Tatar alphabet
The pronunciation of the six specific letters of the Tatar alphabet, of course, is best practiced under the guidance of an experienced teacher. But if you learn their approximate pronunciation with the help of these tips and the following exercises, this will not be an obstacle to learning the language.
[ә] = [æ] - this sound can otherwise be designated as [''a], that is, very soft [a]. It is close to Russian ['a] in the words 'sit', 'look', 'row'. When pronouncing [''a], lower the tip of the tongue to the lower teeth, and you will get the sound [æ]. By the way, it is in English: black, hat -,.
[ү] = [ü] - soft and more rounded ['y]. A sound close to it is found in the Russian words "bale", "ditch", "lute". Say these words, giving ['u] even more rounding (curl your lips into a tube), and you will approximately get the sound you are looking for.
[ө] = [ә: ° ] – this vowel represents the greatest difficulty for the Russian-speaking reader. The closest variant of the Tatar [ө] can be found in the words "maple", "honey", "Peter". But in the Tatar language [ө] is short, and Russian [’o] is found only under stress. Try to pronounce these Russian words as shortly as possible and with more rounding, and you will be close to the desired sound. It looks like a frequent sound in English: bird, work. But the English sound lacks roundness.
[җ] - this sound is also often found in English, and in borrowings from English in Russian it is transmitted by the letter combination j: "jumper", "Jack". Tatar borrowings are also issued: jilyan – җilәn, Jalil - Җәlil. The sound [zh] in Russian is always hard, but it is usually not difficult for a Russian-speaking reader to form a soft version from it. It should be noted that the hard [zh] is also uncharacteristic for the Tatar language, as ['zh] is for Russian. Therefore, mixing of these sounds, as a rule, does not occur.
[ң] - a nasal sound produced by a small tongue. The closest in Russian can be considered the sound combination [ng] in the word "gong" when pronouncing it through the nose. This sound is often found in French: jardin, bien, chien [òjeŋ]. It has been noticed that mastering this sound with the help of a consultant teacher is not at all difficult. And if you have the opportunity to check your pronunciation, do not neglect this opportunity.
[һ] = [ һ ] - pharyngeal sound. It is formed in the pharynx and pronounced with a breath. There is a sound close to it in English: hat, hand, hare. In Russian, the closest sound can be considered [x] in the words robe, chill, if you pronounce it without a guttural overtone. It must be remembered that the Tatar [һ] is of more posterior, pharyngeal origin.
EXERCISES
a) Say several times each row:
ak-әk, az-әz, at-әt, ar-әr, am-әm;
ak-әk-uk-үk, az-az-uz-үz, uky-үke;
he-өn, om-öm, ok-ök, as-әs-us-үs-os-өs;
zhi-җi, zhe-җe, zhu-җu;
un-un, an-an, in-yin;
ham-һәm, khas-һәs, hat-һava.
b) Read, paying attention to the new sound letters (try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words):
mak , rat , shәp, fәn, bәlesh, tәrtә,teak , Talinka , eshlәpә , kabesta ;
muk , kүk, kүl, kүp, bүre,kүrәgә , kusak,bүrәnә ;
kөn, tөn, kөl, tөlke, өrpәk, kөrәk,өstәl ;
kәҗә , җen, җil, җir, җәй, җyyu, җyly, җyr, rәnҗү;
son, in, an, un, tan, tanre, barange;
һava, һich, һәr, һөнәр.
When performing the exercise, pronounce the last syllable clearly.
1.2. The complexities of the sound system of the Tatar language are not limited to specific Tatar letters. In addition, there is a discrepancy between common letters for the Tatar and Russian alphabets.
a - in the Tatar language, this letter denotes a more rear, wider and somewhat rounded sound [аү]. When pronouncing it in a word pencil try to create as much space in your mouth as possible, and you will roughly get Tatar [a].
o, e, s - for these vowels of the Tatar alphabet, in comparison with Russian, brevity is characteristic. Since in the Russian language there is no meaningful opposition of vowels in longitude, for a Russian-speaking reader at first this will seem insignificant. But getting used to this phenomenon is not difficult. It is important to pay attention to this from the very beginning of training, until the use of these sounds becomes the norm.
