Monuments of socio-economic thought of the Middle Ages. Heraldic crown Crown elements

duca from lat. dux(from Latin. duco“I lead” - compare Russian. chief, leader from the verb drive - lead)) among the ancient Germans - a military leader elected by the tribal nobility; in Western Europe, during the early Middle Ages, - a tribal prince, and during the period of feudal fragmentation - a large territorial ruler, occupying first place after the king in the vassal-fief hierarchy.

With the formation and expansion of the Frankish state, the German dukes were turned into officials of the king, to whom the rulers of individual regions, the counts, were subordinate. Emperor Charlemagne (-), wanting to put an end to tribal strife, abolished the ducal power.

In Germany, which in fact was never a single entity, 5 largest territorial entities arose again - tribal duchies, formed approximately along the territory of settlement of the Germanic tribes of the same name at the beginning of the Dark Ages. The tribal dukes at their head were subordinate to the king of Germany and the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire rather nominally and periodically challenged each other for the right to occupy the throne of the empire.

In France, during its formation as a state, the dukes (initially four - Aquitaine, Breton, Normandy, Burgundy) were the largest vassals of the French crown, in the initial period surpassing the king in power and wealth and also subordinate to him in fact nominally. The French kings, in some cases justifiably wary of their largest vassals, maintained their loyalty mainly through marriages between members of the royal and ducal families. Over time, as a result of the gradual expansion of the royal domain, it became possible to create numerous count titles on its territory, many of which were elevated to duchies during the reign of the Valois dynasty. Numerous counties that were part of the former four "great" duchies - Aquitaine, Brittany, Normandy, Burgundy - were also elevated to the level of duchies, as their lands were gradually annexed to the crown.

The situation was different in England. During the Norman Conquest, many high Anglo-Saxon nobles fell on the battlefield. As a result, William the Conqueror, who took the throne, had the opportunity to completely reshape the system of territorial possessions, distributing lands to his supporters. But until the reign of King Edward III, the title of duke did not exist in England. William and his followers bestowed upon their vassals mainly the titles of baron and count, called "earl" in the Saxon manner. Beginning with the reign of Edward III, who had a very large male offspring, the titles of dukes were established for the younger sons of the king, so the Dukes of York, Clarence, and later Bedford appeared. The eldest son, the Prince of Wales, was simultaneously given the title of Duke of Cornwall in 1337, which the heirs to the throne still bear today. Also, starting from the reign of Edward, the most devoted servants of the king with the title of earl, the title rises to ducal - so, from the corresponding earl titles, the Dukes of Lancaster arise (since 1485 the Duke of Lancaster is always the king), Clarence, Northumberland and others. Most of the ducal titles of Britain that have existed and exist owe their origin precisely to the elevation of the counts of the same name by the grace of the king.

Since the English ducal title was initially in the nature of a grant, there were often cases when the king confiscated the ducal title for misconduct in favor of the crown, and then could re-grant it at his own discretion. Sometimes the ducal title passed to the crown if the duke occupied the royal throne. On the continent, due to allodial origin, ducal power was much stronger and cases of confiscation of duchies before the period of absolutism were completely isolated. In France, ducal titles were mainly merged with the crown as a result of the suppression of the ruling line of dukes (as in Burgundy with the suppression of the Elder House), or by annexation, taking advantage of the duke's weakness and inability to defend his possessions (as in the case of the capture of Normandy from John the Landless). The titles of dukes, united with the French crown, were then usually granted to the sons of the reigning monarch. Subsequently, with the strengthening of absolutism in France, the title of duke gradually acquired the character of an honorary award, not related to the actual ownership of land.

Duke Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp

In Germany, sovereign dukes have worn the predicate since 1844 (English)Russian“Seine (Ihre) Hoheit” (His/Her Highness). The sovereign and mediatized imperial princes, who had the titles of dukes (Liechtenstein, Schwarzenberg) as a subsidiary title, like all other imperial princes, bore the predicate “Seine (Ihre) Durchlaucht” (His/Her Lordship) from 1825. The ducal title was also held by all the princes of the Württemberg royal house, the Saxon House of Wettin (Ernestine line), as well as the head of the junior line of the Bavarian reigning house of Wittelsbach.

In England, dukes have the predicate “His Grace The Most High, Noble and Potent Prince”, “Her Grace The Most Noble Duchess” (Her Grace the Most Noble Duchess).

In Spain, dukes and their heirs, as well as grandees of Spain and their heirs, bear the predicate "El Excelentísimo Señor" (The Excellent Señor).

