Where ship traffic occurs only during the day, milestones are installed instead of buoys and buoys. They can also be placed as control signs indicating the location of a buoy or buoy in case the latter are removed from their place.
Red buoys, buoys, and milestones protect the dangers of the navigation on its right side, i.e., they adjoin the right bank, and white ones - on the left. Red buoys have a constant red light at night, and buoys have a flashing red light.
White lights are installed on white buoys and buoys, respectively. In places where there is a large concentration of extraneous lights, the white light on a white buoy or buoy can be replaced by a green one.
On red buoys, buoys, and milestones during the day, to distinguish them by shape from white ones, a sign in the form of a black ball is displayed. Red buoys of a triangular pyramidal shape can be replaced with spherical ones.
Rice. 19. Buoys: a - red; b - ball, c - twin; g-dump
Two buoys or buoys standing side by side (“twin” buoys or buoys), red and white, indicate the bifurcation of the fairway into two shipping passages. The same thing is meant by a red buoy - a large buoy with a transverse white stripe.
In addition to the above-mentioned signs of a floating situation, in those places of the river where the flow is irregular, that is, on the side where the drift current is directed, a dump buoy having a cylindrical shape is placed outside the ship's passage.
At 5-10 m away from it, at the edge of the shipping channel, an ordinary buoy or buoy of a color corresponding to the shore is installed. The dump buoy is painted white or red.
At night, a red or white flashing light lights up on it (depending on the shore where it is installed). The visibility of lights on floating signs should be: white at least 2, 2 km, colored at least 1.5 km.
3. Coastal signs of the situation.
Pass signs (Fig. 20) are placed on the shore, in places where the fairway passes (passes) from one bank to another, i.e. at passes. The sign is a pillar, in the upper part of which there is a square shield with a plane turned perpendicular to the axis of the fairway.
The pillars on the right bank are painted with stripes of white and red, the shield is painted red. The pillar on the left bank is painted with alternating white and black stripes, the shield is white.
At night, on the pillars of the right bank, a triangular lantern with white side windows and a red middle (abeam) glass rises above the shield; on the pillars of the left bank the traverse glass is green and the side glass is white.
Rice. 20. Signs indicating the direction of the fairway: a - crossing sign, b - running sign; V- spring sign of the right bank; g - spring sign of the left bank; d- alignments
The gates are placed on long and straight sections of the fairway, as a rule, in places where the shipping lane passes from one bank to the other. Each target consists of two signs, which are placed on the shore in a straight line along the axis of the fairway. The front target sign is usually placed lower in height than the second one.
Using the lines is to bring the vessel to a line from which both marks are visible (one after the other). When the signs do not merge, they are said to be dissolved.
If the rear sign is visible to the right of the front one, it means that the ship has moved to the right of the leading line. Simple crossings consist of two separate signs such as pass pillars, the pillars and shields of which are painted solid red if they are on the right bank, and white on the left.
In addition to simple alignment marks, there are three other types of alignments that are usually placed on very long straight sections of the fairway. Each of these signs, large in size, consists of triangular, square or trapezoidal shields.
The plane of the shields on all leading marks is set perpendicular to the axis of the fairway. A stripe is painted along the vertical axis of the shield, different from the color of the shield.
Often there are slotted doors consisting of two front and one rear signs. The vessel is in the lane enclosed by signs as long as the rear sign is visible between the front ones.
At all types of points, regardless of the shore where they are installed, white lights are lit at night - one at each sign. In places where extraneous lights accumulate, the leading white lights on the signs can be replaced with red ones, regardless of the shore. Instead of lights, leading signs may have gas-light tubes.
Navigation signs are installed on the bank along which the shipping lane runs. The sign consists of a pillar, in the upper part of which there is a diamond-shaped shield with a plane turned parallel to the fairway. The pillars and shields of running signs are painted in the same way as the crossing signs.
At night, on navigation signs, a red light is lit on the right bank and a white light on the left, and in cases where there are many lights, the white light on the left bank is replaced with green or flashing white.
Spring signs are installed on high banks. They serve as guides for navigators during flood periods. On the right bank there are pillars with lattice round shields of red color, on the left bank - pillars with lattice (trapezoidal) shields of white color.
The pillars can be painted the same color as the shields. At night, spring signs are illuminated with red lights on the right bank and white lights on the left.
4. Route signs and signals.
Rice. 21. Signal mast of the left bank
Signal masts (Fig. 21) are usually installed above and below the riffle to indicate the depth and width of the shipping channel on the riffle. In addition to signal masts, reach signal masts are placed to indicate the shallowest depths in certain sections of rivers.
The signal mast consists of a pole with a horizontal yard attached to its top, fixed parallel to the fairway. The rolling mast and yard are painted with alternating red and white transverse stripes.
The spread mast is painted with alternating black and white stripes. Above the yard, numbers are written on the shield, indicating in kilometers the distance of the riffle from the mouth of the river.
Rice. 22. Coastal waymarks: A- underwater passage (cables, pipelines, etc.); b-sign of overhead wire crossings; V- signal sign; G- raid sign
The depth of the navigation channel is determined by signs at the end of the mast yard facing upstream. These signs correspond to certain numerical values. So, each rectangular shield corresponds to 100 cm, big red ball below the shield - 20 cm each, small ball - 5 cm.
