A man-made emergency is a situation in a certain territory that has arisen as a result of an accident, a catastrophe that may result or has resulted in human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of people’s living conditions.
An accident is a dangerous man-made incident that creates a threat to the life and health of people at an object, a certain territory or water area and leads to the destruction of buildings, structures, equipment and vehicles, disruption of the production or transport process, as well as damage to the natural environment.
An industrial disaster is a major industrial accident that resulted in casualties, damage to human health, or destruction and destruction of objects, material assets in a significant amount, and also led to serious damage to the natural environment.
According to the classification adopted by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, man-made emergencies are divided into: fires, explosions, explosion threats; building collapses; transport; with the release of chemically hazardous substances; with the release of radioactive substances; with the release of chemical warfare agents; on electrical power systems; on municipal energy systems; at wastewater treatment plants; hydrodynamic.
Currently, the danger of the technosphere to the population and the environment is determined by the presence in industry and energy of a large number of radiation-hazardous, chemically hazardous, fire- and explosive-hazardous industries and technologies.
There are a large number of economic facilities, industrial accidents at which can lead to man-made emergencies. Such objects include radiation hazardous, chemically hazardous, explosion and fire hazardous objects, gas and oil pipelines, transport, hydraulic structures, and public utility facilities.
Man-made emergencies include:
- emergency situations involving the release of radioactive substances arising as a result of an accident at a radiation hazardous facility (a radiation hazardous facility is an object where radioactive substances are stored, processed or transported, in the event of an accident at which people may be exposed to ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination of the environment);
- emergency situations with the release of chemically hazardous substances arising as a result of an accident at a chemically hazardous facility (a chemically hazardous facility is an enterprise or organization that stores, processes, uses or transports hazardous chemicals and, in the event of an accident, loss of life or chemical contamination may occur environment);
- fires, explosions, bomb threats. Possible most often at fire and explosion hazardous facilities (a fire and explosion hazardous facility is an enterprise in the course of whose activities flammable flammable liquids, solid combustible substances and materials that can burn when interacting with water, air oxygen and with each other in quantities sufficient, in the event of fire, to create a threat to human life and health, as well as a threat to environmental safety in the area adjacent to the facility).
There are over 8 thousand fire and explosion hazardous objects in the country. Most often, accidents with explosions and fires occur at enterprises in the chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industries. Accidents at such enterprises lead to serious consequences: destruction of industrial and residential buildings, injury to production personnel and the population, significant material losses;
- hydrodynamic emergencies arising during an accident at hydrodynamically hazardous objects 1. Hydraulic structures are usually located within or above large populated areas. Hydraulic structures are high-risk objects;
- transport emergencies arising from transport accidents. Depending on the type of transport in which the accident occurred, a distinction is made between railway, road, aviation and sea accidents. Transport is a source of danger not only for its passengers, but also for the population living in the areas of transport highways, since they transport a large amount of flammable, chemical, radioactive, explosive and other substances that pose a threat to human life and health in the event of an accident. Such substances account for 12% of the total volume of cargo transportation.
1 Hydrodynamically dangerous object is a hydraulic structure, the destruction of which may result in a hydrodynamic accident with breakthrough waves and flooding of large areas. A serious danger to the population, the technosphere and the natural environment is posed by accidents of such hydraulic structures as dams, hydroelectric power station buildings, spillways, drainage and water outlet structures, tunnels, canals, pumping stations, ship lifts, etc.
conclusions
- With the development of the technosphere, man-made disasters have invaded human life - emergency situations of a man-made nature (accidents and catastrophes at economic facilities).
- An analysis of man-made hazards and the causes of their occurrence indicates that they arise in the process of human economic activity, and the main reason for their occurrence is due to the human factor, i.e., for the most part they are man-made.
- An analysis of man-made hazards and their causes, carried out by specialists from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, allows us to conclude that the main causes of accidents and industrial disasters are due to the growing complexity of production using both new technologies that require high concentrations of energy and substances hazardous to human life, which have a significant impact on the natural environment; decreased reliability of production equipment, vehicles, imperfection and obsolescence of production technologies; the human factor, expressed in violations of production technologies, labor discipline, and a low level of professional training.
Questions
- What major transport disasters involving human casualties have occurred on the territory of the Russian Federation in recent years?
- What factors determine the danger of the technosphere for the population and the environment?
- How will accidents in the technosphere affect human life safety?