In Italy, sovereign dukes from 1630 bore the predicate "Sua Altezza" (His Highness).

Some rulers of duchies in Germany acquired the title of "Grand Duke". Currently, this title is held by the Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Henry, with the predicate "His Royal Highness".

In late European history, the title of duke was usually reserved for members of royal families. In addition to ducal titles of sovereign monarchs and titles of allodial (feudal) origin, there are noble titles of dukes, granted by monarchs to their subjects by royal prerogative.

The practice of assigning new titles of duke still exists in Spain, the United Kingdom and Belgium, in the second and third cases only to members of the royal families, as additional ones. The Holy See, after the Second Vatican Council, ceased the practice of conferring this title of nobility on prominent Catholic laymen. The monarchs of the Netherlands stopped granting all types of titles of nobility in 1931, and as of today, no family in the Netherlands holds the hereditary title of Duke, and the title has fallen out of use in the Netherlands. In Sweden and Norway, titles are also no longer awarded, but the title of duke continues to be assigned to members of the royal family (for example, the title of Duchess of Östergötland was given at birth to Princess Estelle, daughter of Crown Princess Victoria and Daniel Westling).

In Tsarist Russia, the title of duke was considered equivalent to the title of prince. For some time, the title of “Duke of Izhora” was borne by Alexander Menshikov. It is often believed [Who?] that he was the only Russian nobleman who bore the title of duke. However, this is not true (however, he remains the only nobleman granted the ducal title by the Russian monarch) (see.

In the Italian version of the comedy "Turandot", the princess's ministers sang a joke song about how the princess is "a girl with a crown on her head and a fringed robe, but if you strip her naked, she is meat, raw meat, completely inedible!", hinting at the fact that the monarch is the same person as everyone else, only in a crown. Somebody, even the nobles, knew about this firsthand. But still...

And yet, the crown on the head (no matter whether human, lion or eagle) makes the proper impression - just look at the coats of arms given in this book. This is far from the only, but undoubtedly the most famous symbol of power. “Bonaparte put the general’s cocked hat on his head, and suddenly it seemed that he had grown by more than half a meter,” said Marshal Massena. This is an eyewitness account of how, hundreds of years later, the ancient mechanism of representing power continued to function: a crown or a hat, a tiara or a feather headdress (and even a halo) - it makes no difference, as long as it crowns the head with something that others do not have and have can not.
Over time, a whole hierarchy of symbolic headdresses arose, from the imperial crown to the “modest” patrician headband, without celery leaves and pearls - and all because the proclaimed principle of “first among equals” did not work in practice at every step of the socio-political ladder required its own symbolic representation.

Crown in heraldry - meaning in the coats of arms of the nobility

The coats of arms of noble families and the corresponding descriptions in armorial books are literally replete with a variety of crowns.
It is usually customary to indicate their type - for example, "antique" - or their correspondence to the title. In this regard, an interesting example is from English heraldry and the English language, where only the royal one is called the crown itself, and all the others, from princely to baronial, are called “coronet”. In this great country, the monarchy as an institution has long been revered, but at the same time, insults were easily inflicted on the king as an individual - just remember John Lackland and William III, who signed up for humiliating conditions in their time, and the beheaded Charles I.

The English tradition absorbed both Celtic ideas about the sacred figure of the king and the Saxon custom of electing a king: the first was king “by divine grace,” but only personally, and the second was first among equals “by the will of the people.” Needless to add that in England, where the unnatural symbiosis of monarchy and democracy has become absolutely natural for the subjects, the abbreviation “HM” (His/Her Majesty), accompanying army corps, courts, institutions, etc., means only that these corps , courts and institutions are the property not of the one who rules, but of the Crown, that is, the State.

It is represented symbolically by the crown-grapheme - a metaphor for the highest magistracy of the state, temporarily embodied in the person of a given king or queen...

Origins of the heraldic meaning of the crown

But it would be completely pointless to continue talking about the crown without becoming familiar with its origins and origins.
If we turn to the data of philology, then first of all we will find that the ancient Greeks, masters of immense semantics, called “koronis” “that which is curved, that goes around, that completes, that is on top”, and actually “Stephane” and “ Stephanos" - "crown, diadem, crown." The Latin “stipare”, to encircle, is related to the same root steph-. As you can see, all the meanings come down to one action (to gird the head) and a single idea (to make the one who has the head crowned, supreme and perfect). Philologists trace both terms to Sanskrit roots, which can prove the antiquity of the gesture itself - the crowning of the head, as well as the object - the crown.

