The Ural region is quite large, consisting of five regions: Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug and two republics - Bashkortostan and Udmurtia. The Urals are the forge of Russia, the richest in natural resources and industrially developed region of our country. Large industrial centers of the Urals: Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Perm, Magnitogorsk, Ufa, Izhevsk, Orsk. These large cities are leaders in the amount of harmful industrial emissions into the environment. Solid and liquid particles released into the atmosphere settle on the soil, polluting cities, forests and fields. Near ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises and mining industries, the content of heavy metals in the soil exceeds the MPC from 50 to 2000 times. Minerals have been mined in the region for many years, chemical and petrochemical enterprises have been operating, which pollute the environment with oil, benzene, oxides of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, ammonia, phenols, etc.

The increase in industrial and domestic wastewater has affected the quality of water in the region; the rivers of the Sverdlovsk region are most significantly polluted. Contamination of groundwater around most industrial centers of the Urals, including those used for water supply, has also been discovered.

The East Ural radioactive trace, which was formed as a result of the emergency release of radioactive substances into Lake Karachay and the Techa River by the Mayak defense enterprise in September 1957, had a special impact on the ecology of the Urals. In the Chelyabinsk region, in the city of Karabash, where the Mayak plant is located, there is an environmental disaster zone, the area of ​​this territory is 30 km. Pollution in this area has reached dangerous levels. Thus, the overall morbidity rate of the population in this area is much higher than the Russian average.

Waste from metallurgical enterprises, waste rock dumps, and ash dumps from thermal power plants occupy tens of thousands of hectares of land. Often toxic waste ends up in landfills or, at best, is stored in abandoned quarries or on the territory of enterprises. Udmurtia is not in a better position; it inherited from the Soviet Union the problem of destruction and storage of chemical weapons; the republic contains more than 25% of the total stock of toxic chemicals in the Russian Federation.

1 of 16

Presentation on the topic: Environmental problems of the Urals

Slide no. 1

Slide description:

Slide no. 2

Slide description:

1. The largest economic and industrial region of Russia, the Ural economic region, is located at the junction of the territories of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The Ural Federal District (UFD) is a territory with enormous natural resource, production and scientific potential. The territory of the UER extends in the meridian direction for more than 2 thousand kilometers. The area of ​​the region is 824 thousand km2, or 4.8% of the territory of Russia. The territory of the Ural economic region (Sverdlovsk, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Udmurt Republic) is almost entirely located within the Urals and the lowland Urals (Fig. 1). Modern natural complexes of the Urals and the Urals arose in the Neogene-Quaternary times and belong to the Russian Plain, the Urals and the West Siberian Plain. The Ural is a region of very sharp economic, natural and social contrasts. The Urals are the junction of: 1. two parts of the world 2. different parts of the earth’s crust 3. various landforms 4. basins of large river systems 5. climatic zones and regions 6. several natural zones 7. economic macro-regions of Russia

Slide no. 3

Slide description:

Slide no. 4

Slide description:

The Urals are one of the largest old industrial areas in the world. In 1990, old problems in the region worsened and new problems arose. Among them are the problem of marketing finished products, unemployment, supplying factories with raw materials, updating technologies and environmental pollution. All of Russia's environmental problems come together here. The original appearance of the taiga Urals, the pre-Ural and trans-Ural steppes and forest-steppes has changed beyond recognition. The Middle and Southern Urals are an anthropogenically-natural region dominated by mining, forestry, pasture and arable landscapes. On the site of the Magnitnaya, Vysokaya and Blagodati mountains, giant quarries arose. In the 1930s, the creation of a large Ural metallurgy, the development of mechanical engineering, chemical, paper and forestry industries began in the Urals. Much work has been carried out to create a fuel and energy base. To supply electricity to the industry of the Urals, construction was carried out on the basis of local fuel at the Chelyabinsk, Egorshinskaya, Kizelovskaya and other power plants, and later at the Beloyarsk NPP, Reftinskaya, Permskaya, Iriklinskaya State District Power Plants, etc.

Slide no. 5

Slide description:

Branches of market specialization of industry. The leading industry of market specialization in the Urals is ferrous metallurgy. The Urals are the main metallurgical base of Russia. More than 80% of the metal is produced by factories and combines - Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil and Orsko-Khalilovsky. Of the old reconstructed factories, the most significant are the Zlatoust, Verkh-Isetsky, Lysvensky, Chusovskoy, and Beloyarsky plants. Full-cycle plants operate partly on local iron ores, ores from the KMA and neighboring Kazakhstan, and on imported coking coals from Kuzbass.