The width of the navigation channel is determined by the numerical value of the signs that rise on the lower (downstream) end of the mast yard and indicate: diamond-shaped sign - 50 m; big red ball - 20 m; small ball - 5 m every.
For example, if at the upper end of the yard one rectangular shield, two red large balls and three small balls are raised, this means that the depth at the riffle is 155 cm(Fig. 21).
The upper depth sign is a rectangular shield, the upper width sign is a diamond-shaped sign, the lower round small signs are colored depending on the background of the area: black on a light background, and white on a dark background.
A cross-shaped sign raised on the upper (downstream) end of the yard indicates that the roll has been checked and its depth is greater than guaranteed.
If the site has two ship passages, then two masts are installed on the shore, at a distance of ten meters from one another. The upper one indicates the dimensions of the right navigation channel, the lower one indicates the left one.
Rice. 23. Semaphore masts
At night, the depth of the shipping channel on signal masts is indicated by flashing lights: white flash - 100 cm, green - 20 cm, red - 5 cm.
Flashes are given at regular intervals (3-5 seconds).
A signal sign (Fig. 22) is installed on the bank in front of a narrow place where passing and overtaking of ships is difficult or prohibited, usually in front of semaphores (traffic lights) on semaphore sections of the river.
The pillar of this sign is painted with black and white stripes in a spiral. A white disk with a diameter of 1.2 is fixed on the top of the pillar m. On the disk there is an inscription in black letters “Signal”.
At night, the sign has a constant or flashing green light, visible from the side of the shipping channel. When approaching the “Signal” sign, the vessel blows one long whistle and reduces its speed.
If the narrowness is occupied by another vessel, the skipper stops the progress of his vessel and waits for the narrowness to become free. If, after sounding the sound signal, no other sound signals are heard in the narrowness, then the skipper is obliged to blow two long whistles, warning that his vessel has entered the narrowness and is following it.
Semaphore signs and traffic lights (Fig. 23) are installed in those sections of rivers where vessel traffic is regulated in one direction. Semaphore signs can also be installed instead of traffic lights near locks and floating bridges (for details on traffic lights, see paragraph 6 of this paragraph).
Semaphore signs consist of a tall pole, at the upper end of which a yardarm is attached. Semaphore signs are painted white or red depending on the background of the area.
Signals posted at the end of the noseyard during daylight hours indicate the following:
a) a cylinder at the top, and a red cone below it - vessels are allowed to pass downstream;
b) a cylinder below, and a red cone above it - ships are allowed to pass upstream;
c) two red cones hung vertically one above the other with bells down at a distance of 1 m,- the navigation area is closed to the passage of ships in both directions. At night, a green light is lit on the semaphore mast instead of cylinders, and a red light instead of cones.
The traffic light has two lights: red - prohibitive and green - permissive.
When approaching semaphore signs and traffic lights, all vessels give one long sound signal and reduce their speed.
Air crossing signs are installed at places where high voltage wires, telephone and telegraph wires cross rivers, canals and reservoirs. Signs are located on both banks above and below air crossings at a distance of 100 m.
Sign posts are painted with transverse red and white stripes. A round disk with a diameter of 1.2 is attached to the upper end of the post m white with two red vertical stripes 10 wide cm each. With a river width of 100 m and smaller pillars may not be displayed. Then the signs (disks) are installed on one of the transition masts at a height of at least 4 m.
At night, the signs are illuminated by two horizontal yellow lights.
To avoid damage to overhead wires and ships, A Masts are also lowered on large ships to prevent accidents, especially during floods. If there is a lot of sag in the wires, it is recommended to pass under them away from the center of the sag.
If the wires break, the boatmaster is obliged to stop the vessel and draw up an appropriate report to report the break. The height between the mast and wires carrying high voltage current must be at least 2 m, a telephone and telegraph crossings - at least 1 m.
Underwater crossing signs are installed in places where telegraph, electric cables and pipelines are laid along the river bottom. Signs are located on both banks at 100 m above and below the underwater passage.
On shipping canals, the underwater crossing sign is one signal pole on one of the banks in the underwater crossing area. The pillar is painted with alternating black and yellow stripes, and a red disk with a diameter of 1.2 is attached to its upper part. m with one horizontal white stripe 20 wide cm in the middle.
At night, the signs are illuminated by two yellow lights located vertically at a distance of 1 m one from the other.
It is prohibited to drop anchor in the area of underwater passages, except in cases where the vessel is in danger of an accident. If the anchor is given, it can only be pulled out in the presence of a representative of this underwater passage.
Roadstead signs are installed on the shores of ports and marina waters, usually in roadsteads where a large number of ships are waiting to be loaded or unloaded. The roadstead sign indicates the boundaries of the anchorage of vessels of various types and purposes, as well as the boundaries of the roadstead for the formation of convoys.
The raid sign is a pillar painted with transverse black and white stripes, on the upper end of which a white triangular shield with the numbers 1, 2, etc. is attached.
The numbers indicate the number of ships that can be placed in the roadstead. If there are two signs, the shields are placed on the front post with the top up, on the back post - with the top down. At night, one green light is turned on at roadstead signs.
Signal masts for signaling accidents with people are installed in places with large crowds of people (on beaches, hydraulic structures, etc.) and painted dark green.