The Roman world, which, along with the Celtic world, seems closest to the original Indo-European sacred symbolism, distinguished several types of crowns. There was a classic crown (corona classica), also called naval (navalis), or rostral (rostrata), awarded to the one who was the first to step on the deck of an enemy ship during boarding; the wall crown (muralis, it has survived in civil heraldry to this day, for those who are the first to overcome the wall of a besieged city, and the serf crown (vallaris, or castrensis), awarded to the first soldier who gets over the rampart of the enemy camp.

Heraldic crown as a reward

These crowns were awarded for specific military merits; in addition to them, the Romans used a radiant crown (corona radiatd) - a golden hoop with twelve sharp spikes deflected outward; it was used to honor statues of gods and emperors, who were declared divine (divi). This crown, which found its application in heraldry and was called antique, is one of the “heraldic crowns”. They are depicted separately on coats of arms - on top of the shield (“piercing” it), or inside it, - or, most often, on the heads of lions, eagles, etc. In this case, in the description of the coat of arms, its gender is usually not indicated (it is implied that this is an “antique” crown).
However, if we want to understand what position in the hierarchy it corresponds to (king, emperor, etc.), then we need to understand the shapes of crowns. But first, let's talk about the history of the development of the crown and other decorations: seals, badges of honor, shield holders, images of feats and legends, robes, decoration of insignia, eagles and banners, braids, cords, palm trees, leaves, cartouches, vignettes, etc. ( By the way, not all coats of arms have such decorations and not all of these decorations help clarify the degree of nobility, or rank, or position held. Their use in heraldry is regulated by clear and strict rules.)

In the image:

Family coat of arms of the Antici Mattei family (originating from Recanati)
Crest: a vertically depicted sword piercing an open book, surrounded by fluttering leaves with the motto:

“Either in this, or with this” (“Aut in hoc, aut cum hoc”)

Meaning:

Shield holders: two lions of natural color with raised front paws, crowned: the right one - in the count's crown - supports a standard with the inscription “Castrum S. Petri”, the left - in the marquis’s crown - supports a standard with the inscription “Castle” Pesci" (“Castrum Pesciae”) The shield rests on a Maltese cross, is crowned with a papal banner and helmet with a princely crown and gold, silver, blue and black ridges and curls. A mantle of red velvet, lined with ermine, with a gold cord and tassels, crowned with a princely crown.

Contacts:

	The Great Imperial Crown was made in 1762 by Georg-Friedrich Eckart for the coronation of Catherine II. The master made the crown in just 2 months. Crowned with the middle coat of arms of the Russian Empire in 1882. 2,749 small diamonds and 58 very large diamonds were used for this crown. Currently crowned with the coats of arms of the Tula region, Arkhangelsk region, Penza region, Sverdlovsk region, Tomsk region, Tyumen region.
	Ancestral Imperial Crown of the Romanovs (crown of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg). Is a fictional crown.
	Astrakhan hat. It was made in 1627 for the founder of the Romanov dynasty - Mikhail Fedorovich. The Astrakhan crown was made to replace the crown of Monomakh. The crown consists of three triangular concave gold plates, which are decorated with enamel and precious stones. The hat is decorated with a crown of six cross-shaped cufflinks. The cap has a crown of three arcs. Above the crown is another smaller crown. The composition is crowned with emerald. Currently located on the coat of arms of the Astrakhan region.
	Kazan hat. It was made in 1553 for Ivan the Terrible.
	Georgian crown of Georgia George XII. It was made in the Russian Empire under Emperor Paul I by jewelers P. E. Theremen and N. G. Licht. In 1801, the crown of the last Georgian king was sent to the city of St. Petersburg. Currently kept in a private collection.

	Anna Ioannovna's crown was made in 1730. The crown may have been made by Gottlieb Wilhelm Dunckel. The crown was made of gold, silver and precious stones. Red tourmaline was purchased from the Chinese Emperor at the behest of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
	Monomakh's cap (golden cap) is a symbol of autocracy in the Russian Empire. It was approximately created at the end of the 13th century. Currently kept in the archives of the Armory Chamber. In 1882, it was crowned with the coat of arms of the united great principalities: Novgorod, Kyiv, Vladimir. The Monomakh cap was brought to Rus' in 988 by the Byzantine emperors Vasily II and Constantine IX as a gift to Vladimir the Saint on the occasion of his marriage to Anna. The lower part of the crown is trimmed with sable. The hat contains pearls, rubies, and yachts.
	Ioann Alekseevich’s hat crowned the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Siberia in the large coat of arms of the Russian Empire in 1882. It has a second name - “Altabass hat”.
	The Finnish crown was invented for the coat of arms of the Principality of Finland in 1857. There are two versions of the Finnish crown.