v - this letter in the Tatar language serves to designate two sounds: [v] and [w]. The second sound is in English, and in borrowings it is transmitted in two ways: William - William. The same is true with regional borrowings from the Tatar language: avyl - aul, karavyl - guard. In the Tatar language itself, this sound can be denoted by the letter y: sorau [soraw] - soravas [litterws].
g - this letter also denotes two sounds. These are quite different sounds. This sound, formed with the help of a small tongue, is familiar to the Russian-speaking reader: it is obtained when a person burrs and does not pronounce [r].
k - similar to the letter G denotes two sounds [k] and [қ]. The sound [k] is a deaf pair [g].
h - Russian affricate, that is, there is practically no complex sound [tsh '] in the Tatar language. It is used only in borrowings due to the knowledge of the Russian language by the majority of Tatars, as well as in some dialects. letter h in the Tatar language, the sound [sh '] is approximately indicated, or what is indicated in Russian by the letter sch.
Now you practically know the pronunciation of all Tatar letters (there are a few more peculiar moments of the Tatar sound system, but they are of no fundamental importance at the initial stage). You also need to know the fundamental laws of Tatar phonetics. They are in any language, and they must be constantly remembered during the first classes. In the Tatar language, the three main rules of practical phonetics are:
- the law of synharmonism;
- the desire for an open syllable;
- clear pronunciation of the last syllable;
- phonetic alternation.
Law synharmonism. In the Tatar language, all words are divided by pronunciation into hard and soft. We call hard words those in which non-front vowels are used: [a], [o], [y], [s]. And soft are words in which front vowels are used: [ә], [ө], [ү], [e], [i].
Soft sounds: [ә], [ө], [ү], [e], [and].
Solid sounds: [a], [o], [y], [s].
Pay attention to the paired opposition of hardness-softness.
This law is of great importance, since not only all words, but also all suffixes obey this law of synharmonism. Accordingly, almost all suffixes, particles have two options: hard and soft. Therefore, you need to learn how to determine the softness or hardness of Tatar words by ear.
Read aloud several times, try to hear the difference between the pronunciation of different columns:
soft words |
hard words |
|
өstәl (table) |
arysh (rye) |
|
bүrәnә (log) |
salmon (fish) |
|
eshlәpә (hat) |
san (number) |
|
haref (letter) |
bash (head) |
|
suz (word) |
avyl (village) |
|
rәsem (drawing) |
altyn (gold) |
|
ber (one) |
alty (six) |
|
ike (two) |
tugyz (nine) |
|
өch (three) |
syynif (class) |
|
kon (day) |
shoe (shoe) |
|
tәrҗemә (translation) |
kaida (where) |
|
nәrsә (what) |
kaichang (when) |
|
nope (how) |
bara (going) |
|
who (who) |
katyk (katyk, a national drink reminiscent of kefir) |
|
eskemia (bench) |
bag (pipe) |
For the Tatar language, the neighborhood of two or more consonants is uncharacteristic. Of course. they are found, but compared with the Russian language, they are very few in number. Most often, consonants coexist with sonants (sonants: [p], [l], [m], [n], [th], [w]) or at the junction of a root and a suffix.
To better understand the phonetic psychology of the Tatar language, you can refer to mastered borrowings from Russian: table - өstәl, furrow - brown, stack - eskert, crate - kelәt, pipe - sack, resin - sumala, rye - arysh, ditch - kanau.
As for stress, in the Tatar language it is qualitatively different from Russian. Remember that all syllables in the Tatar language must be pronounced clearly. Therefore, from the very beginning of training, you should make a weak accent on the last syllable, so you will get rid of a common mistake of Russian speakers who study foreign languages: "swallow the endings of words."
Another important law of the Tatar language is the phonetic principle of spelling, i.e. “As we hear, so we write.” There are quite a few exceptions to this law: first of all, these are borrowings from Arabic and new borrowings from Russian. But, despite this, the rule “as it is heard, so it is written” must be remembered, since it is fundamentally different from Russian spelling.