In case of an accident, a red ball with a diameter of 1 is raised at the ends (toes) of the yard during the day m, at night - two horizontally located red lights. Boatmasters, having seen such signals, are obliged to take part in rescuing people, if necessary.
5. Signaling on bridges.
The spans of railway and highway bridges through which ships pass are divided into navigable spans for ships going up (against the current), down (with the current), and self-rafting.
Rice. 24. Signaling on railway and highway bridges: A- the situation of the shipping passage from above; b - the situation of the shipping passage from below; V - conditions of the passage for rafting; 1 - green lights; 2
-white lights to illuminate bridge supports
Depending on this, a navigation signal is installed on the bridges, indicating the direction of the navigation route, the width of the fairway in the ship spans of the bridges, and the height of the bridge truss above the water in the navigation span (Fig. 24).
Diamond-shaped red shield with a height of at least 2 m installed on the bridge truss in the center of the fairway in the navigable span of the bridge, through which ships traveling downstream must pass.
On the farm, above the center of the span, where upward movement occurs (against the current), a square red shield with a height of 2 m, a above the span where ships and rafts go by self-rafting - a round white shield with a diameter of at least 2 m.
At night, two closing red lights are turned on on the shields, one of which is located in the center of the shield, and the second below it, on the lower edge of the bridge truss. On the white shield, two collapsing green lights are turned on, one above the other.
In addition to these lights, on the bridge supports that limit the navigation spans and the rafting span, vertical green lights are turned on at night: four lights if the height of the lower edge of the truss above the water is more than 15 m, and three lights if the height of the bridge above the water is from 10 to 15 m and two lights if this height is less than 10 m.
Green lights are installed on special green or white square boards, which at the same time serve as an indicator of the dimensions of the ship's passage under the bridge during the daytime.
If necessary for 1 km 200 higher than the guarded bridge m Below are bridge signal masts painted red. The same signals are raised on the mast yards as on a semaphore mast to allow or prohibit the passage of ships under the bridge.
Passing and overtaking ships in the navigable span of bridges is strictly prohibited.
Motor boats and rowing boats must obtain permission to pass under the bridge from the bridge guard, for which they need to stop near the bridge signal mast.
On erected floating bridges, at least three white lights are installed every 50 m,
On floating bridges erected to allow passage of ships, two red lights are raised on the right side of the span at the downstream and upstream corners of the span, and on the left side, two white lights are raised at the corners of the span.
On the part of the bridge removed from the navigable span, on the side facing the shipping channel, a light is installed corresponding to the shore, and in front of the bridge - semaphore masts.
6. Navigation situation on artificial waterways - canals and reservoirs.
The navigational situation on artificial waterways (canals and reservoirs) is technically more advanced than on the river, and therefore may differ in design, appearance and lighting from the signs of the river situation (Fig. 25).
Signs of the navigation situation on canals and reservoirs include lighthouses, identification marks, way lights, alignments, etc.
Lighthouses are installed at the beginning of shipping channels and are usually white brick (plastered) tall towers. The light source of the beacons is a lantern with a polished waist lens. Lighthouse lights vary in color (white and colored), character, and period of illumination.
Identification signs are installed at the entrance to the reservoir, canal and have the form of small white towers 4-5 high m. The light on the towers is flashing: red on the right bank, green on the left. On the tower, on the side facing the canal, there is a two-meter gas-light tube. Its color matches the shore.
Rice. 25. Scheme of the reservoir and canal: 1
- sighting sign of a promising target; 2
- directional lights; 3
- shore signs; 4
- identification marks; 5, 8-signs of slotted section; 6 - reservoir; 7-floating buoys; 9
-Gateway;
10
- traffic light
Track lights are installed on curved sections of the channel and have a height of 1 m. Route signs are painted with aluminum paint and placed every 250 m in pairs on opposite banks of the canals, one against the other, on a berm, above the water’s edge.
Inside the metal body of the sign there are two lamps, the top lamp on the right bank shines with a red light, and on the left with a green light. The lower lamp illuminates the slope and the water's edge with white light.
Triple gauges consist of three signs and are installed on the banks of reservoirs. The entry point to the triple target is indicated by wayfinding lights, buoys or identification marks. The rear sign of the triple target is considered the leading one. Triple gates come in different types.
Slotted triple doors are white wooden structures with a height of 13 m and more. At night, they are illuminated by red neon tubes on the front and side signs and green gas light tubes on the rear leading sign. Height of glowing tubes 10 m.
Perspective alignment signs are installed on long straight sections of canals on both banks. It has a round metal body with a height of 1 m, painted with aluminum paint.
The perspective alignment consists of several pairs of orange-colored signs (lights at night), installed on different banks of the canal, one opposite the other. Pair from pair are located at a distance of 1 km. At night, the gates are illuminated by double-sided lanterns with traffic light-type lens sets.
Sighting marks for a promising alignment are installed at the end of the alignment on the banks of canals in places where they bend, where the straight route ends. These signs help you choose the right direction for the ship.
The sign is a metal mast with a height of 12 m, on top of which a lantern with an orange fire is lit at night. On the edge of the mast facing the axis of the channel, a ten-meter neon tube glowing with red fire is vertically attached.
Traffic lights are installed on the approach to the gateways at a distance of 400-600 m from the head of the gateway. They are mounted on metal masts and are called long-range traffic lights. In addition, there are traffic lights on the lock head towers, near the gate gates (short-range traffic lights).