Colors of city tower crowns

The golden tower crown is located on the coats of arms of provincial cities
The silver tower crown is depicted on the coats of arms of county towns
The scarlet tower crown is placed on the coats of arms of provincial cities.
The coats of arms of the towns contain a scarlet tower crown with two teeth.

System for using municipal crowns when constructing new coats of arms

The system was adopted by the Heraldic Council under the President of the Russian Federation in 2005

Sources

"Antiquities of the Russian state"Moscow, 1851;
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron;
"Coats of arms of cities, provinces, regions and towns of the Russian Empire from 1649 to 1900" P. P. von-Winkler;
"Russian symbolism" Ulyanov A.V. 2009 ISBN 978-5-17-060640-5

The crown in the coat of arms is the most common class of heraldic symbols dignity, indicating the feudal status of the owner of the coat of arms. There are many types of crowns, any of them can be found in coats of arms, placed on a helmet, above a shield, inside a shield (for example, the “ancient red crown” in the noble coat of arms of G. Ya. Travin) or above the mantle.

The custom of decorating a helmet with a crown appeared among knights in the 15th century. Helmets with crowns were worn during tournaments, especially in Germany, where a helmet topped with a crown was considered a sign of nobility. Often the crown is not a sign of royal or princely dignity, but serves a purely decorative function. This heraldic crown, or diadem, is placed on the helmet as a crest, supporting the crest itself instead of the burelet, or together with it, located on top. In the coats of arms of counts and barons, crowns are placed not only on helmets, but also on the shields themselves - between the shield and the helmet. If there are several helmets, then each of them is crowned with a crown.

In Russian heraldry of the 18th - early 20th centuries. The coats of arms of all the sovereigns who reigned after Catherine II contained an image of her Great Diamond Crown, with which each of them was crowned king. The princely title corresponded to the so-called. a princely hat with a red or crimson (purple) top protruding above the ermine edge. The count's crown of dignity with nine pearls was no different from its German prototype, and the baron's crown repeated a similar sign of dignity adopted in French heraldry - a high gold hoop expanding upward, once entwined with a pearl thread. The noble crown, like the German variation corresponding to it in rank, had three leaf-shaped teeth with two pearls between them. Images of crowns of different types in accordance with noble titles - see Title (rank)

In order to streamline the creation of coats of arms in the Russian Empire, in 1857, Baron Köhne drew up rules for decorating the coats of arms of provinces, regions, mayors, cities and towns. They were approved by the Highest on May 7, July 4 and July 16 of the same year.

The rules include: classification of heraldic crowns over shields, decorations (wreaths) around shields, entwined with appropriate ribbons, and a method of indicating provincial affiliation - in the free part of the shield.

The imperial crown (model 1857) was established for the capitals of the empire (St. Petersburg and Moscow) and provinces. Ancient royal (model 1857) - for cities that had the status of city government, regions and counties. An ancient royal crown, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that had the status of a mayor's office and a fortress.

Monomakh's Cap - for ancient Russian cities that were the capitals of the great princes (Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tver, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Smolensk, etc.); for Kazan and Astrakhan - corresponding “personalized” hats (crowns).

A golden tower with five teeth, lined with scarlet, with three teeth on each tooth - for cities that were provincial centers with a population of more than 50 thousand inhabitants. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that were provincial centers and had the status of a fortress with a population of more than 50 thousand.

A golden tower with three prongs, lined with scarlet, with three prongs on each prong - for cities that were provincial centers with a population of no more than 50 thousand. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that were provincial centers and had the status of a fortress with a population of no more than 50 thousand.

A silver tower with three prongs, lined with black - for cities that were county centers. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that were district centers and had the status of a fortress.

A scarlet tower with three battlements, lined with gold - for cities that were part of the state. The same, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for settlements that had the status of a fortress.

A scarlet tower with two battlements, lined with gold - for settlements that were the most significant, “famous” settlements.

Polish crown (Empress Anna Ioannovna) - for the provinces and capital of the Kingdom of Poland. Finnish Grand Ducal Crown - for the provinces and for the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland.

