Journalistic style
Plan
I . Introduction.
II . Journalistic style.
3. Genres of journalism.
III . Conclusion
I . Introduction
The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. It primarily emphasizes literary language. This is the highest form of the national language, determined by a whole system of norms. They cover its written and oral varieties: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.
Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.
Speech styles
Spoken Book
(scientific, official business,
journalistic style
fiction)
The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:
the purpose pursued by the speech statement (scientific style is used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; journalistic - to influence the word through the media and directly to the speaker; official business style - to inform);
area of use, environment;
genres;
linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;
other style features.
II . Journalistic style
1. Characteristics of journalistic style.
Journalistic style addressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus , lat. – public).
The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various spheres of public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films.
The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of literary language styles, since in many cases it must rework texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech is focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech is focused on its emotional reflection. Journalism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that “scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings.” To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thoughts, and the expression of the author’s attitude towards events impossible without the use of emotional means of language.
2. Features of journalistic style.
Sphere of use of journalistic style : speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).
The main function of works of journalistic style: agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social and public issues with the aim of attracting public opinion to them, influencing people, persuading them, instilling certain ideas; inducement to certain actions or actions.
Objectives of speech in journalistic style : transmission of information about current issues of modern life with the aim of influencing people, shaping public opinion.
Characteristics of the utterance : appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, brevity with informative richness.
Features of journalistic style : relevance, timeliness, efficiency, imagery, expressiveness, clarity and logic, information richness, use of means of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), accessibility (understandability for a wide audience), appealing pathos.
Genres of journalistic style : essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.
Style Features : logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, genre diversity.
Language means : socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with an emphatically positive or negative meaning, proverbs, sayings, quotes, figurative and expressive means of language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic constructions of book and colloquial speech, simple (full and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.
Form and type of speech: written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.
3. Genres of journalism.
Journalism has its roots in ancient times. Many biblical texts and the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day are permeated with journalistic pathos. The literature of Ancient Rus' included genres of journalism. A striking example of a work of journalism in ancient Russian literature” is “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (the genre of journalism is the word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.
The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here you can find a report, notes, newsreels, an interview, an editorial, a report, an essay, a feuilleton, a review, and other genres.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.Feature article – a short literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant). There are documentary, journalistic, and everyday essays.
There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays.
A characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, the reliability of the facts and events in question. In an essay, as in a work of art, visual means are used and an element of artistic typification is introduced.
Essays, like other genres of journalism, always raise some important problem.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
Oral presentation also belongs to the journalistic genre.
An important distinguishing feature of an oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - the guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the listeners. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: the attention of listeners becomes dull after 5–10 minutes. The speaker's speech should contain one main idea that the author wants to convey to the audience. In such speech, colloquial expressions and the active use of oratorical speech techniques are acceptable: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, simpler syntax compared to written speech.
It is important to prepare such a speech: think through a plan, select arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “from a piece of paper”, but to convince listeners. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this arouses respect, interest, and therefore the attention of listeners.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
The most difficult form of oral presentation isreport . In this case, you can use pre-prepared recordings, but do not overuse reading, otherwise they will stop listening to the speaker. The report usually concerns some area of knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, logic, evidence, and accessibility. During the course of the report, you can read out vivid quotes, show graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to the audience).
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
The report can be a starting pointdiscussions , that is, discussing any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will talk about his own. It is necessary to object with reason and provide convincing arguments.
III . Conclusion
The journalistic style is a very important style; it can be used to convey something that cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech.Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally charged vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive language means, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical ways of presenting material for a given moment in social life, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units and metaphorical uses of words characteristic of a given time. The relevance of the content forces the journalist to look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.Journalism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the dissemination of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formative, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development of language norms.
References
1. A.I.Vlasenkov, L.M.Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. A basic level of. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
2. V.F.Grekov, S.E.Kryuchkov, L.A.Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
3. Deykina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and specialized levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M.Verboom-M, 2005
4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the Unified State Exam 2012. Rostov-on-Don, “Legion”, 2011.
Which is used in the following genres: essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.
The journalistic style serves to influence people through the media (newspapers, magazines, television, posters, booklets). It is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, evaluativeness, and appeal. It widely uses, in addition to neutral, high, solemn vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally charged words, the use of short sentences, chopped prose, verbless phrases, rhetorical questions, exclamations, repetitions, etc. The linguistic features of this style are affected by the breadth of topics: there is a need to include special vocabulary that requires explanation. On the other hand, a number of topics are in the center of public attention, and vocabulary related to these topics takes on a journalistic connotation. Among such topics, we should highlight politics, economics, education, healthcare, criminology, and military topics.