Signaling is carried out during the day in the same way as at night, with lights: green - allowing and red - prohibiting. Long-range traffic lights signal ships to approach the lock, the wall and the decks (in front of the chamber) for mooring while awaiting locking, but not to enter the lock chamber.
To enter and exit the lock chamber, as well as to move from chamber to chamber during locking in two-chamber locks, a corresponding light signal is given by short-range traffic lights.
Ferry crossings and barrier and emergency gates are also equipped with traffic lights, where traffic lights are built into the parapet or located on masts.
Due to the fact that the barrier and emergency gates significantly narrow the channel's navigation, on their concrete walls, in addition to traffic lights, white lights are placed in the form of ship's portholes.
Navigation marks They are special structures, usually of a tower type and designed to determine the position of a ship in the sea or orient the ship relative to them by visually perceiving the shape and color of the structure.
Navigation signs on inland waterways (inland waterways) have a wide classification depending on their location, purpose and shape. The company NAVITEL CJSC produces a unified range of light-optical devices of its own design, such as FSN-03, FSN-03MR for floating warning signs (buoys), illuminated navigation signs (SNZ), beacons, directional signs, including solar installations in combination with wind generators for providing autonomous power supply (APS) for navigation signs. In partnership with our company, you will be able to provide at the ports and approaches to them that you serve.
The main task of our company is to provide a full range of devices to equip the areas under your control. All work we perform complies with the international standard ISO 9001-2008. Therefore, you can be confident both in the quality of the equipment and in the impeccable preparation of all necessary documentation, installation and maintenance of facilities. The company ZAO NAVITEL offers port and coastal navigation signs of various types, both in design and in the materials used in the device (steel, aluminum, plastic).
Classification of navigational river signs
River navigation signs according to GOST 26600-98 have the following classification:
- depending on the installation location and operating conditions, signs are divided into floating and shore signs;
- depending on the silhouette of the signal boards, navigation signs are divided into round, triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal, linear and combined;
- in accordance with the purpose of the signs:
- floating signs;
- coastal navigational signs.
Coastal navigational marks depending on their purpose, they are divided into two groups: designations of the position of the navigation channel and information .
To shore signs indicating the position of the navigation channel These include gate, pass, way, spring, “Landmark” signs, bridge span signs and “Tracking light”.
Coastal markers consist of a support pillar and a shield of a certain shape and color mounted on it. For these signs, signal boards of five types are used: rectangular, square, trapezoidal, round and combined. The shape of the shield depends on the purpose of the coastal mark.
The dimensions of signal boards, depending on the range of the sign, are regulated by the State Standard. The height of shore signs is determined by a special calculation taking into account the relief of the shoreline.
On inland waterways, axial (linear), slot and edge gates are used.
Axial alignment(Fig. 6.1) consists of two signs - front and rear, identical in shape, located along the axis of the navigation channel.
Rice. 6.1. Layout of axial sections on the river section:
1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – sections on a light background; 3 – sections on a dark background
On axial alignment signs, four types of signal boards are used: square (Fig. 6.2, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.2, b), trapezoidal (Fig. 6.2, c) and combined (Fig. 6.2, d - the top board is square, located vertically, and the lower one is trapezoidal, located obliquely to the vertical).
Rice. 6.2. Axial alignments for light (left) and dark (right) terrain backgrounds
(the part of the sign area painted red is conventionally indicated by shading)
The color of signal boards is chosen depending on the background of the surrounding area. If the background is light, the shields are painted red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle, and if the background is dark - white with a black vertical stripe, and if they are located against the sky - then black.
At night, there is a red, white or yellow signal light on the axial direction signs of the right bank, and green, white or yellow on the left bank signs. In this case, the character (mode) of the light of the front sign is constant, and that of the rear sign is flashing or constant.
IN
Rice. 6.3. Orientation along the axial alignment: a – the vessel is in the target zone; b – the vessel left the target zone; 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – rear target sign; 3 – front target sign; 4 – shore; 5 – isobath of guaranteed depth; 6 – sighting curves limiting the target area; 7 – alignment axis; 8 – imaginary vertical passing through the target lights; 9 – rear sign light; 10 – front sign light
Axial alignment serves to indicate the axis of the ship's passage. The principle of its operation is as follows (Fig. 6.3). Two guidance marks or lights - front and rear, located on the shore at some distance from each other, form a guidance line, the extension of which towards the water space must coincide with the position of the axis of the navigation channel. A sign that a vessel is on the leading line will be the location of the front and rear marks or lights on the same vertical (Fig. 6.3, a). Deviation of the relative position of the front and rear signs or lights from the vertical indicates that the vessel is deviating away from the axis of the navigation channel and leaving the channel area (Fig. 6.3, b). When the vessel leaves the guidance zone, the navigator must change course to return to this zone.
Slotted gate consists of three signs - two forward and one rear and serves to indicate the position of the navigation channel and its edges (Fig. 6.4).
The two front signs are installed on a line perpendicular to the axis of the target and are located at the same distance from it. The rear sign is installed on the axis of the alignment, which must coincide with the axis of the navigation channel.
Signal boards for slotted gate signs are of one type - rectangular in shape. They are painted depending on the background of the surrounding area: on a light background - red with a white or black vertical stripe in the middle (Fig. 6.4, a), on a dark background - white with a black vertical stripe (Fig. 6.4, b).