- How, in your opinion, can the negative impact of the human factor on safety in transport situations be reduced?
Tasks
- Find examples of man-made emergencies that have occurred in the region where you live in reference books, the media, and the Internet.
- Make a list of the main measures that were taken to protect the population during a single man-made emergency in your region.
About 1,000 emergencies occur in Russia every year, not counting small domestic fires, destruction of empty houses and other incidents that do not result in casualties or large material costs. Accidents and disasters at industrial enterprises deserve increased attention. This is due to the fact that they take lives and also cause large material losses on a par with natural disasters, domestic gas explosions and house collapses. Every year, property worth billions of rubles suffers from fires on the territory of the Russian Federation.
The greatest threat in terms of accidents and disasters is posed by enterprises where explosive gases are involved, explosives and dangerous toxic chemicals are stored. Modern nuclear power plants have better protection. Despite the scale of the possible consequences, cases of accidents over the entire existence of nuclear power plants are rare.
The main causes of accidents and disasters include obsolete equipment, non-compliance with safety regulations, interference in the operation of equipment, as well as errors in the design of industrial facilities. In this article we will look at the chronology of the largest accidents at industrial enterprises in the history of Russia from 1991 to 2015.
1991
Ufa oil refinery. In September, a pipe broke at an altitude of 150 meters. The mass of the suspended fragment exceeded 700 tons. The consequences of the fall were compared by analysts to a magnitude 9 earthquake. Fortunately, disaster was avoided. A unique emergency response operation was carried out, which was included in the Guinness Book of Records. It should be noted that this was the first operation of the newly formed Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. To eliminate the consequences, 350 kg were secured in the area of the fragment. explosives. A targeted explosion made it possible to lay the pipe without damaging the unique plant.
1992
Artillery storage facility of the Pacific Fleet, Vladivostok. The fire led to the partial detonation of shells and explosives. To eliminate the consequences of the emergency, 240 tons of water sprayed from an IL-76TD aircraft over 6 flights were used.
1993
Engine plant of JSC "KAMAZ", Naberezhnye Chelny. As a result of the largest fire in 20 years, more than 200 thousand m2 of territory were damaged. The central production building and equipment were completely destroyed. The consequences of the fire reduced the plant's production capacity.
1994
JSC "Arkon" February. There was a critical leak of chlorine on the premises of the enterprise. The release of chemically hazardous substances required a large-scale operation by the Ministry of Emergency Situations. The actions of rescuers were aimed at helping and evacuating citizens caught in the impact zone. After ensuring the safety of the population, department employees began eliminating the leak.
1995
Vorkutinskaya mine, Komi Republic. March. A methane explosion occurred in one of the mines. Significant resources of the Ministry of Emergency Situations were involved in the rescue operation. As a result, more than 200 miners were brought to the surface.
Mine "Pervomaiskaya", Berezovsky. September. To eliminate the incident, 13 pieces of equipment and more than 50 rescuers were involved.
1997
Mine "Zyryanskaya", Novokuznetsk. December. A methane explosion occurred in lava No. 1401. The main reason for the advent was the human factor. As a result of the explosion 1200m. workings were damaged or blocked. The impact of methane caused damage to an area of 17,454 m.
1998
Mine "Central", Vorkuta. January. An explosion of coal dust and methane led to partial rubble and a prolonged fire, resulting in increased smoke. On the lower horizon, 27 people were trapped under the rubble. During the most complex operation, which lasted several days, 23 people were rescued and 4 dead were found.
2002
Vorkutinskaya mine, Kemerovo region. January. A methane explosion occurred in the lava located at a depth of 720 meters. At this time there were 86 miners in the mine. Their rescue began after the fire was extinguished. 69 people survived.
2003
Mine "Zapadnaya-Kapitalnaya", Novoshakhtinsk, Rostov region. October. The groundwater breakthrough caused a blackout of electricity and communications. At this time, there were 71 people at the mine face. At the beginning of the rescue operation, 25 miners were rescued. After many hours of hard work, rescuers were able to evacuate another 24 people.
2005 year.
Mine "Esaulskaya", Kemerovo region. February. As a result of the explosion, a partial collapse of the mine occurred. Four miners were able to get out on their own and were hospitalized. Eliminating the consequences of the explosion required the work of 150 rescuers.