The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary that has a strong emotional connotation (an energetic start, a firm position, a severe crisis).
This style is used in the sphere of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not only for a narrow circle of specialists, but for broad sections of society, and the impact is aimed not only at the mind, but also at the feelings of the recipient.
Functions of journalistic style:
- Informational - the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible
- Influencing - the desire to influence people's opinions about any socio-political or social problem
Speech task:
- influence mass consciousness
- call to action
- report information
The vocabulary has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring and includes colloquial, colloquial and slang elements. Vocabulary characteristic of the journalistic style can also be used in other styles: official business, scientific. But in a journalistic style, it acquires a special function - to create a picture of events and convey to the addressee the journalist’s impressions of these events.
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I. Introduction.
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Journalistic style
Plan
I. Introduction.
II. Journalistic style.
1. Characteristics of journalistic style.
2. Features of journalistic style.
3. Genres of journalism.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
III. Conclusion
I. Introduction
The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. It primarily emphasizes literary language. This is the highest form of the national language, determined by a whole system of norms. They cover its written and oral varieties: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.
Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.
Speech styles
Spoken Book
(scientific, official business,
Journalistic style
Fiction)
The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:
- the purpose pursued by the speech statement (scientific style is used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; journalistic - to influence the word through the media and directly to the speaker; official business style - to inform);
- area of use, environment;
- genres;
- linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;
- other style features.
II. Journalistic style
1. Characteristics of journalistic style.
Journalistic styleaddressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus, lat. – public).
The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various spheres of public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films.
The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of literary language styles, since in many cases it must rework texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech is focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech is focused on its emotional reflection. Journalism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that “scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings.” To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thoughts, and the expression of the author's attitude to events is impossible without the use of emotional means of language.
2. Features of journalistic style.
Sphere of use of journalistic style: speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).
The main function of works of journalistic style:agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social and public issues with the aim of attracting public opinion to them, influencing people, persuading them, instilling certain ideas; inducement to certain actions or actions.
Objectives of speech in journalistic style: transmission of information about current issues of modern life with the aim of influencing people, shaping public opinion.
Characteristics of the utterance: appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, brevity with informative richness.
Features of journalistic style: relevance, timeliness, efficiency, imagery, expressiveness, clarity and logic, information richness, use of means of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), accessibility (understandability for a wide audience), appealing pathos.
Genres of journalistic style: essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.
Style Features: logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, genre diversity.
Language means: socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with an emphatically positive or negative meaning, proverbs, sayings, quotes, figurative and expressive means of language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic constructions of book and colloquial speech, simple (full and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.
Form and type of speech:written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.
3. Genres of journalism.
Journalism has its roots in ancient times. Many biblical texts and the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day are permeated with journalistic pathos. The literature of Ancient Rus' included genres of journalism. A striking example of a work of journalism in ancient Russian literature” is “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (the genre of journalism is the word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.
The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here you can find a report, notes, newsreels, an interview, an editorial, a report, an essay, a feuilleton, a review, and other genres.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay. Feature article – a short literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant). There are documentary, journalistic, and everyday essays.
There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays.
A characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, the reliability of the facts and events in question. In an essay, as in a work of art, visual means are used and an element of artistic typification is introduced.
Essays, like other genres of journalism, always raise some important problem.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
Oral presentationalso belongs to the journalistic genre.
An important distinguishing feature of an oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - the guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the listeners. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: the attention of listeners becomes dull after 5–10 minutes. The speaker's speech should contain one main idea that the author wants to convey to the audience. In such speech, colloquial expressions and the active use of oratorical speech techniques are acceptable: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, simpler syntax compared to written speech.
It is important to prepare such a speech: think through a plan, select arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “from a piece of paper”, but to convince listeners. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this arouses respect, interest, and therefore the attention of listeners.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
The most difficult form of oral presentation is report . In this case, you can use pre-prepared recordings, but do not overuse reading, otherwise they will stop listening to the speaker. The report usually concerns some area of knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, logic, evidence, and accessibility. During the course of the report, you can read out vivid quotes, show graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to the audience).
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
The report can be a starting point discussions , that is, discussing any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will talk about his own. It is necessary to object with reason and provide convincing arguments.