Compare:
EXERCISE
a) Write these words in two columns and read them aloud several times:
soft words hard words
ishek (door), өstәl, uryndyk (chair), nәrsә, bu (this), kara (black), ber, berenche (first), kөl (ash), stake (slave), Idel (Volga), bәrңge (potato), һөnәr (craft), karama (elm), chәchәк (flower), eskәmiya, e skater (tablecloth), hood (hood), altyn (gold), saryk (sheep), kolak (ear), avyz (mouth).
When possessive suffixes are added to words ending in deaf sounds, voicing occurs, which is reflected in the letter.
b) Write the missing words:
kitap - kitabym, saryk - ..., uryndyk - uryndygym, ... - kolagym, ishek - ..., balyk - ..., cockroach (comb) - ... .
kitap - kitabyn, ... - sarygyn, uryndyk - ..., ... - kolagyn, ... - ishegen, ... - balygyn, ... - ....
§ 2. TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE TATAR AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES
2.1. Each language has its own characteristics, its own structural specificity. Some languages are grammatically similar, while others are very different. Tatar and Russian belong to different types of languages, and this leaves its mark on the study of Tatar.
There are about three thousand languages on the globe. Together with dialects, some scholars count more than 5,000 languages. By origin, languages are divided into families, then into groups, etc. For example, the Russian language is included in the Indo-European family, in the Slavic group, in the East Slavic subgroup, etc. And the Tatar language is included in the Altaic family, the Turkic group, etc.
According to the typological structure, all languages are divided into four large types: inflectional, agglutinative, isolating and incorporating. The four language groups represent four different types of word connections. Inflectional languages build their grammars (i.e., ways of connecting words) with the help of inflections. These are almost all European languages: English, French, German, Russian, etc. There are internal differences between inflectional languages: for example, English is more analytical, while Russian uses synthetic means more often. In other words, the English language uses prepositions more often than prefixes.
Words are connected in a completely different way in isolating languages that have abandoned inflections. The role of suffixes in such languages is performed by the order of words in a sentence, other words that play the role of service words, intonation, etc. (Chinese).
Agglutinative languages do not have prefixes or prepositions, they simply stick suffixes together at the end of a word. The role of prepositions in such languages is performed by postpositions (Turkic languages: Tatar, Bashkir, Turkish, Kazakh, etc.).
The Tatar and Russian languages have different principles for linking words, constructing word forms, and expressing grammatical categories. And we rely on the fact that when learning a new language, one cannot do without mastering (for adults without conscious mastering) the principles of grammar.
The Tatar language by its type belongs to agglutinative (gluing) languages, and Russian belongs to inflectional ones. This means that suffixes, the last of which act as an ending in the Tatar language, are simply glued to the word, and in Russian one ending can combine several meanings. Hence the first rule of the Tatar language: the root of the word remains unchanged, the root usually equals the word.
Compare:
This is a simple but basic rule that you must remember when you try to speak Tatar. Please note that the meaning-bearing part of the word form in the Tatar language always comes first. There are no prefixes or prepositions before it, except for particles that reinforce the meaning, which you will get acquainted with in the relevant sections.
Examples :
charga - to fly,
ochmaska - do not fly,
ochu - flight, fly(initial form, expresses action as such)
ochyp keru - fly in,
ochyp utu - to fly,
ochyp chygu - fly out,
ochyp kitu - to fly away...
kitap - book,
kitaplar - books,
kitaplarda - in books,
kitaplyrymda - in my books
kitabym - my book,
kitap kibete - bookstore,
The difference is also observed in the fact that the initial form of the word in the Tatar language remains unchanged (of course, if we do not take into account phonetic changes in voiced-deafness). This is especially noticeable in the case of borrowings. For example, Russian borrowings in the Tatar language attach their Russian ending to the root of the word:
Tatar language: machine - mashinalar - mashinada - mashinasyz;
Russian language: car - cars - in a car - without a car.
2.2. In the Tatar language, unlike Russian, the system of unambiguous affixes prevails. This phenomenon will greatly simplify your task of mastering the grammar of all parts of speech.
Therefore, at the initial stage of training, it is necessary to pay maximum attention to affixes and their meanings. Of course, this raises another problem: the order of attaching unchangeable unambiguous affixes to unchangeable stems (more on this in the relevant sections of parts of speech).