2006
Mine "Central", Vershino-Darsunsky mine, Transbaikalia. In September there was a serious fire. As a result of the rescue operation, the lives of 39 people were saved. To eliminate the consequences of the fire, more than 380 specialists and 40 pieces of equipment had to be involved.
2007
Ulyanovskaya mine, Kemerovo region. March. There was a serious explosion in the mine. As a result of the actions taken, 93 people were saved and the bodies of 110 dead were recovered.
Mine "Yubileinaya", Novokuznetsk. May. There was a methane explosion. Of the 217 miners in the mine, 179 were rescued. More than 330 people and about 60 pieces of equipment took part in the operation.
Komsomolskaya mine, Vorkuta. June. There was a methane explosion. Of the 277 people in the mine, 263 survived.
year 2009.
Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station. August. As a result of the accident, the second hydraulic unit was destroyed, which caused flooding of the turbine room. Almost immediately, 75 people died. During the operation, which lasted almost 8 days, it was possible to eliminate the consequences of the accident and save 14 people.
Ammunition Arsenal, Ulyanovsk. November. Due to the fire, an explosion occurred and fragments scattered. 1013 people were evacuated from the accident zone. As a result of the incident, 36 people were injured and 1 was killed.
year 2014.
Oil refinery, Krasnoyarsk region. June. The explosion of the distillation column led to a fire that engulfed 400 m2 of the plant area. The fire damaged the adjacent administrative building.
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Illustration copyright RIA Novosti Image caption The accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station claimed the lives of 75 people
Among the largest man-made disasters in the modern history of Russia are accidents in mines and power plants, the loss of aircraft and ships, fires and collapses of building roofs.
December 2, 1997 - methane explosion at the Zyryanovskaya mine
A methane explosion at the Zyryanovskaya mine in the Kemerovo region killed 67 people. It was reported that the accident occurred during a shift change at the mining face. The main reason was identified as the human factor: the combine operator crushed the miner's self-rescuer (personal protective equipment against toxic combustion products), which provoked an explosion of methane gas that suddenly appeared in the face, followed by an explosion of coal dust.
A week before the explosion, a gas outbreak occurred at the mine, resulting in burns to five workers. However, the operation of the mine was not stopped. Experts note that none of the mine’s management was punished as a result of the investigation. Over the next ten years, the accident in Novokuznetsk remained the largest disaster in Kuzbass.
August 12, 2000 - the death of the nuclear submarine "Kursk"
During naval exercises of the Russian fleet in the Barents Sea, the K-141 Kursk nuclear submarine with cruise missiles sank. According to the official version, a torpedo explosion occurred on the submarine, which was launched in May 1994, due to leakage of fuel components. The fire that broke out two minutes after the first explosion resulted in the detonation of the torpedoes located in the first compartment of the boat.
The second explosion led to even more significant destruction. As a result, all 118 crew members were killed. As a result of the submarine recovery operation, completed a year later, 115 bodies of dead sailors were found and buried. "Kursk" was considered the best submarine of the Northern Fleet. Among other versions of the death of the Kursk, it was argued that it could have been torpedoed by an American submarine.
July 4, 2001 - Tu-154 plane crash in Irkutsk
The Vladivostok Air plane, flying on the Yekaterinburg-Irkutsk route, crashed during landing. As a result of the tragedy, 144 people died. In the conclusion of the state commission, the cause of the disaster was identified as the erroneous actions of the crew. During the landing maneuver, speed was lost, after which the commander lost the ability to control the aircraft
Five years later, on July 9, 2006, while landing at the same Irkutsk airport, a Siberia Airlines plane failed to stop on the runway, rolled off the runway and crashed into a garage complex. The investigation determined that the aircraft had engine problems due to crew error. Of the 203 people on board, 124 died.
November 24, 2003 - fire in the RUDN University dormitory
A fire broke out in one of the dormitory buildings of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia at night, when most of the students were sleeping. The fire started in a room that was empty at the time of the fire. The fire spread to four floors. Students and university employees jumped out of windows on these floors and were seriously injured, some falling to their deaths. The fire claimed the lives of 44 people, mostly foreign students, and about 180 people were hospitalized with burns and injuries. The court found six people guilty of the fire, including the vice-rector for administrative and economic activities of the university and the chief engineer of the university, as well as the inspector of the State Fire Inspectorate of the South-Western Administrative District of Moscow, who received the most severe punishment - two years of imprisonment in a penal colony.