Slide no. 6

Slide description:

Non-ferrous metallurgy is of national importance. The old branches of non-ferrous metallurgy include the copper smelting industry. The region is one of the leading places in the country in copper smelting. Copper smelters are located near copper deposits on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains.

Slide no. 7

Slide description:

The sectors of market specialization of the Urals are also mechanical engineering and metalworking. Among them are such giants as the Ural Heavy Engineering Plant in Yekaterinburg (Uralmash) and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. Ekaterinburg Electrical Equipment Plant, Chelyabinsk Abrasive Plant and a number of others. Old factories have also been reconstructed, including the Zlatoust Tool Plant, the Chelyabinsk Agricultural Engineering Plant, the Miass Plant, etc. Currently, the leading industries are heavy, energy and transport engineering. Ural factories produce equipment for the metallurgical and mining industries, turbines, generators, railway cars, cars, trams, motorcycles, buses, river boats, etc. Orenburg, Orsk, Izhevsk and Kurgan have become major centers of mechanical engineering.

Slide no. 8

Slide description:

An important branch of market specialization is the chemical industry. Its main products are mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda and organic synthesis products. The potash industry is especially notable, represented by the largest potash plants in Solikamsk and Berezniki. Cities with a developed metallurgical industry also became centers of the chemical industry. Here, the production of sulfuric acid is based on waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Oil production is carried out in Bashkortostan (Ishimbay, etc.), Perm and Orenburg regions, the oil refining industry is developed in Ufa, Sterlitamak, Orsk, Perm and Krasnokamsk. A new large gas production and processing region has been created in the Orenburg region.

Slide no. 9

Slide description:

Sectors of market specialization also include forestry, wood processing and wood chemical industries. The main forest resources of the region are located in the north, within the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions. The main centers of sawmilling are Ivdel, Perm, Yekaterinburg. The timber chemical and pulp and paper industries have developed. In the interregional division of social labor, the Urals also stands out for its developed building materials industry, which operates on local non-metallic raw materials. Cement factories are located in Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Nevyansk, Katav-Ivanovsk, Novotroitsk, Emanzhelinsk, etc. The Urals are the main producer of asbestos and products made from it, as well as refractory bricks, facing and other materials

Slide no. 10

Slide description:

Transport and economic relations. The most important role among modes of transport in the Urals belongs to railways. The basis of the railway network is made up of latitudinal and meridional highways intersecting almost at right angles. The most important of the latitudinal highways is the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok. Latitudinal highways cross the Urals at the latitude of Chelyabinsk and Orenburg, Orsk. Meridional roads simultaneously serve as distributors of goods arriving in the Urals in the order of interregional exchange. The network of meridional roads on the Eastern slope of the Urals is better developed. The line Polunochnoe - Orsk stands out; The Serov-Chelyabinsk road runs parallel to it. The Solikamsk-Bokal railway runs on the Western slope of the Urals. A railway was also built to the Tyumen region Ivdel - Ob. Pipeline transport has developed. The main oil and gas pipelines from Western Siberia to the European regions of Russia and the countries of Eastern and Western Europe pass through the territory of the Urals. Description of the slide:

A special pain for the Urals is radiation pollution. Long before Chernobyl, the people of the Urals felt the menacing breath of nuclear death. The Mayak association (Chelyabinsk-65) has been producing nuclear fuel (plutonium) since 1949, located 100 km from Chelyabinsk. In 1957, half of the Chernobyl dose of radiation was released into the air. The radioactive cloud covered an area of ​​23 thousand km2: cities, towns and villages with a population of 450 thousand people. As a result of a major accident at the Mayak nuclear fuel cycle enterprise, an East Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT) was formed.