EXERCISES
a) Put the words in the plural:
khәref - khәreflәr (letters); suz - ...; kuz - ...; ishek - ...; measure (board) - ....
b) Put the words in the singular:
kitaplar - kitap; balyklar - ...; mashinalar - ...; sannar - ...; suzlar - ...; ayaklar (legs) - ...; җөmlәlәr (sentences) - ..., uryndyklar - ..., khәreflәr - ... .
c) Put the words in the local-temporal case (-da/-ta/-dә/-тә - after voiced and vowels: -da/-дә; after the deaf ones: -ta/-тә):
syynif - syynifta (in class); car - ...; tact - ...; өstәl - ...; җөmlә - ...; suz - ...; uryndyk - ..., bus, eskamiya - ..., avyl - ....
2.3. The most important rules of the Tatar language also include the fact that the predicate, as a rule, is at the end of the sentence. This rule is the most difficult for a Russian-speaking reader, since the predicate in Russian usually comes immediately after the subject, and the Russian speaker begins the mental construction of a sentence from the predicate. The Tatar phrase must also begin mentally with the predicate, but say it at the very end. This moment is not easy to overcome psychologically.
I Working a lot of. Marat writes letter.
Min kup ashlim. Marat hut I am for.
But on the other hand, it helps when translating texts from the Tatar language. The main verb, which performs the function of a predicate, is easily found by students.
DocumentBeam - "log" and others. From Tatar language in the XIII-XIV centuries were borrowed ... Priviley to Mensky”, 1499. From Tatar language in the XIII century borrowed kumuz (... people. Tried to create easy, simple, easy to understand language liberated from everything...
Essays on the history of the Russian literary language
TextbookAnd the Psalters simple language': 'simple language', ' protozoan and meanest" language opposed to speech ... noticeable even in language light poetry, such as language"Darlings" by Bogdanovich ... with the creak of a Nogai cart and a mournful Tatar chorus. I sat on the bench...
Abstract culture of the Tatar people
DocumentABSTRACT Culture Tatar people The work was done by the teacher Tatar language and literature ... for the uninitiated, the terms are explained quite Just. Folklore - folk art, ... (tezme) or, later, easy factory scarf. Traditional head...
Reseda SAFINA,
primary school teacher of the 1st qualification category of the Kubyan secondary school of the Atninsky district
Target: create conditions for the formation of spelling skills of words with b, form the plural form, distinguish between: b - an indicator of softness and a separating sign.
Tasks
Personal: to promote the manifestation of interest in the topic being studied, the awareness of one's own achievements in the development of educational material.
Metasubject
Communicative: to promote the ability to formulate one's own opinion and position; the ability to take an active part in the work of groups, to allow the existence of different points of view.
Regulatory: to promote the development of skills to accept and maintain a learning task, to correlate a learning action with a rule; be able to evaluate the correctness of the action.
Cognitive: to promote the formation of skills to distinguish between two functions b, the ability to analyze objects with the selection of essential and non-essential features, to build sign-symbolic schemes.
Lesson type: a lesson in discovering new knowledge using the structures of the Singapore system of education.
Material and equipment: textbook (Churakova N.A. Russian language. Part 3. - Academbook, 2012. (PNSh), workbook, task cards, MANAGE MET, computer, projector.
I. Organizational moment.(2 min.) (Formation of personal UDD)
II. Knowledge update.(5 min.) (Individual and frontal work. Formation of cognitive and communicative UDD)
- Guys, now we will work on the structure SI FINK WANDE(Look - Think - Ask)
1. What do you see?
2. What do you think about it?
3. What would you like to know?
(Drawings on the screen: coat, salt, carrot, dress. Students report what they see, what they think about it and what they want to know.)
- But I want to know if these words can be divided into groups? If so, we divide the words into groups:
b - index of softness separating b
(salt, coat, carrot) (dress)
III. Definition of the topic and goal setting.(3 min.) (Front work. Formation of regulatory UDD)
Determining the topic of the lesson. ("Dividing soft sign")
- What are we going to learn today? What do we want to know?
− Find out when the separating ь is written.
- Learn how to write words with a separating ь.
- Be able to use words with a separating ь, etc. in speech.
Calligraphy (3 min.)
ye ya ye yu
The bird is red with feathers, and the man with skill.