White or yellow signal lights are used on slotted signs, constant lights are used on front signs, and flashing lights are used on rear signs. If there are extraneous lights in the area where the slotted section is located, red signal lights are used on signs installed on the right bank; green lights are used on the left bank. In this case, the front lights are constant, and the rear lights are flashing.
Rice. 6.4. Layout of the slotted section on the section of the waterway: 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – alignment axis; 3 – alignment signs; a – slotted door for a light background; b – slotted gate for a dark background
The principle of operation of the slot gate is shown in Fig. 6.5. When the vessel moves along the axis of the navigation channel (Fig. 6.5, a), the rear sign (light) is visible exactly in the middle of the distance between the front signs (lights). As the vessel deviates from the axis of the navigation channel, the symmetry of the location of the signs is disrupted (Fig. 6.5, b), while the clearance between the rear and front signs of the edge to which the ship is approaching is reduced.If the ship goes beyond the boundary of the target zone (Fig. 6.5, c), the gap between the shields of the rear and one of the front signs disappears.
The navigator must not allow the vessel to leave the specified zone, since this does not ensure traffic safety.
Slotted sections are used mainly in reservoirs and estuaries of large rivers.
Rice. 6.5. Orientation along the slot opening:
a – vessel on the alignment axis; b – the vessel deviated from the alignment axis; in - the ship leftfrom the target area; 1 – axis of the navigation channel; 2 – isobath of guaranteed depth; 3 – alignment axis; 4 – rear sign; 5 – front sign; 6 – sighting curves, forming the target zone
Edge flap intended to indicate one edge of the navigation channel. The target consists of two characters - the front one and the higher back one. The alignment axis intersects the vertical edge of the rear sign facing the fenced edge of the navigation channel. The front sign is slightly shifted from this axis towards the same edge. To indicate both edges of the navigation channel, two edge alignments are installed - left and right (Fig. 6.6).The signal board of the front edge sign has a rectangular shape, and the rear one has the shape of a rectangular trapezoid. Signs are painted white on a dark background, and red on a light background. Lights - green on the left edge, front constant, rear double-flashing; on the right edge there are red ones, the front is constant, the rear is double-flashing.
P
Rice. 6.6. Edge section: 1 – flow direction; 2 – left edge of the navigation channel; 3 – right edgenavigation; 4 – leading signs to indicate two edges of the navigation channel
Rice. 6.7. Types of signal boards for pass signs:
a – square; b – rectangular; c – combined
Passage signs(Fig. 6.7) are coastal navigation signs to indicate the direction of a ship's passage moving (transferring) from one shore to another, as well as to indicate the beginning and end of a section with a deep (navigable) shore.A pass sign consists of a support pillar and a signal board of a certain shape mounted on it. There are three types of shields for pass signs: square (Fig. 6.7, a), rectangular (Fig. 6.7, b) and combined (Fig. 6.7, c). Signs located on a light background of the area are painted red, and on a dark background – white.
Rice. 6.8. Running signs
Running signs(Fig. 6.8) are shore signs that indicate that the shipping channel is located along the deep shore on which they are installed. They consist of a pillar - a support and a signal board - a rhombus (Fig. 6.8, a), or a shield in the form of an elongated rhombus with sharp corners cut off (Fig. 6.8, b). To ensure visibility from all directions, shields are usually made three-dimensional. This is achieved through a cross-shaped connection of two flat shields (diamonds) or by connecting two shields (elongated rhombuses) in plan at an angle of 90.The color of the shield and the pillar of the navigation sign, in contrast to the leading and pass signs, depends on the name of the bank on which it is installed. On the right bank the color is red, on the left bank it is white. To create a contrast with the background of the area, the supports of the running signs are painted with alternating stripes of red and white on the right bank and white and black on the left bank.
Rice. 6.9. Spring signs
The traffic signs on the right bank have red flashing lights, and the signs on the left bank have green flashing lights.Spring signs(Fig. 6.9) are installed to indicate banks flooded during high water, islands, capes protruding into the riverbed, etc. They do not directly indicate the axis or edge of the channel and serve to determine the position of the channel together with other signs.
The spring sign is a signal figure mounted on a support pillar, consisting of two cross-shaped shields, shaped like a circle on the right bank (Fig. 6.9, a) and a trapezoid on the left bank (Fig. 6.9, b). The signal figure can also be made of three planes intersecting at an angle of 120 in plan.
The shields of spring signs on the right bank are painted red, and on the left – white. The sign supports are painted the same color as the shields.
At night, the signs on the right bank have permanent red lights, and the signs on the left bank have permanent green lights.
Sign« Reference point"(Fig. 6.10) is used on rivers and reservoirs to designate characteristic banks, capes, islands and other noticeable places on the coastline. They do not directly indicate the position of the navigation channel, but allow navigators to determine it indirectly (by the position of the vessel relative to the Landmark sign).
By design, signs are made in the form of pillars with two shields (Fig. 6.10, a) and three or tetrahedral prisms and pyramids (Fig. 6.10, b). Two types of signal boards are used: rectangular and trapezoidal.