III. Conclusion
The journalistic style is a very important style; it can be used to convey something that cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech. Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally charged vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive language means, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical ways of presenting material for a given moment in social life, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units and metaphorical uses of words characteristic of a given time. The relevance of the content forces the journalist to look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.
Journalism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the dissemination of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formative, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development of language norms.
References
1. A.I.Vlasenkov, L.M.Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. A basic level of. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
2. V.F.Grekov, S.E.Kryuchkov, L.A.Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
3. Deykina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and specialized levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M. Verboom-M, 2005
4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the Unified State Exam 2012. Rostov-on-Don, “Legion”, 2011.
Today, the journalistic style of speech is becoming popular and in demand, as the role of public speech in modern communication is sharply increasing. A person of our time often has the need to constructively build a dialogue, competently argue a position, and refute the opponent’s point of view. You can learn this by comprehending the secrets of journalistic speech.
In contact with
What it is
What is journalism? These are works of literature, journalism, reflecting topical issues in the life of society. “journalistic” is translated from Latin as “public.” Publicists and journalists write about what interests the majority of society.
Therefore, the main task of the authors is to influence the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the addressee through information, to encourage action, to influence the formation of public opinion, moral choice, and spiritual development of readers. There is no place for fiction or convention in journalism; it orients the readership towards a specific fact and reflection on it.
Important! The journalistic style is used mainly for pressing issues of political, social, everyday, economic, sports, and cultural life of society.
Signs of journalistic style
Characteristics of journalistic style and text:
- problems of today;
- addressed to the mass reader;
- transfer of information;
- variety of topics;
- emotionality;
- call to action;
- open author's position;
- consistency;
- accuracy of facts;
- imagery.
Linguistic features of journalistic text
The main principle for selecting speech means in the material presented by the author is accessibility. Speaking in the media or in public is structured in accordance with the style in question. This explains the use of neutral.
The publicist's vocabulary is full of words from the field of politics and economics, which is due to his interest in socio-political topics. The influence function is realized thanks to evaluative means of verbal expressiveness (scribbler, paper scribbler, hook-maker), words with a figurative meaning (breeding ground for Nazis, election race).
The syntax differs by a combination of constructions colloquial (incomplete, nominal sentences) and book speech (isolated members, subordinate clauses, inversion).
| Linguistic features of journalistic style | |
| Lexical | · book words (sons of the fatherland, fatherland); · socio-political vocabulary (freedom, democracy, progress); · neologisms (bioterrorism, Mars rover); · borrowing (speaker, marketing); · steady momentum (make a difference, common sense); · epithets (fatal coincidence of circumstances); · comparisons (love for son, like madness); · (disease of the state); · colloquial expressions (sharpen the lasses, let the duck go). |
| morphological | · abundance of adjectives; · forms of the genitive case; verbs of the past, present tense; · with suffixes -om-, -em-; · using the singular to mean the plural. |
| syntactic features of journalistic style | · appeals (friends, citizens); · introductory combinations of words (as stated); · rhetorical questions, exclamations; · incomplete sentences (Make way for the young!); · presentation of thoughts in the form of a question, answer; · gradation (country, homeland, fatherland); · parcellation (You need to live cheerfully. Freely.) |
Genre originality of journalism
A wide range of social, political, moral, ethical, and philosophical problems determine the genre diversity of journalistic literature. Conventionally, they can be divided as follows:
Newspaper genres:
- note (a concise message about a new event in the life of society that is significant for others);
- report ( operational information from the scene of the incident);
- interview (a conversation with a person in the form of questions and answers, intended for the media);
- article from a magazine, newspaper (reasoning based on an analysis of facts in their cause-and-effect relationship, including a clearly expressed position on the issues being disclosed).
Genres of artistic journalism:
- essay (a short story about a real event, person, phenomenon, differing from the literary one in its authenticity, lack of fiction, including open reflections on the subject of the image);
- feuilleton (exposure of social vices, built on the basis of one or a group of closely related phenomena);
- pamphlet (an denunciation aimed at an entire belief system, ideology, for example fascism).
Oratorical genres:
- oral presentation (communication with an audience in order to convey important information to the listener and prove one’s point of view);
- report (detailed discussion on a given topic);
- discussion (collective discussion of complex problems).
Signs of similarity with other speech styles
The journalistic style is not closed; it reflects the features of other functional styles.