Types of heraldic crowns by country

Austria (Holy Roman Empire)

Heraldic Imperial Crown (Gules Miter).svg

Imperial crown

Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (1486-c.1700).svg

Crown of the Roman King (old)

Heraldic Royal Crown of the King of the Romans (18th Century).svg

Crown of the Roman King (new)

Elector's Crown

Archducal Coronet.svg

Archduke's Crown (old)

T08 Grossherzog.svg

Archduke's Crown (new)

Princely Hat.svg

Princes' cap

Princely crown.svg

Crown of Princes

Ducal Hat of Styria.svg

Duke of Styria's hat

Crown of a Duke of France (variant).svg

Duke's Crown

Crown of a Marquis of France (variant).svg

Crown of the Marquis

Old Crown of a Count (France & Belgium).svg

Earl's Crown

Crown of a Viscount of France (variant).svg

Viscount Crown

Crown of a Baron of France.svg

Baron's Crown

Rangkronen-Fig. 38.svg

Nobleman's Crown

Belgium

Heraldic Royal Crown (Common).svg

Royal crown

Vatican

Papal tiara

Template-Cardinal.svg

Cardinal hat

Patriarch's hat

Template-Patriarch (Latin Rite) - Primate.svg

Primate's hat

Template-Metropolitan Archbishop.svg

Metropolitan hat

Template-Archbishop.svg

Archbishop's hat

Great Britain

Coronet of a Child of the Sovereign.svg

Crown of the children of the monarch, brother or sister of the monarch

Coronet of a Child of the Heir Apparent.svg

Crown of the children of the heir to the throne

Coronet of a Grandchild of the Sovereign.svg

Crown of the monarch's male-line grandchildren

Coronet of a Child of a Daughter of the Sovereign.svg

Crown of the monarch's female-line grandchildren

Coronet of a British Duke.svg

Coronet of a British Marquess.svg

Coronet of a British Earl.svg

Coronet of a British Viscount.svg

Coronet of a British Baron.svg

Coronet of a British Herald.svg

King of Heralds

Torse of a British Gentleman.svg

Nobleman

Russia

Ancient royal crown

Finnish grand ducal crown.svg

Crown of the Principality of Finland

Title, image	Description
Prince	Princely hat of dark crimson velvet with ermine trim, three visible golden arches studded with pearls, above which is a golden orb with a cross
Graph	Count's crown - gold with nine visible pearls
Baron	Baronial crown - a gold hoop entwined three times with a pearl thread
	Baronial crown of the Baltic and those with a foreign title - gold with seven visible pearls
	Noble crown - gold with three visible leaf-shaped prongs and two pearls between them

Sources

Köhne B.V.. Retrieved January 31, 2013. .
Winkler, P.P.“Coats of arms of cities of the Russian Empire”, St. Petersburg, 1900.

Write a review about the article "Heraldic Crown"

Excerpt characterizing the Heraldic crown

– Natasha, I’m afraid for you.
- What to be afraid of?
“I’m afraid that you will destroy yourself,” Sonya said decisively, herself frightened by what she said.
Natasha's face again expressed anger.
“And I will destroy, I will destroy, I will destroy myself as quickly as possible.” None of your business. It will feel bad not for you, but for me. Leave me, leave me. I hate you.
- Natasha! – Sonya cried out in fear.
- I hate it, I hate it! And you are my enemy forever!
Natasha ran out of the room.
Natasha no longer spoke to Sonya and avoided her. With the same expression of excited surprise and criminality, she walked around the rooms, taking up first this or that activity and immediately abandoning them.
No matter how hard it was for Sonya, she kept an eye on her friend.
On the eve of the day on which the count was supposed to return, Sonya noticed that Natasha had been sitting all morning at the living room window, as if expecting something, and that she made some kind of sign to a passing military man, whom Sonya mistook for Anatole.
Sonya began to observe her friend even more carefully and noticed that Natasha was in a strange and unnatural state all the time during lunch and evening (she answered questions asked to her at random, started and did not finish sentences, laughed at everything).
After tea, Sonya saw a timid girl's maid waiting for her at Natasha's door. She let her through and, listening at the door, learned that a letter had been delivered again. And suddenly it became clear to Sonya that Natasha had some terrible plan for this evening. Sonya knocked on her door. Natasha didn't let her in.
“She'll run away with him! thought Sonya. She is capable of anything. Today there was something especially pitiful and determined in her face. She cried, saying goodbye to her uncle, Sonya recalled. Yes, it’s true, she’s running with him, but what should I do?” thought Sonya, now recalling those signs that clearly proved why Natasha had some terrible intention. “There is no count. What should I do, write to Kuragin, demanding an explanation from him? But who tells him to answer? Write to Pierre, as Prince Andrei asked, in case of an accident?... But maybe, in fact, she has already refused Bolkonsky (she sent a letter to Princess Marya yesterday). There’s no uncle!” It seemed terrible to Sonya to tell Marya Dmitrievna, who believed so much in Natasha. “But one way or another,” Sonya thought, standing in the dark corridor: now or never the time has come to prove that I remember the benefits of their family and love Nicolas. No, even if I don’t sleep for three nights, I won’t leave this corridor and forcefully let her in, and I won’t let shame fall on their family,” she thought.

