4-6 km in forest surplus areas). There are several categories of permanent logging roads according to the type of coverage (depending on the annual traffic density). Roads of higher categories have improved capital pavements, roads of lower categories - transitional and lower types of pavement - crushed stone, gravel, improved dirt. Cargo assembly roads are, as a rule, asphalt and reinforced concrete pavement. The main materials for covering main roads are gravel and crushed stone. In some cases, various organic and mineral binders are used to improve the bearing properties of soils.
Timber roads seasonal action Designed for use in summer or winter. Winter logging roads are designed for the development of cutting areas on soft and swampy soils, where the operation of vehicles in the summer is difficult or economically unprofitable. Winter logging roads are operated for one or more winter seasons. The foundation of such roads is prepared in the summer by means of a rough layout of the terrain, and with the onset of the first frosts, the swampy areas are strengthened with a deck of thin trunks and branches and compacted with passages of light tractors. Winter logging roads are covered with a rolled layer of snow or a layer of ice 30-40 cm thick. The routes of such roads are usually laid along watersheds, floodplains rivers and other sections, bypassing steep ascents and descents. Temporary logging roads - timber mustache - are intended for the development of individual cutting areas and are adjacent to a branch or highway. The validity of such roads - no more than a year.
The transport network of a logging enterprise consists, as a rule, of one highway, several branches and a large number of logging mustaches. In mountainous conditions, roads are mainly used for timber hauling. The routes of mountain logging roads are laid, depending on the soil conditions, along the valleys above the floodplain. terraces, slopes of slopes, gentle watersheds in such a way as to reduce the slope of the transport route as much as possible. The coverage of mountain logging roads on highways and branches is gravel and crushed stone, on logging mustaches - soil and soil-crushed stone. According to the annual traffic intensity, mountain logging roads are divided into several categories that differ in operational parameters. Timber road, in addition to transporting various timber, can also be used for forestry purposes, including during thinning, procurement of wood chemical raw materials, etc. According to the rules release of forest (wood) on the vine, forest users are obliged to maintain and bring to proper condition roads, bridges and other structures disturbed during the harvesting of timber and the transportation of other goods. At the end of the term timber removal the main logging roads, the list of which is determined by the relevant agreement, must be transferred to the forestry enterprise in a condition suitable for their further economic use.
Seasonal logging roads are mainly winter logging roads. Such roads are built in hard-to-reach places - swamps, mary. This type of road has especially justified itself with the rotational method of logging. Seasonal roads are covered with snow and ice. The cost of roads is almost 10 times less than the cost of summer roads, and the cost of hauling 1 m3 of timber per kilometer is 2-2.5 times lower. By type of coverage, snowy and icy roads are distinguished. Snow roads are divided into snow-compacted and snow-ice roads. Snow-compacted roads are built at low traffic intensity and operation of light road trains. They are simple in design and do not require large construction costs. The surface of these roads is a compacted layer of snow on a planned earth base. If the snow on such a road is compacted and watered during the winter, then such a road becomes snowy and icy. At the end of winter, the thickness of the snow-ice layer reaches 0.5 m, which prolongs its validity by 8-10 days compared to a snow-compacted road. A better surface for winter roads is ice. Ice roads are built on an earthen base, which ensures its greater hardness and evenness, heat resistance, speed and trip load of timber trucks. The use of ice coverings makes it possible to extend the winter hauling season by 12-15 days and bring it up to 100 days or more. In order to increase the strength of the coating and reduce its melting in the spring, wood chips, sawdust, and shavings are frozen into the coatings in open areas and slopes. The strength of the coating with wood additives increases by 1.5-2 times, depending on the type and amount of additives. Tracked vehicles are not allowed on icy roads.
Ticket number 11
Question 11.1. Bodies entrusted with the protection of the hunting grounds of the region.
Answer: Department for the Protection and Use of Wildlife Objects, police, State Administration of the Yaroslavl Region "Department for the Protection of Wildlife".
They exercise direct control over the management of hunting and fishing farms in the territory of the Yaroslavl region, as well as over compliance with the rules of hunting. Bring violators to administrative and criminal liability. Prepare materials for bringing to criminal and civil liability. Represent the interests of the state in courts and arbitration. The protection of the hunting grounds assigned to the user is carried out by full-time employees of the hunting ground (rangers, hunters).