What do scientific and journalistic texts have in common? The composition of both is based on reasoning. First, an important problem that worries the author is put forward. Then an analysis is given, an assessment of a possible way to solve it. The publicist gives examples from life, facts, refers to an authoritative opinion, which he uses to confirm his point of view. In conclusion, conclusions and generalizations are made. Such texts do not contain scientific research or conclusions, although they are characterized by logical consistency, strict validity, general scientific terminology is the main characteristic of the journalistic style.
The connection with business style is indicated by specific numbers and exact facts that are used to reveal topics of concern to the author and the public.
So, unlike other varieties of speech, journalistic style is not strictly regulated, because in essence, what is journalism? She is characterized by emotionality and expressiveness; the style of the publicist allows for variations in norms, for example, the use of expressive means of artistic and colloquial language.
Syntactic features of journalistic style demonstrate a connection with artistic speech, which is manifested in the use of tropes and stylistic figures of speech (metaphors, comparisons, epithets, personifications, metonymy, hyperboles, litotes, etc.), in reflecting the individuality of the writer (speaker). Through the word the author influences the imagination and the feelings of the addressee, based only on real events, excluding fiction.
Attention! Knowing the similarities and differences between styles will help you avoid mistakes in determining the stylistic direction of the text.
Example of journalistic style text
In order to more accurately understand what exactly the described style of speech is, it is necessary to use examples of texts. This makes it easier to analyze and pay attention to key points.
Fragment of A.N. Tolstoy’s article “Moscow is threatened by an enemy.”
Let us stand as a wall against the mortal enemy. He is hungry and greedy. Today he decided to attack us and attacked us... This is not a war, as it happened when wars ended in a peace treaty, triumph for some and shame for others. This conquest is the same as at the dawn of history, when the German hordes, led by the king of the Huns, Attila, moved west to Europe to seize lands and exterminate all life on them.
There will be no peaceful end to this war. Russia and Germany are fighting to the death, and the whole world is listening to a gigantic battle that has not stopped for more than 100 days...
Our task is to stop Hitler's armies in front of Moscow. Then the great battle will be won by us.
You should know this! How to prove that the text is written in a journalistic style?
- Determine whether the task of informing and influencing has been achieved.
- Find out the scope of purpose of the material being presented.
- Identify the main stylistic features of journalistic speech.
- Find linguistic means inherent in this style.
Example of stylistic text analysis
(excerpt from A. N. Tolstoy’s article “Moscow is threatened by an enemy!”).
Area of use of the text - periodicals. The work, written during the Great Patriotic War, contains a fiery call to fight against the Nazis, addressed to compatriots. In every word and line one can feel the author’s concern for the fate of his beloved homeland and people. The writer appears before the reader as a true patriot.
The author’s goal is to talk about a terrible test for the Soviet people, about the approach of the enemy to the capital, to encourage a decisive struggle for the freedom of the fatherland, to instill faith in a quick victory, which is impossible to win without defending Moscow. "No step back!" - this is the author’s position, and every sentence emphasizes this.
The genre of the work corresponds to the plan of A. N. Tolstoy - the article. It is intended for a like-minded reader who shares the writer’s feelings, so the reflection is carried out from the 1st person plural (let’s stand up, our task).
- comparison (let's stand as a wall),
- personification (the world is listening),
- epithets (mortal enemy, cowardly coward),
- phraseological unit (fight to death),
- expressive repetitions (more expensive, homeland),
The comparison of the Nazi offensive with the barbaric campaign of the Huns, who destroyed all living things on their way, was not used by chance. In this case, journalistic style is used to show inhumanity, cruelty of the enemy, thereby emphasizing that the Soviet soldiers faced a difficult battle. Thus, all the signs of the journalistic style of the fragment proposed for analysis are evident.
Journalistic style: main features
Russian language 11th grade 12th week Publicistic style of speech
Conclusion
In conclusion of the above, I would like to once again emphasize the importance of journalism for modern people. Thanks to her, you feel the spirit of the time, you are always at the center of events, you feel involved in what is happening in the country, the world, and you are formed as a person. In addition, by listening to news, reports, interviews, reading articles, essays in periodicals, on a subconscious level you assimilate the linguistic means of expressiveness of the journalistic style, which helps to increase the level of speech culture.
Journalistic style and its features
Introduction
journalistic style speech informational
The purpose of this work is to study the journalistic style of speech and its features.
Objectives: consider the general specifics of the journalistic style; determine its main functions; study various substyles related to the journalistic style and, finally, reveal the linguistic features of this style of speech.