Anatole recently moved in with Dolokhov. The plan to kidnap Rostova had been thought out and prepared by Dolokhov for several days, and on the day when Sonya, having overheard Natasha at the door, decided to protect her, this plan had to be carried out. Natasha promised to go out to Kuragin’s back porch at ten o’clock in the evening. Kuragin had to put her in a prepared troika and take her 60 versts from Moscow to the village of Kamenka, where a disrobed priest was prepared who was supposed to marry them. In Kamenka, a setup was ready that was supposed to take them to the Warsaw road and there they were supposed to ride abroad on postal ones.
Anatole had a passport, and a travel document, and ten thousand money taken from his sister, and ten thousand borrowed through Dolokhov.
Two witnesses - Khvostikov, a former clerk, whom Dolokhov used for games, and Makarin, a retired hussar, a good-natured and weak man who had boundless love for Kuragin - were sitting in the first room having tea.
In Dolokhov’s large office, decorated from walls to ceiling with Persian carpets, bear skins and weapons, Dolokhov sat in a traveling beshmet and boots in front of an open bureau on which lay abacus and stacks of money. Anatole, in an unbuttoned uniform, walked from the room where the witnesses were sitting, through the office into the back room, where his French footman and others were packing the last things. Dolokhov counted the money and wrote it down.
“Well,” he said, “Khvostikov needs to be given two thousand.”
“Well, give it to me,” said Anatole.
– Makarka (that’s what they called Makarina), this one will selflessly go through fire and water for you. Well, the score is over,” said Dolokhov, showing him the note. - So?
“Yes, of course, so,” said Anatole, apparently not listening to Dolokhov and with a smile that never left his face, looking ahead of him.
Dolokhov slammed the bureau and turned to Anatoly with a mocking smile.
– You know what, give it all up: there’s still time! - he said.
- Fool! - said Anatole. - Stop talking nonsense. If only you knew... The devil knows what it is!
“Come on,” said Dolokhov. - I'm telling you the truth. Is this a joke you're starting?
- Well, again, teasing again? Go to hell! Eh?...” Anatole said with a wince. - Really, I have no time for your stupid jokes. - And he left the room.
Dolokhov smiled contemptuously and condescendingly when Anatole left.
“Wait,” he said after Anatoly, “I’m not joking, I mean business, come, come here.”
Anatole entered the room again and, trying to concentrate his attention, looked at Dolokhov, obviously involuntarily submitting to him.
– Listen to me, I’m telling you for the last time. Why should I joke with you? Did I contradict you? Who arranged everything for you, who found the priest, who took the passport, who got the money? All I.
- Well, thank you. Do you think I'm not grateful to you? – Anatol sighed and hugged Dolokhov.
“I helped you, but I still have to tell you the truth: it’s a dangerous matter and, if you look at it, stupid.” Well, you take her away, okay. Will they leave it like that? It turns out that you are married. After all, they will bring you to criminal court...
- Ah! nonsense, nonsense! – Anatole spoke again, wincing. - After all, I explained it to you. A? - And Anatole, with that special passion (which stupid people have) for the conclusion that they reach with their minds, repeated the reasoning that he repeated to Dolokhov a hundred times. “After all, I explained to you, I decided: if this marriage is invalid,” he said, bending his finger, “then I don’t answer; Well, if it’s real, it doesn’t matter: no one abroad will know this, right? And don't talk, don't talk, don't talk!
- Really, come on! You will only tie yourself...
“Get to hell,” said Anatole and, holding his hair, he went into another room and immediately returned and sat down with his feet on a chair close in front of Dolokhov. - The devil knows what it is! A? Look how it beats! “He took Dolokhov’s hand and put it to his heart. - Ah! quel pied, mon cher, quel regard! Undeesse!! [ABOUT! What a leg, my friend, what a look! Goddess!!] Huh?
Dolokhov, smiling coldly and shining with his beautiful, insolent eyes, looked at him, apparently wanting to have more fun with him.
- Well, the money will come out, then what?
- What then? A? – Anatole repeated with sincere bewilderment at the thought of the future. - What then? I don’t know what’s there... Well, what nonsense to talk about! – He looked at his watch. - It's time!
Anatole went into the back room.
- Well, will you be there soon? Digging around here! - he shouted at the servants.
Dolokhov removed the money and, shouting to the man to order food and drink for the road, he entered the room where Khvostikov and Makarin were sitting.
Anatole was lying in the office, leaning on his arm, on the sofa, smiling thoughtfully and gently whispering something to himself with his beautiful mouth.
- Go, eat something. Well, have a drink! – Dolokhov shouted to him from another room.
- Don't want! – Anatole answered, still continuing to smile.
- Go, Balaga has arrived.
Anatole stood up and entered the dining room. Balaga was a well-known troika driver, who had known Dolokhov and Anatoly for six years and served them with his troikas. More than once, when Anatole’s regiment was stationed in Tver, he took him out of Tver in the evening, delivered him to Moscow by dawn, and took him away the next day at night. More than once he took Dolokhov away from pursuit, more than once he took them around the city with gypsies and ladies, as Balaga called them. More than once he crushed people and cab drivers around Moscow with their work, and his gentlemen, as he called them, always rescued him. He drove more than one horse under them. More than once he was beaten by them, more than once they plied him with champagne and Madeira, which he loved, and he knew more than one thing behind each of them that an ordinary person would have deserved Siberia long ago. In their revelry, they often invited Balaga, forced him to drink and dance with the gypsies, and more than one thousand of their money passed through his hands. Serving them, he risked both his life and his skin twenty times a year, and at their work he killed more horses than they overpaid him in money. But he loved them, loved this crazy ride, eighteen miles an hour, loved to overturn a cab driver and crush a pedestrian in Moscow, and fly at full gallop through the Moscow streets. He loved to hear behind him this wild cry of drunken voices: “Go! let's go! whereas it was already impossible to drive faster; He loved to pull the man's neck painfully, who was already neither alive nor dead, avoiding him. "Real gentlemen!" he thought.