IV. Primary learning of the material.
(6 min.) (Front work. Formation of personal and cognitive UDD)
- Guys, look at the blackboard and compare the pronunciation of letter combinations. Is there a difference? Write a transcript.
le [l'o] le [l'y'o]
sya [s'a] sya [s'y'a]
pe [p'e] pie [p'y'e]
− Is there a difference? (Yes, the sound [th '] appeared in the second group)
- What will we conclude? (If in a word after a consonant we hear the sound [y ’], then a soft sign is written before i, e, yu, ё.)
Ye Ye Yu Ya
play pour salt family
[y'e] [y'o] [y'y] [y'a]
- In what part of the word is the separating b written? (Fundamentally.)
− Let's build a diagram:
e i (e, e, u)
Fizkultminutka. (4 min.) (Formation of personal UDD)
- Guys, we have worked a lot, now you can relax and dance. (Application of MICS-PEA-SEA structure)
Questions:
− How many vowels are there in Russian?
How many syllables are in the word ants?
How many letters represent two sounds?
- How many paired consonants are there in Russian?
- How many letters in Russian do not represent sound?
V. Awareness and comprehension of educational information. (6 min.) (Work according to the textbook. Formation of cognitive and communicative UDD)
- We have concluded that the separating e is written ...
− Did we draw the right conclusion?
And how can you check it? (Read the rule in the textbook.)
(Application of SINGLE ROUND ROBIN structure)
Textbook work (Ex. 162).
Conclusion: after the dividing b, the letter and denotes two sounds:
E yo yu ya and
the play will pour salt the family of ants
[y'e] [y'o] [y'y] [y'a] [y'a]
VI. Primary consolidation of educational material. (6 min.) (Formation of regulatory UDD)
1) Work on the slide.
- Guys, look at the screen. There are given items in the singular and in the plural. You should write down their names in pairs. Remember: plural words must have a separating ь.
leaf - leaves
tree - trees
chair - chairs
ant - ants
2) Mutual verification.
VII. Independent work (on multi-level cards)
Make a phonetic analysis of words. (5 minutes.)
Level I:
ears of corn - [ __ ] - __ letters (s), __ sound (s), __ syllables
drink - [ __ ] - __ letter(s), __ sound(s), __ syllable
horse - [ __ ] - __ letters (s), __ sound (s), __ syllables
housing - [ __ ] - __ letter(s), __ sound(s), __ syllable
II level:
brothers - [ __ ] - __ letter(s), __ sound(s), __ syllable
blizzard - [ __ ] - __ letters (s), __ sound (s), __ syllables
skates - [ __ ] - __ letters (s), __ sound (s), __ syllables
sew - [ __ ] - __ letter(s), __ sound(s), ___ syllable
minx - [ __ ] - __ letter(s), __ sound(s), __ syllable
VIII. Homework (2 min.)
Ex. 66, p. 49 in the workbook.
IX. Reflection (outcome of the lesson). (3 min.) (Formation of regulatory UDD)
I learned… I understood…
I learned… I expanded…
− Show your mood in emoticons.
- Thank you all for your hard work.
Sample lessons are available.
The modern Tatar alphabet consists of 39 letters:
A Ә B C D E E F G H I J K L M N ң O Ө
P R S T U Y V Y Z
The names of the letters are the same as in Russian.
The vowel system of the Tatar language consists of nine basic sounds a-а; o-ө; u-u; s-e; And and three sounds found only in loanwords oh, uh, uh.
Vowels are divided into:
hard (back vowels) - a, y, s, o
and soft (front vowels) - ә, ү, ө, e, and
Such a division of sounds determines the law of vowel harmony: a number of vowel sounds in the root or in the first syllable are preserved in the affixes attached to it: u+ku+chy+lar+da+gy+sy+on өy+lәr+ebez+dan
The law of synharmonism is not subject to:
1. some Arabic-Persian and Russian borrowings:
җәmgyyat, әmma, kiosk, accident
2. compound words: tonboyek, bilbau
3. personal pronouns min And syn in directive case mina, blue
4. some adjectives in a diminutive degree: zәңgәrsu, kөlsu
When pronouncing the Tatar vowels, the work of the lips is not as energetic as when pronouncing the vowels of the Russian language.