Slide no. 13

Slide description:

Slide no. 14

Slide description:

The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment,” adopted in 1991, defines the following types of specially protected natural areas. 1. State natural reserves - natural complexes (land, subsoil, water, flora and fauna), forever withdrawn from economic use and not subject to withdrawal for any other purposes, having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as standards of the natural environment , typical or rare landscapes, places where the genetic fund of plants and animals is preserved. 2. State natural reserves are natural complexes designed for the conservation and reproduction of certain types of natural resources in combination with the limited and coordinated use of other types of natural resources. 3. National natural parks are natural complexes that have ecological, genetic, scientific, environmental, educational, and recreational significance as typical or rare landscapes, habitats for communities of wild plants and animals, places of recreation, tourism, excursions, and public education. 4. Natural monuments are unique natural objects and natural complexes that have relict, scientific, historical, environmental and educational significance and require state protection. 5. Resort and health-improving areas are specially protected territories and areas of water that have natural healing properties, mineral springs, climatic and other conditions favorable for the treatment and prevention of diseases. 6. Green zones - territories around cities and industrial settlements that perform environmental protection (environment-forming, ecological), sanitary, hygienic and recreational functions, allocated to suburban green zones, including forest park protective belts.

Slide no. 15

Slide description:

Oh, man! Listen to the planet! Listen to the pulse and heart of the Earth. She is sick and moans like the wind, And asks us: “Save and preserve!”

Slide no. 16

Slide description:

The presentation is designed to study the most pressing and pressing environmental problems of the Ural region. With the help of the project, the teacher provides information about the threats facing the ecology of the Urals, and what assistance can be provided to the native land to get rid of this.

In the presentation “Environmental problems of the Urals” the main characteristics of the Ural economic region are given, all its advantages, which are important for the whole of Russia, are given. Information is given about its climatic conditions and the mineral resources of the district, which makes the Urals one of the largest and most famous old industrial areas in the world. Additionally, there is a map showing the boundaries of the Ural region. The main industries are presented, mainly highlighting ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and many others. All types of such activities are in the first place in causing enormous damage to nature. Therefore, the presentation concludes with a law requiring environmental protection.

Slide 2

1. The largest economic and industrial region of Russia, the Ural economic region, is located at the junction of the territories of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The Ural Federal District (UFD) is a territory with enormous natural resource, production and scientific potential. The territory of the UER extends in the meridian direction for more than 2 thousand kilometers. The area of ​​the region is 824 thousand km2, or 4.8% of the territory of Russia. The territory of the Ural economic region (Sverdlovsk, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Udmurt Republic) is almost entirely located within the Urals and the lowland Urals (Fig. 1). Modern natural complexes of the Urals and the Urals arose in the Neogene-Quaternary times and belong to the Russian Plain, the Urals and the West Siberian Plain. The Ural is a region of very sharp economic, natural and social contrasts. The Urals are the junction of: 1. two parts of the world 2. different parts of the earth’s crust 3. various landforms 4. basins of large river systems 5. climatic zones and regions 6. several natural zones 7. economic macro-regions of Russia

Slide 3

Slide 4

The Urals are one of the largest old industrial areas in the world. In 1990, old problems in the region worsened and new problems arose. Among them are the problem of marketing finished products, unemployment, supplying factories with raw materials, updating technologies and environmental pollution. All of Russia's environmental problems come together here. The original appearance of the taiga Urals, the pre-Ural and trans-Ural steppes and forest-steppes has changed beyond recognition. The Middle and Southern Urals are an anthropogenically-natural region dominated by mining, forestry, pasture and arable landscapes. On the site of the Magnitnaya, Vysokaya and Blagodati mountains, giant quarries arose. In the 1930s, the creation of a large Ural metallurgy, the development of mechanical engineering, chemical, paper and forestry industries began in the Urals. Much work has been carried out to create a fuel and energy base. To supply electricity to the industry of the Urals, construction was carried out on the basis of local fuel at the Chelyabinsk, Egorshinskaya, Kizelovskaya and other power plants, and later at the Beloyarsk NPP, Reftinskaya, Permskaya, Iriklinskaya State District Power Plants, etc.

Slide 5

Branches of market specialization of industry. The leading industry of market specialization in the Urals is ferrous metallurgy. The Urals are the main metallurgical base of Russia. More than 80% of the metal is produced by factories and combines - Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil and Orsko-Khalilovsky. Of the old reconstructed factories, the most significant are the Zlatoust, Verkh-Isetsky, Lysvensky, Chusovskoy, and Beloyarsky plants. Full-cycle plants operate partly on local iron ores, ores from the KMA and neighboring Kazakhstan, and on imported coking coals from Kuzbass.