Crown (from Latin corona - wreath, crown) is a headdress that is a symbol of monarchical power. Crowns were made from various precious metals (usually gold) and decorated with precious and semi-precious stones.

Portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Durer

in Ancient Egypt, the double crown of the pharaoh, decorated with the symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt - a kite and a uraeus snake.

And after in 3200 BC. Lower and Upper Egypt united, the pharaohs had a white and red double crown. Another headdress of the pharaoh was called “klaf-ushebti”, its components were ribbons, a large piece of striped fabric and a hoop with a uraeus (snake).

Pharaoh in the White Crown of the South

Crowns can have different shapes: hats, crowns, hoops topped with leaves, teeth or plates.

Friedrich_III king of Austria.

The crown is placed on the helmet or, as in state coats of arms, directly above the shield (for example, the princely crown in the coat of arms of Liechtenstein). The crown in the coat of arms is the most common class of heraldic signs of dignity, indicating the feudal status of the owner of the coat of arms. There are many types of crowns, any of them can be found in coats of arms, placed on a helmet, above a shield or above a mantle.

Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VII_1870

Richard_II_of_England

Depending on the title of their owner, crowns are divided into:

imperial,
royal,

PRINCE'S CROWN
(German: Fürstenkrone), an open crown depicted on German coins. feudal principalities (see Prince) and consisted of a gold hoop decorated with precious stones with 5 visible teeth (3 leaves, 2 balls) and 3 visible bows decorated with pearls, connected at the top by an orb and covering a purple cap.
ducal,
counts, etc.

1) Monomakhovskaya,
2) Kingdom of Kazan,
3) Mikhail Fedorovich,
4) Peter I Alekseevich,
5) Ivan V Alekseevich,
6) Elizaveta Petrovna,
7) Catherine I,
8) Anna Ivanovna,
9) Large imperial crown,
10) Crown of the Empress.
There is also a papal crown - tiara.

Tiara

The appearance is attributed to the states of the Ancient World (Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, Sumer). They were very common in European countries during the period of developed feudalism (from the 11th century). In Rus', the Monomakh cap was used as the crown of the Grand Duke, later the Tsar, and the Great Imperial Crown was used by the emperors.

Monomakh's hat. Drawing from the early 1830s, F. G. Solntsev

Drawing of the Great Imperial Crown

Coronation, crowning, is a formal procedure symbolizing the monarch’s acceptance of power and its attributes (throne, crown, scepter, etc.). Does not coincide with the moment of the beginning of the reign (death or abdication of the predecessor, election). In European Christian culture, coronation is a religious ceremony accompanied by the rite of anointing to the kingdom (of Old Testament origin).