Question 11.2. The procedure, timing and purpose of feeding wild animals and birds (give an example).
Answer: Approximate norms and types of biotechnical measures for wild animals.
Based on the biology of wild ungulates, the priorities for biotechnical activities should be as follows:
preservation and improvement of the natural forage base and habitat;
the formation of fodder fields from highly nutritious crops and regular haymaking in order to constantly supply animals with green fodder and high-quality hay;
top dressing with juicy or wet food;
top dressing with dry high-calorie feed;
mineral supplement;
the device in arid regions of artificial watering places, dams, dams on streams and rivers.
Animals begin to be fed during leaf fall, accustoming them to regularly visit feeding grounds and concentrate in nearby hunting grounds. With snowfall and as its thickness increases, animal feeding is also increased.
Boar feeding. In hunting farms, grain waste or grain of oats, barley, wheat and rye, as well as corn, peas, sunflowers, lupins, potatoes, beets, carrots, Jerusalem artichokes, apples, pears, acorns, beech nuts, compound feed, cake, various waste from food enterprises, meat and bone meal, etc. are usually laid out for feeding it.
Estimated feeding time for wild pigs is 70-165 days, depending on climatic conditions, the daily laying rate is 1-3 kg per head, depending on the type of feed and the severity of winter. On frosty days, the daily ration is increased to 3-4 kg per individual. In fact, during the snowy period, each wild boar needs about 300-500 kg of quality feed. To keep the wild boar in the hunting economy and reduce losses, regular summer top dressing in much smaller volumes than in winter will be useful.
Feed fields. Land plots obtained by hunting users in accordance with land legislation are used for growing fodder crops and for harvesting hay for feeding wild animals. Forage fields are arranged in order to increase the natural forage capacity of the land, as well as to distract wild animals from crop damage. Partially, the harvest from the fodder fields is harvested for winter feeding of animals, and partially left on the vine. It is most rational to lay out fodder fields in small areas of 0.2-0.4 ha, distributing them over the land, depending on the distribution of animals. A set of forage plants is selected taking into account the preferences of their animals in a particular zone.
For feeding elk, deer, white hare in the hunting grounds, aspen is cut down, branch fodder is laid out. The felling of the aspen forest should be carried out in accordance with the procedure established by the forest legislation, mainly in the cutting areas of the current and future years. By agreement with loggers, logging residues can be used at logging sites.
For brown hares, a feeding area is arranged in an elevated open area, remote from settlements. A stake (1.5 m high) is driven into the ground, on which an unthreshed and salted oat sheaf is strung. There are several such sheaves in different places. With snowfall, it is determined how often the hares visit the sheaves, and depending on this, sheaves or bundles of salted hay are periodically brought up, which are strung on stakes.
For beavers. Beaver feeding is organized in spring during high water, in dry summer and in winter in places where there is not enough food for beavers. Before the flood, freshly cut willows and aspens are brought to the flooded settlements of beavers. Some of them are fixed behind standing trees in places of natural and artificial beaver shelters. For the period of high water, each beaver family needs to store 1 m3 of branch food. Where beavers do not have enough food, it is necessary to lay out branches of aspen, willow, linden, mountain ash, oak and other tree species near the holes already in autumn with leaf fall. In severe frosts, beavers rarely go outside. In such cases, an oblong (2-3 m) hole is punched near their dwellings, into which the branches of the above tree species are laid upside down.
Salt licks. All herbivores, especially in winter, as well as in spring and summer, need mineral supplements (salt). Therefore, it is necessary to take care that permanent salt licks are equipped on each feeding site. In winter, the animals get used to salt licks and continue to visit them in spring and summer.
Question 11.3. At what distances are projectiles fired from a smoothbore gun dangerous (bullets, buckshot, shot)?