Slide 6

Non-ferrous metallurgy is of national importance. The old branches of non-ferrous metallurgy include the copper smelting industry. The region is one of the leading places in the country in copper smelting. Copper smelters are located near copper deposits on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains.

Slide 7

The sectors of market specialization of the Urals are also mechanical engineering and metalworking. Among them are such giants as the Ural Heavy Engineering Plant in Yekaterinburg (Uralmash) and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. Ekaterinburg Electrical Equipment Plant, Chelyabinsk Abrasive Plant and a number of others. Old factories have also been reconstructed, including the Zlatoust Tool Plant, the Chelyabinsk Agricultural Engineering Plant, the Miass Plant, etc. Currently, the leading industries are heavy, energy and transport engineering. Ural factories produce equipment for the metallurgical and mining industries, turbines, generators, railway cars, cars, trams, motorcycles, buses, river boats, etc. Orenburg, Orsk, Izhevsk and Kurgan have become major centers of mechanical engineering.

Slide 8

An important branch of market specialization is the chemical industry. Its main products are mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda and organic synthesis products. The potash industry is especially notable, represented by the largest potash plants in Solikamsk and Berezniki. Cities with a developed metallurgical industry also became centers of the chemical industry. Here, the production of sulfuric acid is based on waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Oil production is carried out in Bashkortostan (Ishimbay, etc.), Perm and Orenburg regions, the oil refining industry is developed in Ufa, Sterlitamak, Orsk, Perm and Krasnokamsk. A new large gas production and processing region has been created in the Orenburg region.

Slide 9

Sectors of market specialization also include forestry, wood processing and wood chemical industries. The main forest resources of the region are located in the north, within the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions. The main centers of sawmilling are Ivdel, Perm, Yekaterinburg. The timber chemical and pulp and paper industries have developed. In the interregional division of social labor, the Urals also stands out for its developed construction materials industry, which operates on local non-metallic raw materials. Cement factories are located in Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Nevyansk, Katav-Ivanovsk, Novotroitsk, Emanzhelinsk, etc. The Urals are the main producer of asbestos and products made from it, as well as refractory bricks, facing and other materials

Slide 10

Transport and economic relations. The most important role among modes of transport in the Urals belongs to railways. The basis of the railway network is made up of latitudinal and meridional highways intersecting almost at right angles. The most important of the latitudinal highways is the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok. Latitudinal highways cross the Urals at the latitude of Chelyabinsk and Orenburg, Orsk. Meridional roads simultaneously serve as distributors of goods arriving in the Urals in the order of interregional exchange. The network of meridional roads on the Eastern slope of the Urals is better developed. The line Polunochnoe - Orsk stands out; The Serov-Chelyabinsk road runs parallel to it. The Solikamsk-Bokal railway runs on the Western slope of the Urals. A railway was also built to the Tyumen region Ivdel - Ob. Pipeline transport has developed. The main oil and gas pipelines from Western Siberia to the European regions of Russia and the countries of Eastern and Western Europe pass through the territory of the Urals.

Slide 11

Agriculture. Agriculture in the Urals specializes in the production of livestock products, grain and potatoes. In the north-west of the region, in the Perm region and Udmurtia, crops of rye, fodder crops, flax and potatoes predominate; Livestock farming has a dairy and meat direction.

Slide 12

A special pain for the Urals is radiation pollution. Long before Chernobyl, the people of the Urals felt the menacing breath of nuclear death. The Mayak association (Chelyabinsk-65) has been producing nuclear fuel (plutonium) since 1949, located 100 km from Chelyabinsk. In 1957, half of the Chernobyl dose of radiation was released into the air. The radioactive cloud covered an area of ​​23 thousand km2: cities, towns and villages with a population of 450 thousand people. As a result of a major accident at the Mayak nuclear fuel cycle enterprise, an East Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT) was formed.

Slide 13

Protecting the Urals from environmental disaster: creating an effective structure for state management of environmental protection; development of methods for economic assessment of negative environmental consequences, improvement of the licensing system for emissions, discharges of pollutants, and waste disposal; stimulating the development and implementation of effective environmental management systems at enterprises; improvement of economic and financial mechanisms for environmental protection, development of the market for environmental works and services; increasing the efficiency of state environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment procedures and a number of others.