And now consider the sounds of the Tatar language with the approximate equivalent of their pronunciation in Russian.
A - Tatar, hard vowel. It is more back-lingual than Russian, and more rounded, especially at the root of the word, and in subsequent words this roundedness is lost. Compare the pronunciation of the following words:
scarlet scarlet
ball honey ball
apa sister dad
arta increases arch
Alabuga Elabuga
Ә - soft pair of sound A pronounced more openly than the Russian sound uh. When pronouncing it, the mouth opens wider, the lower jaw drops, the tongue is pressed against the lower jaw. Compare:
ati dad This
chachak flower check
айләнә circle element
ABOUT- unlike Russian O, during the pronunciation of which the lips are collected and rounded, pronounced with elongated and rounded lips. Jaw when pronouncing Tatar O remains at rest, while in Russian it goes down. Compare:
He flour He
boron turn boron
Ө - is a soft pair O. In Russian, there is no sound similar to ө , When pronouncing it, the mouth opens slightly, the lips are drawn out, rounded, and the tongue remains in a neutral position. Read the following words correctly:
kon day tone at night joz one hundred kozge mirror Bogelma Bugulma
Letters O And ө in the Tatar language they are written only in the first syllable. And in the following they write s And e, but lip harmony occurs, which is not reflected in the letter, therefore they are read as o and e.
For example: bolyt cloud bolyn meadow sense fox candez afternoon
Y- Tatar hard short vowel sound. Reminds Russian unstressed a oh s. When pronouncing it, the tongue moves back, lips in the position of a half smile. Compare:
ylys needles gate
eagle seeds experience
kata solid hiccups
saby child small
E- soft pair of sound s. It is also short. When pronouncing a sound e tongue moves forward. At the beginning of a word, it is pronounced the same way as in Russian. And in those words where the sound is heard at the beginning e, in writing, this sound is indicated by uh. Read correctly, compare:
ate year ate
elga river food
yes often eat
this dog This
elek earlier barely
elmak hook enamel
U - Tatar hard vowel at practically does not differ from Russian y. Compare:
cool hand
ugly student
Ү – soft couple y. When pronouncing this sound, the lips are rounded and extremely collected.
Bulak present, tozuche builder, bulma room
And combined with sounds A And A sounds at And ү form the labial w, this sound exists in both English and German, for example:
tau[taw] mountain, saulyk [sawlyk] health, dәu [dәw] big, gәүdә [gәwdә] body
AND- pronounced like Russian And, and at the end of the word with a touch uy. Read:
silt a country, syn You, ikmak bread, itek boot, mi brain, kilmi is not coming
There are 28 consonant sounds in the Tatar language. 25 of them are used in native Tatar words and Arabic-Persian borrowings:
b, w, d, ғ, e, f, җ, z, d, k, қ, l, m, n, ң, p, r, s, t, f, x, һ, h, w, (,) (hamza - guttural explosion)
consonants in, c, w used only in Russian loanwords
wagon, inflation, brush
The consonants of the Tatar language can be divided into two groups:
the first group is the sounds corresponding to the sounds of the Russian language: b, d, e, g, h , k, l, m, n, n, p, s, t, f, w.
the second group is consonant phonemes characteristic only for the Tatar language: ғ, қ, x, җ, ң, v, h, h, having no equivalents in Russian. Read the following words correctly:
gaila family , katyk, khan, җil wind, yangyr rain, avyl village, hava air, chachak flower.
In the Tatar language, unlike the Russian language, the concept of softness and hardness of consonants does not exist.
Consider the specific sounds of the Tatar language:
V- the articulation of this sound is very similar to Russian y, but unlike him, the lips are more intensely gathered, but not stretched out, a round gap is formed between the lips, and when air is exhaled through it, the lips are vigorously parted. This sound strongly resembles English w, used at the beginning and in the middle of a word. Graphically denoted as in, u, u
Read the following words: wack small, vakyt time, vagaz instruction avyl village , ochau three , kүbaү a lot of, tau mountain, bau rope
ғ, қ - articulation of sound ғ can be put as follows: throw back your head and, as it were, gargle your throat and get a sound ғ. Close to Russian G in dialect pronunciation ( God).