Answer: The maximum range of individual pellets and the total safe range of a shotgun
The greatest flight distance of an individual pellet, and consequently, the safe firing range of various shots at an elevation angle of 20-30 ° are:
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Shot #9, 0=2.00mm |
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Shot No. 7, 0 = 2, 50 mm |
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Shot #5, 0=3.00mm |
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Shot No. 3, 0 - 3, 50 mm |
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Shot No. 1, 0 = 4.00 mm |
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Shot No. 2/0 0 = 4, 50 mm |
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Shot No. 4/0 0 = 5.00 mm |
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Buckshot 0 = 6.00 mm |
The maximum flight range of bullets fired from a shotgun at a high elevation angle (40-50 °), reaches 1000-1500 m. With such shooting, a bullet at the end can concuss or injure a person if it hits, for example, in the face.
It can be seen from the above that the hunter must carefully ensure that there are no people, dwellings and domestic animals in the direction of shooting at a distance of the maximum range of the projectile.
Question 11.4. What is the duration and season of hunting for? Give examples.
Answer: To save wild animals from extinction, hunters from ancient times have rules that do not allow the total destruction of both animals and birds. For this, restrictions on prey were introduced at certain times of the year, for example, in the summer, when animals feed offspring, and the death of one of the parents can often lead to the death of the entire brood.
Ethical norms of people all over the world, for a long time, forbade the production of an animal in a helpless state (natural disasters, molting in birds) during adverse conditions (lack of food, frost, fires, etc.) or more than required.
In modern times, there are sanctions, restrictions and prohibitions regulated by law. Among which, the leading role is occupied by a ban on hunting outside the permitted periods of the spring, summer-autumn and autumn-winter seasons. The hunting season is strictly regulated and established by the management bodies of hunting farms. Hunting within prohibited periods is punishable by fines and lawsuits.
So that there would be no depletion of stocks of animals, not without success, hunting farms apply various restrictions on hunting, restrictions on throughput, creation of wildlife sanctuaries, etc. Long-term hunting bans saved many species of rare animals, which subsequently bred and are now allowed for hunting.
Every self-respecting hunter must know the objects of hunting, and without knowing the beast and bird, do not raise a gun, follow the rules for catching game, which is necessary, not only to avoid fines, but also for the benefit of the hunters themselves, in whose interests is the preservation of animals.
Question 11.5. Tell us about the barrels of modern smoothbore guns, their design, calibers and types of drilling. What safety precautions should be followed when cleaning barrels?
Answer: The barrel is a relatively thin-walled steel tube. They serve to place the projectile and charge, to accelerate the projectile and direct it to the target.
The inner part of the barrel is called the channel and is divided into three parts: the breech (rear), the barrel itself (from the breech to the muzzle) and the muzzle (front). In the breech of the bore there is a section broadened in diameter - the chamber, where a unitary cartridge is placed when loading. Most often, the length of the chamber is 65 and 70 mm. Between the chamber and the bore there is a projectile inlet called the transitional cone. It allows the use of cartridge cases without their exact correspondence to the length of the chamber and forms a shot projectile as it passes from the cartridge case to the bore. The length of the transition cone is from 10 to 30 mm, and for good guns - from 15 to 20 mm. Next comes the bore itself, which has a certain diameter, called the caliber. The caliber is designated by the number of round (ball) bullets cast from one pound of pure lead in an even count, exactly corresponding to the barrel diameter of 220 mm from its breech cut. The muzzle consists of a transitional cone and a choke or choke. The muzzle constriction “pulls out” the shot projectile, contributes to its compact flight in airspace, increasing the range and accuracy of the shot hitting the target. In modern guns, the muzzle of the barrel (barrels) has ten different types (cylinder, half holes, Parker choke, cylinder with a set or reverse taper, narrowing with a reverse taper, paradox drilling, etc.). In domestic shotguns, the muzzle narrowing ranges from 0.25 to 1.25 mm. The value of the choke is determined by the difference between the diameter of the barrel in front of the choke and the inner diameter of the muzzle. For example, if the bore diameter is 18.5 mm and the internal diameter of the muzzle is 18 mm, then the choke value will be 0.5 mm. The length of the barrels of most guns ranges from 650 to 750 mm. In double-barreled shotguns, the barrels are connected into a single block by soldering or fastening into couplings. An aiming bar or rear sight is placed on the trunks.