February 14, 2004 - roof collapse of the Transvaal water park
As a result of the collapse of the roof of a sports and entertainment complex in the south-west of Moscow, 28 people were killed, including eight children, and about 200 more people suffered injuries of varying severity. At the time of the accident, in the water park, which opened in June 2002, there were, according to various sources, from 400 to a thousand people, many of whom were celebrating Valentine's Day.
Among the main versions of the collapse that were considered by the investigation were violations in the design and construction of the building, as well as its improper operation. The capital's prosecutor's office concluded that the chief designer of the water park project, Nodar Kancheli, was guilty, but then dropped the criminal case due to an amnesty.
February 23, 2006 - roof collapse of the Basmanny market
Illustration copyright AFP Image caption The collapse of the market roof, according to the commission, was the result of improper operationEarly in the morning in Moscow, the roof of the Basmanny Market, covering an area of approximately 2,000 square meters, collapsed. meters. A total of 66 people were killed, and dozens of people were pulled out of the wreckage alive. Two months after the disaster, a Moscow government commission made a decision that what happened was a consequence of systematic improper operation of the building throughout its entire service life.
The designer of the market's floors was Nodar Kancheli, the designer of Transvaal Park, whose roof collapsed two years earlier. The commission established that the market roof collapsed due to the break of one of the cable cables on which it was supported. And the break itself was the result of several reasons, including corrosion of the cable and unscheduled reconstruction of the building.
March 19, 2007 - methane explosion at the Ulyanovskaya mine
The accident at the Ulyanovskaya mine in the Kemerovo region claimed the lives of 110 people. It was possible to save 93 miners. The Russian Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision announced that there were “gross violations of safety rules” at the Ulyanovskaya mine.
The regional governor, Aman Tuleyev, said that on the day of the accident, equipment was being installed at the mine to detect and localize gas leaks. Almost the entire mine management went underground to check the operation of the system and died in the explosion. Three years later, the investigative committee at the prosecutor's office, after conducting an additional investigation, opened another criminal case into the accident at Ulyanovskaya. Accidents with so many casualties had never happened before in the mines of the USSR and Russia.
September 14, 2008 - Boeing 737 plane crash in Perm
An Aeroflot-Nord plane, flying on the Moscow-Perm route, crashed during landing. As a result of the collision with the ground, all people on board died - 88 people, including 7 children. Among the dead was the presidential adviser, hero of Russia, Colonel General Gennady Troshev.
This accident was the first for a Boeing 737 aircraft in Russia. The systemic cause of the incident was called “the insufficient level of organization of flight and technical operation of Boeing 737 aircraft at the airline.” In addition, according to the results of a forensic examination, it was established that there was ethyl alcohol in the ship’s commander’s body before his death.
August 17, 2009 - accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station
The largest hydroelectric power station in Russia and the sixth in the world - Sayano-Shushenskaya - was stopped on August 17, when water rushed into the turbine hall. Three of the ten hydroelectric generating units were completely destroyed, and all the others were damaged.
Rehabilitation work on the hydroelectric power station on the Yenisei River is expected to take several years and, in the best case, will be completed in 2014. The largest accident in the history of Russian and Soviet hydropower engineering led to the death of 75 people. The Russian State Duma commission, which investigated the causes of the accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, named the names of about 20 station workers who, in its opinion, were involved in the tragedy.
The deputies recommended dismissing, among others, the general director of the hydroelectric power station, Nikolai Nevolko, and the chief engineer, Andrei Mitrofanov. In December 2010, the former director of the hydroelectric power station, Nevolko, was charged with “violation of safety regulations and other labor protection rules, resulting in the death of two or more persons.”
December 5, 2009 - fire at the Lame Horse club
Illustration copyright AP Image caption Most of the visitors to the Perm nightclub were unable to get outsideThe largest fire in terms of the number of victims in the history of post-Soviet Russia occurred in the Perm nightclub "Lame Horse". According to investigators, it started during a pyrotechnics show, when sparks hit the ceiling, made of dry wooden rods, and caused a fire. A crush immediately began in the club, due to which not everyone managed to get out of the cramped room.
The fire at Lame Horse resulted in the death of 156 people, and several dozen people received varying degrees of burns. In connection with the incident, a number of officials and fire officials were fired, and the government of the Perm region resigned in its entirety. In June 2011, Spanish law enforcement agencies extradited Konstantin Mrykhin, whom investigators call the co-founder of the club, to their Russian colleagues. Besides him, eight other people are involved in the case.