Jean Fouquet. "Coronation of Charles VI the Madman at Reims Cathedral (November 4, 1380)"

In the Middle Ages, monarchs of some countries were crowned almost immediately, within days, or rarely weeks, after the start of their reign. The reason for this was that an uncrowned monarch was considered in many medieval countries to be illegitimate and without grace; the true king of France was to be crowned at the Cathedral of Reims and anointed from a special vessel (ampoule).

Louis IX - King of France

Theodosius the Great

In Byzantium, the coronation of co-emperor emperors was timed to coincide with Easter. In modern times, after the death of a predecessor, many months or a year of mourning began to be declared, which prevented an immediate coronation. For reasons of favorable omens, the coronation from that time on was timed for spring or summer.

Franz II - last Holy Roman Emperor

In Christian countries, starting from the 5th century (Byzantium, and then the Western kingdoms), the placing of the crown on the head of the monarch was usually carried out by the highest church hierarch, but many monarchs (almost all Russian, Napoleon I, some British) only took the crown from the hierarch and placed it on themselves.

Napoleon in full imperial garb

Regalia of Russian emperors

Karl Reichel-portrait of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna

The custom of decorating a helmet with a crown appeared among knights in the 15th century. Helmets with crowns were worn during tournaments, especially in Germany, where a crowned helmet was considered a sign of nobility. Often the crown is not a sign of royal or princely dignity, but serves a purely decorative function. This heraldic crown, or diadem, is placed on the helmet as a crest, supporting the crest itself instead of the burelet, or together with it, located on top.

Portrait of Ludwig I, King of Bavaria

Portrait of Empress Catherine II

The count's crown of dignity with nine pearls was no different from its German prototype, and the baron's crown repeated a similar sign of dignity adopted in French heraldry - a high gold hoop expanding upward, once entwined with a pearl thread. The noble crown, like the German variation corresponding to it in rank, had three leaf-shaped teeth with two pearls between them. Images of crowns of different types in accordance with noble titles.

Portrait of Emperor Nicholas II

Portrait of Empress Maria Feodorovna.

Portraits of Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich

Portraits of Empress Eugenie

MARIA FYODOROVNA

Russian Empress, wife of Alexander III (from October 28, 1866), mother of Emperor Nicholas II.

Maria Queen of Romania

After the assassination of her husband Alexander in 1934, Maria became regent for her minor son, King Peter II of Yugoslavia.

Maria Queen of Romania

In 1945, after the proclamation of Yugoslavia as a Socialist Republic and the expulsion of the king, the royal family went to London. There Maria died on June 22, 1961.

Eleanor

Alienora (Alienor, Alienora) of Aquitaine

At the age of 15 - after the death of her father and brother - Eleanor found herself the owner of the Duchy of Aquitaine, which occupied vast territories in southwestern France.

Eleanor of Aquitaine

After the dissolution of her marriage to Louis, Eleanor on May 18, 1152 married Count Henry of Anjou, who on October 25, 1154 became King of England - Henry II Plantagenet. The vast Aquitanian lands - her dowry - which were four times larger than the Capetian possessions, became English. According to a number of scientists, it is in the history of the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine that one should look for the origins of the war, which became widespread in the 19th century. name Centennial. From her first marriage, Eleanor of Aquitaine had two daughters, from her second - five sons, among whom was the knight king Richard the Lionheart.

MARIA THERESIA

Maria Theresa (German: Maria Theresia, May 13, 1717 - November 29, 1780) - Archduchess of Austria, King of Hungary (precisely so, because Hungary, in principle, cannot be ruled by a woman) from June 25, 1741, Queen of Bohemia from October 20, 1740 (had these titles personally, by inheritance) and Holy Roman Empress (as the wife and then widow of Francis I Stephen of Lorraine, elected emperor in 1745). Founder of the Lorraine branch of the Habsburg dynasty.

Coronation portrait of Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603), Queen Bess, was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558, the last of the Tudor dynasty. She inherited the throne after the death of her sister, Queen Mary I.

The reign of Elizabeth is sometimes called the “golden age of England”, both in connection with the flourishing of culture (the so-called “Elizabethans”: Shakespeare, Marlowe, Bacon, etc.), and with the increased importance of England on the world stage (the defeat of the Invincible Armada, Drake, Raleigh, East India Company).

Anna Yaroslavna 6th Queen Consort of France

the eldest of three daughters of the Kyiv prince Yaroslav the Wise from his marriage to Ingegerda of Sweden, wife of the French king Henry I and queen of France.