Rice. 6.10. Landmark signs:
a – in the form of single pillars with signal boards;
b – in the form of three and tetrahedral prisms and pyramids
Signboards installed on the right bank are painted with five alternating horizontal stripes of red and white, and on the left bank - black and white, with the top stripe being red or black, respectively.
The "Landmark" signs on the right bank have red, white or yellow double-flash lights, and the signs on the left bank have green, white or yellow double-flash lights.
"Lighting Light" Signs(Fig. 6.11, a) serve to mark the banks of the shipping canal at night. The shape of signs carrying directional lights is not regulated. Structurally, the sign is a support, at the top of which there is a lantern with two lenses in the side walls. An electric lamp is placed in the lantern. Through the lenses of the side walls, signal lights shine along the bank of the canal. On the right bank there are red constant or flashing lights, on the left bank there are green constant or flashing lights.
Identification marks(Fig. 6.11, b) serve to mark the entrance to a canal, port, outport, shelter from the side of a lake or reservoir.
Rice. 6.11. Sign "Tracking light" (a) and identification marks (b)
Signs are constructed in the form of towers of various architectures and installed on the heads of dams, piers and breakwaters. They are painted in a color that provides the necessary contrast with the surrounding background of the area.At the tops of the identification signs, permanent or flashing all-round signal lights are installed: green on the left bank signs and red on the right bank signs.
On the sides of the markings facing the shipping channel, a permanent light of the same color as on their tops may be installed.
Each lighthouse has its own distinctive shape, color and fire characteristics. Descriptions of lighthouses and their geographical coordinates are given in the corresponding directions and on maps.
Rice. 6.13. Navigation sign
Luminous marine navigation sign(luminous sign) - a means of navigation equipment for the seas and large lakes, which is a day and night landmark of a special construction, having a light-optical device with a white light visibility range of up to 10 miles. This is a structure of the same type as the lighthouse, but of lighter construction (Fig. 6.13). The shape of navigational signs can be different; they are constructed from stone, brick, metal, wood, etc. The sign may have distinctive shields and top figures. Radar reflectors are often installed on them.Non-illuminated navigation sign- a structure of the same type as a luminous sign, but without a light-optical apparatus.
Marine navigation light (light)- a means of navigation equipment for seas and large lakes, which is a night landmark and is a light-optical device installed on natural objects or non-special constructions (building, rock, pillar, etc.).
Small boat and navigation
Small boats must travel outside the navigation channel or in a designated lane. If, due to the conditions of the route, such following is impossible, they can go along the ship's channel along the right edge of the ship's course within up to 10 m from it, while they must not impede the movement and maneuvering of large vessels on the ship's channel and are obliged to leave their path in advance without exchanging sound and visual signals.
Buoys (marking the edge (edge) of the shipping channel) are located at a distance of 250-500 m from each other. If the next buoy is not visible, stay on your course and adjust it when the buoy becomes visible.
Small vessels, if necessary, can cross the channel and also make a turn to cross the channel, usually behind the stern of passing vessels. The intersection should be carried out at an angle close to a straight line (+/- 15 0), and as soon as possible.
To rescue people, you can go out onto the shipping lane without restrictions.
Small boats are prohibited from:
· maneuver and stop near other vessels, dredgers, floating cranes, etc., moving or standing. and in between;
· stop and anchor within the ship's channel (traffic lane), as well as at floating navigational signs;
· go out into the shipping lane in limited (less than 1 km) visibility.
Rule of the road
If two vessels are on opposite courses in such a way that there is a risk of collision, each vessel must change course to starboard so that they can pass on their port sides.
If two small vessels are on intersecting courses and there may be a risk of collision, the following rules apply:
· small motorized vessels must give way to all other small non-motorized vessels;
· small non-motorized vessels and vessels not sailing must give way to sailing vessels.
General rule: the one who has it easier gives way + the right-hand rule applies.
MS discrepancies outside the shipping lane
If the courses intersect - divergence on the left sides
If they do NOT intersect - either side
Night
When sailing at night, a self-propelled small vessel must carry: a masthead light (white), side lights (left-red, right-green) and stern lights (white), while the side lights can be combined in one lamp located along the axis of the vessel in the bow (in any case, the onboard ones turn on only when moving). Small vessels towed and moving in a formation must carry an all-round white light.
Navigation lights and signs
The general principle for navigation lights and signs: on the right along the stream all the signs are mostly red, on the left - white (or black), lights - on the right - red, on the left - green (or both white or yellow), alignments (a bunch of boards for orientation in the direction of the shipping lane) - white on a dark background, red on a light background].
Spring sign serves to indicate flooded shores and is displayed on flooded islands, ravines, capes to prevent the ship from running aground.
On the left bank = a structure made of a pillar, on top of which a white trapezoidal shield is fixed.
On the right bank = a round red shield.
The spring sign on the left bank is equipped with a constant green light, and on the right - red.
a) on the left bank; b) on the right bank
Danger sign indicates particularly dangerous places at the edges of the shipping channel (submerged structures, dam heads, etc.). The sign is placed directly above the end of the obstacle on the side of the navigation channel.