Journalism is closely woven into the life of any modern society, which is difficult to imagine without the media, advertising, political appeals and speeches. In addition, it is journalistic texts that are an indicator of the linguistic culture of the entire society as a whole.
Let us consider below the features of the journalistic style of speech.
General specifics
The linguistic features of each style are determined by the tasks facing the author of the text. Journalism describes socially significant events: everyday, sports, cultural, economic, political. These events affect the interests of a large audience - which means that the addressee of the journalistic text is mass.
The goal of the author of a journalistic text is to convey certain information to the reader, viewer, listener and evaluate it, to convince the addressee that he is right. The combination of informative and evaluative plans in a journalistic style of speech leads to the use of both neutral and extremely expressive language means. The presence of terms, logical presentation and the presence of words neutral in stylistic connotation bring the journalistic style closer to the scientific and official business style. At the same time, significant linguistic expression makes the journalistic text original and less standardized.
In journalism, it is imperative to take into account who exactly the addressee is in each specific case. Based on this, the author builds his text in accordance with the age, gender, social status, and life interests of the reader.
Functions
There are two functions of journalistic style: informationalAnd influencing.
The information function in a journalistic text is reduced to transmitting certain information and facts to the addressee. At the same time, this information and facts are used only when they are of public interest and do not contradict the beliefs expressed by the author of the text.
Journalism is called upon to actively intervene in social life and shape public opinion. And therefore its influencing function is very important. The author of a journalistic text is not an indifferent recorder of events, but an active participant and commentator. Its goal is to convince the addressee that he is right, to influence the reader, to instill in him certain ideas. The author's position is direct and open.
The functions of journalistic style are closely and inseparably linked.
Substyles
The journalistic style is complex and branched, characterized by numerous transitional influences. In this regard, there are three main substyles: political-ideological, political and propagandaAnd strictly journalistic. Each substyle is divided into varieties depending on genre and other features. The genre differences here are very noticeable.
The political-ideological substyle is represented by party documents and is characterized by the greatest formality and low expression of the text. This substyle is quite close to the official business style. During the USSR it was more common than in modern Russia.
Appeals, proclamations, orders belong to the political propaganda substyle. In this substyle, the most significant is the influencing function. Political propaganda texts are primarily aimed at the adult politically active population of the country.
The most common is the actual journalistic (newspaper-journalistic) substyle. Therefore, let's look at it in more detail.
The newspaper and journalistic substyle is developing very quickly, dynamically reflecting the social and cultural state of society. Over the past fifty years, it has undergone significant changes in terms of reducing declarativeness and expanding the content and linguistic range.
This substyle is most closely connected with the everyday life of society and, accordingly, is influenced by the colloquial style. At the same time, the sphere of interpersonal communication of a modern person covers the topics of science, production, sports, and social activities. As a result, in the journalistic substyle itself, transitional, inter-style influences are most noticeable. The combination of elements of different styles simultaneously leads to partial neutralization and preservation of the original stylistic coloring. The language of the newspaper is close to the everyday speech of many modern people, but is more expressive and colorful. Within the newspaper-journalistic substyle, a unique stylistic reorientation of linguistic resources takes place. Some newspaper vocabulary becomes commonly used and undergoes general language adaptation. At the same time, many speech units came to the newspaper from scientific, professional, colloquial speech and over time begin to be perceived by the prevailing part of the audience as “newspaperisms” (for example, “labor productivity”, “cost reduction”, “red corner”, etc.) .
As a result, a new stylistic integrity is formed, which can be conditionally called social and everyday. It constitutes the main semi-neutral background of the newspaper-journalistic substyle and is the link between the language of the media and the language of the sphere of interpersonal communication.
In the journalistic subgenre itself, four types of genres are distinguished: informational, analytical, artistic and journalistic, advertising. Information genres include reportage, interview, information article; for analytical ones - commentary, review, analytical article; to artistic and journalistic - sketch, essay, feuilleton, sketch; Advertising uses elements from almost all genres.
Language features
Among the linguistic features of the journalistic style, three groups are distinguished: lexical, morphologicalAnd syntacticpeculiarities. Let's start by looking at the first group.