May 9, 2010 - accident at the Raspadskaya mine
At one of the largest coal mines in the world, located in the Kemerovo region, two methane explosions occurred within a few hours of each other, resulting in the death of 91 people. In total, about 360 miners were trapped underground; most of the miners were rescued.
In December 2010, 15 people who were in the mine at the time of the accident and were listed as missing were declared dead by a court decision. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said that Rostekhnadzor authorities have repeatedly made complaints about the condition of equipment at Raspadskaya, but the mine management did not respond to them in any way.
Mine director Igor Volkov, who was charged with violating safety rules, resigned. The management of Raspadskaya estimated its damage at 8.6 billion rubles.
July 10, 2011 - the death of the motor ship "Bulgaria" on the Volga
The double-deck diesel-electric ship "Bulgaria", which was sailing from the city of Bolgar to Kazan, sank three kilometers from the coast. One of the factors that allegedly led to the disaster is the ship's overload. According to some information, after the alteration, the ship was designed to carry 140 passengers. However, many more tickets for the river cruise on July 10 were sold. A quarter of those on board were children.
By the morning of July 14, the bodies of 105 people killed in the crash had been discovered, the fate of another 24 remains unknown. 79 passengers and crew members were saved. In connection with the death of the "Bulgaria", the Vasilyevsky Court of Kazan has already arrested two people who are suspected of "providing services that do not meet safety requirements" - Svetlana Inyakina, general director of the company "ArgoRechTour", which was a subtenant of the motor ship "Bulgaria", and Yakov Ivashov, senior expert of the Kama branch of the Russian River Register.
Memo
TRANSPORT DISASTER
Major airplane, road, and rail accidents and shipwrecks all have in common that they involve fast-moving vehicles carrying large numbers of people or cargo, or substances that can cause direct or indirect harm to people and the environment.
Aircraft accidents can be caused by natural, technological or human factors (mechanical failure, negligence, etc.).
Railway accidents occur when trains collide or derail, during landslides, avalanches, etc., as well as during terrorist attacks.
Car accidents are the most common and cause the most damage.
The number of shipwrecks has decreased significantly due to improvements in ship design and navigation systems. However, a shipwreck can cause serious environmental disasters, especially when
occurs with a tanker or when containers with hazardous substances fall into the water.
VEHICLE ACCIDENTS
About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to drivers violating traffic rules. The most dangerous types of violations continue to be speeding, ignoring road signs, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated. Very often, bad roads (mainly slippery ones) and vehicle malfunctions (in the first place - brakes, in second place - steering, in third place - wheels and tires) lead to accidents.
The peculiarity of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first three hours due to excessive blood loss.
HOW TO ACTION IF A COLLISION IS INEVITABLE
Maintain composure - this will allow you to control the car until the last opportunity. Tighten all your muscles to the limit, do not relax until you stop completely. Do everything to avoid an oncoming blow: a ditch, a fence, a bush, even a tree is better than a car coming at you. Remember that when colliding with a stationary object, the impact of the left or right fender is worse than the impact of the entire bumper. If an impact is imminent, protect your head. If the car is moving at low speed, press your back into the seat and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel. If the speed exceeds 60 km/h and you are not wearing a seat belt, press your chest against the steering column.
If you are riding in the front passenger seat, cover your head with your hands and lie on your side, prone on the seat. While sitting in the back seat, try to fall to the floor. If there is a child next to you, cover him with yourself.
HOW TO ACT AFTER AN ACCIDENT
Determine where in the car and what position you are in, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when tipping over). If the doors are jammed, exit the car through the windows by opening them or breaking them with heavy objects. After getting out of the car, move as far away from it as possible - there may be an explosion.
HOW TO ACTION WHEN A CAR FALLS INTO WATER
When falling into water, the car can stay afloat for some time, enough to leave it. Get out through the open window, because... When you open the door, the car will suddenly start to sink.
When diving to the bottom with the windows and doors closed, the air in the car's interior lasts for several minutes. Turn on the headlights (to make it easier to find the car), actively ventilate your lungs (deep inhalations and exhalations allow you to fill your blood with oxygen for future use), get rid of excess clothing, grab documents and money. Get out of the car through a door or window when the car is half filled with water, otherwise you will be hindered by the flow of water entering the cabin. If necessary, break the windshield with heavy objects at hand. Squeeze your way out, holding the roof of the car with your hands, and then suddenly swim up.