Duplicates the usual edge sign, placed at a distance of 10-15 mm from the danger sign towards the shipping channel. It is prohibited to approach the danger sign (swim only along the ship's channel!!).
a) on the left edge
b) on the right edge
| Name of the sign | View | Color and characteristics of fire | Appointments |
| Don't drop anchor! |  | Indicates the underwater passage area where it is prohibited to drop anchors or lower chains - drags, lots | |
| Don't create disturbances! |  |  | Designates a section of the waterway where it is prohibited to create disturbances (near landing stages, beaches, bathing areas, boat stations and other structures). Need to slow down |
| The movement of small boats is prohibited! |  | | Designates an area where the movement of small vessels is prohibited on the shipping route (in roadsteads, in approach channels, at berths, etc.) |
| Attention! |  | Warns of the need to be careful (blind, narrow sections of the shipping channel, sharp turns) | |
| Crossing a ship's channel | | Indicates the places where ships and ferry crossings cross the shipping channel. | |
| Speed limited | | Indicates areas where the speed of displacement vessels is limited (canals, roadsteads, outports, beach areas, etc.). The figure shows the maximum permissible speed in km/h |
Signs and lights navigable bridge spans for small vessels - a triangular shield, with the top down; lights are not displayed at night. On a dark background, the signs are painted white, on a light background - red.
Distress signals on the water(submitted when assistance is needed, it is simply prohibited):
· a flag with a ball or similar object located above or below it;
· frequent flashing of all-round fire, spotlight, vertical movement of fire;
· rockets (false flares) of red color;
Slowly raising and lowering arms outstretched to the side;
· giving sound signals (frequent ringing of a bell, a metal object or prolonged sounds from any device).
Three long blasts = "Man overboard."
About life jackets
Boatmasters and passengers when sailing on small vessels must wear life jackets in the following cases:
Darkness, worsening hydrometeorological conditions (fog, rain, wind);
Swimming on jet skis, water skis or similar means;
Gateway.
Children under 16 years of age are allowed to sail on small boats only wearing life jackets.
Emergency stop
1) turn off traction
2) back up
3) drop anchor
(used to avoid accidents, and not to rescue someone who has fallen overboard).
General provisions
1. Navigation marks and lights are intended to create safe conditions for the navigation of ships and ensure the safety of artificial structures on inland waterways.
2. Navigation lights on structures must operate from sunset to sunrise.
3. With a lateral system, the types, main parameters and dimensions, color and type of painting of navigation signs, as well as the nature, color and relative position of signal lights are determined in the prescribed manner.
4. Under the cardinal system, the color and type of painting of floating signs, their top figures and the nature of the lights are determined by the current fencing system on the GDP of the “M” and “O” categories.
Composition and purpose of navigation signs
1. Navigation marks are divided into coastal and floating.
2. Coastal signs include fencing signs (markers) of the navigation channel and information signs.
Coastal signs indicating the position of the navigation channel include: directional, crossover, navigation, spring, landmark signs, indicators of the height of the underbridge clearance and the edges of the navigation channel in the navigable spans of bridges, wayfinding lights of shipping canals, as well as identification signs and beacons.
3. Floating signs include buoys, buoys, and milestones.
4. Floating navigational signs are divided into edge, rotary, stall, dividing, axial, rotary-axial and danger signs.
5. On rivers, the names of the right and left edges (sides) of the navigation channel are taken in the direction of the water flow.
On transit ship passages of reservoirs, the names of the parties are taken in the direction from the backwater wedging zone to the dam.
On the approaches to ports, piers, shelters, as well as on the ship channels of tributaries flowing into the reservoir, the names of the right and left edges of the ship channel are taken in the direction of the transit ship channel.
On canals and lakes, the names of the parties on ship passages are adopted conditionally when designing the transport development of these waterways.
Character of navigation lights
1. Permanent.
2. Flashing - periodically repeating flashes.
3. Double flash - periodically repeating groups of two flashes.
4. Frequently flashing - continuously repeating frequent flashes.
5. Group-frequently flashing - periodically repeating groups.
6. Pulsating - continuously repeating light pulses.
7. Intermittent-pulsating - periodically repeating groups.
8. Eclipsed - periodically repeating glimpses and short-term eclipses.
Floating navigational marks and lights to mark the boundaries of the shipping channel. Edge to mark the edges of the ship's passage
1. Right side:
red rectangular buoy;
red round buoy;
red milestone with black top figure;
red light, constant or flashing.
2. Left side:
white or black triangular buoy;
white triangular buoy;
white milestone without top figure;
green, yellow or white light, constant or flashing.
3. Separation of the ship's passages: to indicate the separation of the ship's passage:
a separation buoy with red-white or red-black vertical stripes;
paired red and white buoys;
lights - red and green, or red and white, or yellow and red flashing lights are used in pairs on top of each other.
4. Signs protecting dangerous places and navigation obstacles:
right bank:
red rectangular buoy with one white or black vertical and one horizontal stripe (cross-shaped);
light - red, flashing or double flashing;
left Coast:
white triangular buoy with one black vertical and one horizontal stripe (cross-shaped);
light - green, flashing or double flashing.
5. Signal signs indicating the turn of the shipping lane:
right bank:
a red rectangular buoy with a wide horizontal white or black stripe;
light - red, flashing or rapidly flashing;
left Coast:
white or black triangular buoy with a wide horizontal black or white stripe;
light - white, yellow or green, flashing or rapidly flashing.
6. Signal signs indicating the axis of the navigation channel and at the same time its edge to separate oncoming traffic flows:
white triangular buoy with two horizontal wide black or red stripes, white pole with two black stripes, black top figure with a round silhouette;
light - white or yellow double flashing.