Lexical features
In journalistic texts, elements of all functional styles and even non-literary forms of the Russian language, including jargon, are used. At the same time, the colorfulness and expression of the journalistic style is due to the use of:
· speech standards, clichés (“employment service”, “law enforcement agencies”);
· typical newspaper phrases (“to reach the forefront”, “beacons of production”). They are not used in other styles;
· scientific terminology that goes beyond the scope of highly specialized use (“virtual world”, “default”, “investment”);
· socially charged synonyms (“gang of hired killers”);
· unusual lexical compatibility (“preacher of the whip”, “apostle of ignorance”);
· words reflecting social and political processes in society (“policy of dialogue”, “balance of interests”);
· new words and expressions (“detente”, “consensus”, “cold war”);
· socio-political vocabulary and phraseology (“society”, “freedom”, “glasnost”, “privatization”);
· stylistically lowered words with a negative assessment (“pirate course”, “policy of aggression and provocations”);
· speech cliches that have a clerical connotation and arose under the influence of the official business style (“at this stage”, “today”, “at this period of time”);
· colloquial words and expressions (“quiet and quiet”, “horde”).
Morphological features
Morphological features of the journalistic style are characterized by the use of:
· complex words (“mutually beneficial”, “good neighborly”, “CIS”, “OMON”);
· international word-forming suffixes (-tsia, -ra, -ism, -ant) and foreign language prefixes (archi-, anti-, hyper-, dez-, post-, counter);
· certain types of abstract nouns with the suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (“cooperation”, “condemnation”, “intransigence”);
· formations with Russian and Old Slavonic prefixes naming socio-political concepts (“universal”, “super-powerful”, “inter-party”);
· words with emotionally expressive affixes -schina, -ichat, ultra- (“to put on airs”, “everyday life”, “ultra-left”);
· substantivization of adjectives and participles (adjectives and participles as nouns).
Syntactic features
· correctness and clarity of sentence construction, their simplicity and clarity;
· use of all types of one-part sentences;
· syntactic expression techniques (inversion, rhetorical questions, appeals, imperative and exclamatory sentences);
· monologue speech, dialogue, direct speech.
Techniques used
Among the various linguistic features of the journalistic style, it is necessary to consider the following.
Journalistic stamps. Journalistic cliches have a dual nature. On the one hand, these are stable phrases close to official business clichés (“to wonder,” “to treat with distrust,” “to open up bright prospects,” “to become a bright event”). Many of them are paraphrases; one-word neutral synonyms can be selected for them (“to have an intention” - “to intend”, “to want”; “to treat with distrust” - “not to trust”). On the other hand, journalistic texts use clichés that are expressive: “wagging a finger,” “biting one’s elbows,” “blinking one’s eyes.” Most of these phraseological units are of an oral nature; they appear in texts along with colloquial vocabulary.
The combination of neutral and expressive clichés is especially characteristic of polemical and evaluative texts.
Language game- intentional violation of norms of speech behavior that causes laughter. The psychological basis of the language game is the effect of disappointed expectations: the reader expects that one thing will be written in accordance with the norms of the language, but reads something completely different.
A language game uses means at various levels - from phonetics and graphics to syntax:
"Chrome Temple Science?" - the sound similarity of words is played out;
“Utop-model” - a non-existent word is formed;
“Danger technique” - a stable phrase is “destroyed”.
Precedent texts. Such texts include titles of social events, names or texts that speakers reproduce in their speech. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols of certain standard situations (for example, speaking names).
The source of precedent texts are “ancient” works (the Bible, ancient Russian texts), oral folk art, original works of art, etc.
Appeal to the addressee. A means of helping the author of a journalistic text to convince the reader that he is right is an appeal to the addressee - an appeal to the reader that has a special, confidential character.
The means of appeal can be a question to which the author provides an answer, as well as a rhetorical question.
The author can address the addressee directly: “so, dear readers...”. He can also call on the reader to take a joint action (“Let’s imagine another life situation...”). All these means allow the author to “get closer” to the addressee and gain his trust.
Conclusion
Thus, the journalistic style is a complex style with various linguistic features, various fields of application and having different functions. It resonates to varying degrees with each of the other functional styles of the Russian language: artistic, official, business, and scientific. At the same time, the journalistic style is widespread both in oral form and in writing and television. By interfering in the social life of every person, journalism penetrates deeply into modern society - and this trend is only growing over time.
Bibliography
Lapteva M. A. Russian language and speech culture / M. A. Lapteva, O. A. Rekhlova, M. V. Rumyantsev. - Krasnoyarsk: IPC KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.
Vasilyeva A. N. Newspaper and journalistic style. A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language for philologists / A. N. Vasilyeva. - M.: Russian language, 1982. - 198 p.