HOW TO ENSURE PERSONAL SAFETY WHEN DRIVING IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT
When on public transport, if there are no free seats, try to stand in the center of the cabin, holding on to the handrail for greater stability. Pay attention to the location of emergency and emergency exits.
Electric power supply of trams and trolleybuses creates an additional threat of electric shock to a person (especially in rainy weather), so seated areas are the safest. If you find that the interior is under voltage, leave it. In case of an accident, panic and crush may occur at the exits. In this case, use the emergency exit by pulling out the special cord and pushing out the glass.
In the event of a fire in the cabin, notify the driver, open the doors (using emergency opening), emergency exits or break a window. If there is a fire extinguisher in the cabin, take measures to eliminate the fire. Protect your respiratory system from smoke with a scarf, handkerchief or other items of clothing. Get out of the cabin, bending down and not touching metal parts, as in a tram and trolleybus you may be electrocuted.
If a bus falls into water, wait until the passenger compartment is half filled with water, hold your breath and emerge through a door, emergency exit or broken window.
AIR TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS
Aircraft accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons. Serious consequences are caused by the destruction of individual aircraft structures, engine failure, disruption of control systems, power supply, communications, piloting, lack of fuel, and interruptions in life support for the crew and passengers.
HOW TO PROCEED WITH DECOMPRESSION
DECOMPRESSION is the rarefaction of air in the aircraft cabin when its seal is broken. Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air is escaping). The salon fills with dust and fog. Visibility is sharply reduced. Air quickly leaves a person's lungs and cannot be retained. Ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur at the same time. In this case, without waiting for a command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help someone before you put on a mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and lose consciousness, you will both find yourself without oxygen. Immediately after putting on your mask, fasten your seat belt and prepare for a sharp descent.
HOW TO ACT IN THE EVENT OF A FIRE ON AN AIRPLANE
Remember that in the event of a fire on board an aircraft, the greatest danger is smoke, not fire. Breathe only through cotton or woolen items of clothing, if possible, moistened with water. When making your way to the exit, move crouched down or on all fours, as there is less smoke at the bottom of the cabin. Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire using existing clothing, blankets, etc. After landing and stopping the plane, immediately head to the nearest exit, as there is a high probability of an explosion. If the passage is blocked, make your way through the chairs, lowering their backs. When evacuating, get rid of your hand luggage and avoid exiting through hatches near which there is an open fire or heavy smoke.
After leaving the plane, move as far away from it as possible and lie on the ground, pressing your head with your hands - an explosion is possible.
In any situation, act without panic and decisively, this will contribute to your salvation.
HOW TO ACT DURING A HARD LANDING AND AFTER IT
Carefully adjust your seat belt before each takeoff and landing. It should be firmly secured as low as possible near your hips. Check to see if there are any heavy suitcases overhead.
Accidents on takeoff and landing are sudden, so look out for smoke, sudden descent, engine stalls, etc. Clear your pockets of sharp objects, bend over and clasp your hands tightly behind your knees (or grab your ankles). Place your head on your knees or tilt it as low as possible. Place your feet on the floor, extending them as far as possible, but not under the front seat. At the moment of impact, tense up as much as possible and prepare for significant overload. Under no circumstances leave your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not cause panic.
WATER TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS
Most major accidents and disasters on ships occur under the influence of hurricanes, storms, fog, ice, as well as through the fault of people - captains, pilots and crew members. Accidents often occur due to mistakes and errors in the design and construction of ships.
Among the preliminary protective measures, the passenger can be advised to remember the way from his cabin to the lifeboats on the upper deck, since during a disaster it is very difficult to navigate, especially when there is smoke and the ship is listing.
HOW TO PROCEED WHEN DISCHARGING FROM THE SHIP
Remember that the decision to abandon the ship is made only by the captain. When disembarking the vessel, follow the instructions of the crew members and observe the following rules:
First of all, places in the boats are given to women, children, the wounded and the elderly;
Before boarding a boat or life raft, put on plenty of clothing and a life jacket on top. If possible, load the lifeboat with blankets, extra clothing, an emergency radio, drinking water and food;
If you are forced to jump from the side of a ship into the water, then preferably from a height of no more than five meters, covering your mouth and nose with one hand, holding tightly to the vest with the other;
Since heat loss in water increases with every movement, swim only to a life-saving device;
After loading onto the life-saving craft, you must sail to a safe distance from the sinking ship (at least 100 m).