7. Signal signs, rotary-axial to indicate the rotation of the axis of the navigation. A red triangular buoy with two white or black wide horizontal stripes. The light is white or yellow, flashing in groups. Milestone - two black (or white) and three red horizontal stripes of equal width. Top figure round silhouette black.
Coastal navigational signs indicating the position of a navigation channel
1. The color of the boards of coastal direction and pass signs is chosen to create a contrast with the background of the area (light or dark) and does not depend on the coast (right or left). The color of the lights depends on the bank (right or left).
2. The axial alignment to indicate the axis of the navigation channel consists of two signs: forward and rear.
Shields are square, rectangular (vertical), trapezoidal and combined in red or white. White or black vertical stripes are applied to rectangular and trapezoidal panels.
The lights on the right bank are red, white or yellow, on the left bank - green, white or yellow, on the front signs - constant, on the rear - flashing.
3. The slot line to indicate the position of the navigation channel and its edges consists of three signs: two forward and one rear.
The shields are rectangular red or white with white or black vertical stripes.
The lights on the right and left banks are permanent, on the front signs, and flashing on the rear signs, similar to the center line.
(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated March 31, 2003 N 114)
4. Edge alignment to indicate the position of the ship's passage and its edges. The front shields are rectangular, the rear ones are trapezoidal, red or white.
The lights are permanent or double-flashing on the right edge, red, on the left, green.
5. A cross-over sign to indicate the direction of navigation.
Shields are square, rectangular, trapezoidal or combined in red or white.
The lights are constant or flashing; on the right bank they are red, white or yellow, on the left bank they are green, white or yellow.
(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated March 31, 2003 N 114)
6. Spring sign to indicate flooded shores. The shields on the right bank are round red, on the left - trapezoidal white.
The lights are constant, red on the right bank, green on the left.
7. Landmark sign to indicate characteristic places on the shipping route.
The shields are rectangular or trapezoidal, red on the right bank, black on the left bank with two horizontal white stripes.
The lights are double-flashing, red or white on the right bank, green or white on the left, or yellow flashing on both banks.
8. Sign "Way light" to mark the banks (edges) of the shipping canal.
The lights are constant or flashing, red on the right bank, green on the left.
9. A navigation sign to indicate a ship's passage located near the shore.
The diamond-shaped shields on the right bank are red, on the left - white. The flashing lights on the right bank are red, on the left bank they are green.
10. Signaling of navigable bridge spans:
a) to indicate the axis of the navigable passage in the navigable span of the bridge, square, round, triangular red or white boards are installed in its middle, depending on the background (light or dark) of the bridge structures.
For ships and trains coming from above, shields are installed in the form of a rhombus, round shields - for rafts, triangular - for small vessels.
For ships and trains coming from below, the shields are square.
The lights are constant, two red, located vertically, for ships, two green, located vertically, for rafts.
To indicate the under-bridge clearance and the edges of the navigable passage in the navigable spans of bridges, 1, 2, 3 or 4 square green or white boards are installed on each support or edge. The number of shields indicates the span height, respectively, up to 10, 13, 16 m and higher.
All lights are constant, green;
b) To indicate the navigable span of the drawer part, set aside towards the right or left bank, of the floating bridge, 5 lights are installed, 2 each on the fixed part of the bridge and one at the corners of its drawer part. The lights are constant: red on the right bank, green on the left.
(paragraph "b" as amended by Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated March 31, 2003 N 114)
Composition and distinctive features of floating signs with a cardinal placement system
1. Cardinal signs are intended to guard against navigational hazards. They are placed around the danger according to the principle of fencing it relative to the cardinal directions (along the four main directions of the compass). In this case, the horizon around the danger fences is conventionally divided into four sectors: northern, eastern, southern and western.
Cardinal signs are displayed in one, several or all sectors at the same time to indicate the side from which the protected danger should be avoided.
2. Definition of sectors and signs.
The four sectors (north, east, south and west) are limited by true bearings NW-NE, NE-SE, SE-SW, SW-NW taken from the designated point.
The cardinal sign is called by the name of the sector in which it is located.
3. Description of signs (buoys, milestones).
North sign. The upper part of the sign is black, the lower part is yellow. A pole with a topmark, which has two black cones with their vertices up, located one above the other. The light is white, flashing frequently. The sign is displayed in the northern sector, north of the danger.
South sign. The upper part of the sign is yellow, the lower part is black, a pole with a topmark, which has two black cones with the tops down, located one above the other. The light is white, consisting of 6 frequent flashes, followed by one long flash of 15 seconds. The sign is posted in the southern sector, south of the danger.
Eastern sign. The color is black, with one wide horizontal stripe of yellow. A pole with a topmark: two black cones, one above the other, bases facing each other. The light is white, consists of three frequent flashes with a frequency of 10 s. The sign is posted in the eastern sector, east of the danger.
"Western" sign. The color is yellow, with one horizontal black stripe. Milestone with topmark: two black cones with their tops together. The light is white, consists of nine frequent flashes with a frequency of 15 s. The sign is posted in the western sector, west of the danger.
Signs indicating specific hazardous areas
The buoy is black with a wide red horizontal stripe, the light is white and double flashing. A milestone with a topmark: two black balls, one above the other. The sign is placed above the danger.