Slide 14

The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment,” adopted in 1991, defines the following types of specially protected natural areas. 1. State natural reserves - natural complexes (land, subsoil, water, flora and fauna), forever withdrawn from economic use and not subject to withdrawal for any other purposes, having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as standards of the natural environment , typical or rare landscapes, places where the genetic fund of plants and animals is preserved. 2. State natural reserves are natural complexes designed for the conservation and reproduction of certain types of natural resources in combination with the limited and coordinated use of other types of natural resources. 3. National natural parks are natural complexes that have ecological, genetic, scientific, environmental, educational, and recreational significance as typical or rare landscapes, habitats for communities of wild plants and animals, places of recreation, tourism, excursions, and public education. 4. Natural monuments are unique natural objects and natural complexes that have relict, scientific, historical, environmental and educational significance and require state protection. 5. Resort and health-improving areas are specially protected territories and areas of water that have natural healing properties, mineral springs, climatic and other conditions favorable for the treatment and prevention of diseases. 6. Green zones - territories around cities and industrial settlements that perform environmental protection (environment-forming, ecological), sanitary, hygienic and recreational functions, allocated to suburban green zones, including forest park protective belts.

Slide 15

Oh, man! Listen to the planet! Listen to the pulse and heart of the Earth. She is sick and moans like the wind, And asks us: “Save and preserve!”

Environmental problems of the Urals The presentation was made by students of grade 8 "A" Klyuev Yakov, Skorikov Vladislav, Biryukov Pavel, Kriger Alla, Mikhailyuk Anastasia, Novichkova Ksenia, Glazkova Natalya, Yankina Ekaterina, Zaitseva Polina.

Plan Atmospheric pollution Environmental pollution from industrial waste Soil pollution Water pollution Radiation pollution Chemical pollution

Air pollution The Ural region is the undisputed leader in Russia in terms of air pollution with harmful emissions from stationary sources: here they account for more than 20% of the total amount of air pollutants. The ecology of the Chelyabinsk region and the ecology of the Sverdlovsk region suffer the most from the problem of air pollution with harmful emissions from stationary sources. In these regions there are industrial enterprises that provide more than 10% of harmful emissions of the total amount of air pollutants in the Ural region

Atmospheric pollution In addition, the ecology of the Urals is actively deteriorating by dozens of oil refining and oil production enterprises. For example, such enterprises in Ufa emit 100,000 tons of pollutants into the atmosphere every year.

Pollution of the environment by industrial waste The ecology of the Urals is also poisoned by the accumulated 20 billion tons of industrial waste. The indicated amount includes waste from processing plants, overburden, and host rocks. Thousands of hectares of land are allocated for landfills and landfills for storing industrial waste. Moreover, a fairly impressive part of this waste poses a serious threat to the ecology of the Urals. In the Chelyabinsk region alone, industrial waste disposal accounts for 15% of the all-Russian indicators.

Soil pollution The level of heavy metals in soils located near ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is tens and hundreds of times higher than the maximum permissible norm. Due to mining, the lands have been seriously disturbed and the natural landscapes of the Urals have changed greatly. As a result of many years of iron ore mining, the Vysokaya and Magnitnaya mountains were completely erased from the face of the earth. The Chelyabinsk coal basin has been almost completely depleted: it has turned into quarries, pits and waste rock dumps.

The ecology of the Perm region is faced with the problem of the emergence of voids with a volume of 30 million cubic meters under the residential and industrial zones of the cities of Bereznyaki and Solikamsk. These voids have become a sad consequence of the long-term exploitation of the large-scale Verkhnekamsk potassium salt deposit in the Perm region.

Water pollution Water bodies located near mining and ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy facilities are heavily polluted with heavy metals. In addition, the surface waters of the Urals are actively polluted by oil products.

Radiation pollution One of the most important environmental problems in the Urals is the radiation situation at the site of the opening of the first Russian plutonium production complex at Mayak PA: in the cities of Ozersk, Kyshtym and adjacent territories of the Chelyabinsk region. After the explosion of a container with radioactive waste in 1957, the East Ural radioactive trail was formed, which represents 2,000 square kilometers of contaminated areas. More than 500,000 residents of the Chelyabinsk region were exposed to increased radiation exposure.

Resources http: //www. eco-pravda. ru/page. php? id=3668 http: //nuclear. tatar. mtss. ru/fa 2309071. htm http: //www. saveplanet. su/articles_80. html