HOW TO ACTION IF THERE ARE NO LIFE-SAVING EQUIPMENT
When in the water, use a whistle or raise your hand to signal.
Move as little as possible to stay warm. Heat loss in water occurs several times faster than in air, so movements even in warm water should be limited to just staying afloat. Wearing a life jacket to keep warm, tuck yourself together, wrap your arms around your chest at the sides, and lift your hips higher so that less water washes over your groin area. This method will increase the estimated survival time in cold water by almost 50%. If you are not wearing a life jacket, look for some floating object and grab onto it to make it easier to stay afloat until rescuers arrive. Rest while lying on your back.
HOW TO ACT WHEN YOU ARE ON A RESCUE BOAT
Take seasickness pills. To conserve heat, stay close to other victims on the boat and do physical exercise. Let us drink only to the sick and wounded. On the high seas, if there is no reasonable hope of reaching the shore or entering the shipping lanes, try to stay with other boats near the place where the ship was lost.
Keep your feet as dry as possible. Elevate and move your legs regularly to relieve swelling. Never drink sea water. Retain fluid in your body by cutting down on unnecessary movements. To reduce sweating during the day, moisten your clothes, and to reduce the temperature inside the raft, moisten its outer shell with water. Drink no more than 500-600 ml of water per day, divided into numerous small doses with the largest dose in the evening. Eat only emergency food supplies. Save smoke bombs until there is a real chance that they will be noticed. Do not use checkers all together in the hope of discovering yourself; entrust their use to one person.
Do not panic! Remember, the average adult can survive 3 to 10 days without drinking. With a diet of 500-600 ml of water per day, a reasonably acting adult can survive even in the tropics for at least 10 days without serious changes in the body. You can live without food for a month or more.
The crash of a Boeing 737 in Perm was the first major plane crash in the Russian Federation over the past year and a half; 2006 was a “black” year for the country.
Moscow. September 14. website - The Boeing 737 crash in Perm was the first major disaster in the Russian Federation over the past year and a half. The last such serious incident was the crash of a Tu-134A of UTair airlines on March 17, 2007, flying on the route Surgut-Samara-Belgorod. The airliner made a hard landing, caught the runway with its wing and broke into two parts. There were 50 passengers and 7 crew members on board. As a result of the disaster, 6 passengers died at the scene and 29 people were injured.
A year earlier - in 2006, with an interval of just a month, two accidents occurred - with the A310 aircraft of the Siberia Airlines and the Tu-154 Pulkovo (currently State Transport Company Rossiya). In particular, on July 9, 2006, while landing at the Irkutsk airport, the A-310 "Sibir" crashed on flight 778 on the Moscow-Irkutsk route. Of the 203 people, including 8 crew members, 79 people were saved, 124 people died.
A month later, a Tu-154 plane of Pulkovo Airlines, flying from Anapa to St. Petersburg, crashed on August 22, 2006, 45 km north of Donetsk. There were 160 passengers and 10 crew members on board the plane. They all died.
The previous Boeing crash occurred on August 24 in Kyrgyzstan. It led to the death of 65 people, 25 passengers and crew members managed to survive.
In total, 139 Boeing aircraft were lost as a result of air crashes. A total of 3,745 people died. The largest Boeing 737 disaster in terms of the number of victims was the crash of the airliner on September 29, 2006 in Brazil, which claimed the lives of 154 people.
In its annual report, the IAC reported that in 2007 Russia became the absolute leader in the number of aviation accidents among the CIS countries.
Last year, 45 air accidents occurred in civil aviation in the countries participating in the civil aviation agreement (CIS states), in which 103 people died. About half of them occurred in the Russian Federation, where more than half of them were registered in 2007 (23 incidents), including 13 disasters.
92 people died in plane crashes last year - 41 of them died in Russian crashes. However, compared to the previous year, when 465 people died in the CIS countries (of which Russia accounted for 317 people), the number of victims has decreased significantly.
The cause of the largest number of incidents was the so-called “human factor” - errors and violations of the flight crew and personnel of services providing flights.
Meanwhile, the IAC noted that of the total number of air accidents, about 44% are accidents involving light and ultra-light aircraft, airplanes and helicopters.