Without changing position, try to pronounce қ. These sounds are deep lingual.
Gaskar army, homer life, yeah flowing, gomumi general , goref-gadęt customs , can blood, kadak nail, ak white
X – voiceless deep-lingual fricative consonant.
Halyk people, hacklyk Truth, bathrobe state, ikhlas sincere, ikhtyar will, hack true, hash characteristic
җ - is formed in the front of the tongue, this sound is pronounced in such Russian words as reins, yeast, rain.
җәй summer, ijek syllable, iҗtimagy public, җәһәt fast, җиң sleeve
h- when pronouncing all Tatar words, except for borrowed ones, it resembles Russian sch, eg: brush, puppy.
chach hair, chilak bucket, ech stomach, echtalek content, chir disease
h- voiceless fricative consonant. Simple exhalation, very soft. It is formed by the convergence of the walls of the pharynx. Most often used in Persian loanwords:
һәм And, әһәmiyatle important, haman constantly, һәlakәt doom, hava air
ң - let's open our mouth so that the lower jaw drops to failure, in which case the back of the tongue rises, the small tongue falls and thus the air exits not into the mouth, but into the nose. Reminds me of English ng and french n. In these languages, it is a nasal consonant. Not used at the beginning of a word.
Tan morning, an intelligence, Тәңкә coin, tuң frozen, and most.
[ , ] – hamza(laryngeal explosion) - formed by the bow of the larynx and a break in the voice, found in Arabic borrowings. Graphically denoted as uh:teesir influence, maemai dog.
Tatar alphabet|Tatar letters
The Tatar alphabet consists of 39 letters.
Familiarization and practical tasks for the child.
A a Ә ә B b C c D d E e Ё ї F Җ җ z I i y y K k L l M m N Ң ң O o Ө ө P p R r S s T t U y Y Y You I am
It includes 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and 6 additional letters: Ә ә, Ө ө, Ү ү, Җ җ, Ң ң, Һ һ
This order of letters in the alphabet was fixed in January 1997 by the Decree of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.
Sounds indicated by additional letters of the Tatar alphabet
Ә ә, Ө ө, Ү ү, Җ җ, Ң ң, Һ һ
[ә] = [æ] - this sound can otherwise be denoted as [''a], that is, very soft [a]. It is close to Russian ['a] in the words 'sit', 'look', 'row'. When pronouncing [''a], lower the tip of the tongue to the lower teeth, and you will get the sound [æ].
ani - mother
ati - dad
aida - aida
aiber - a thing
[ү] = [ü] - soft and more rounded ['y]. A sound close to it is found in the Russian words ‘bale’, ‘ditch’, ‘lute’. Say these words, giving ['u] even more rounding (curl your lips into a tube), and you will approximately get the sound you are looking for.
urdak - duck
үrnk sample
uzem - myself
uzek - center
[ө] = [ә:°] - this vowel is the most difficult for the Russian-speaking reader. The closest variant of the Tatar [ө] can be found in the words ‘maple’, ‘honey’, ‘Peter’. But in the Tatar language [ө] is short, and Russian [’o] is found only under stress. Try to pronounce these Russian words as shortly as possible and with more rounding, and you will be close to the desired sound. It looks like a common sound in English: bird, work. But the English sound lacks roundness.
өс - top
өstәl - table
[җ] - this sound is also often found in English, and in borrowings from English in Russian it is transmitted by the letter combination j: 'jumper', 'Jack'. Tatar borrowings are also drawn up: dzhilyan - җilәn, Jalil - Җәlil. The sound [zh] in Russian is always hard, but it is usually not difficult for a Russian-speaking reader to form a soft version from it. It should be noted that the hard [zh] is also uncharacteristic for the Tatar language, as ['zh] is for Russian. Therefore, mixing of these sounds, as a rule, does not occur.
qavap - answer
җan - soul
Yil - wind
җyr - song
[ң] - a nasal sound formed with the help of a small tongue. The closest in Russian can be considered the sound combination [ng] in the word ‘gong’ when pronouncing it through the nose. This sound is often found in French: jardin, bien, chien [òjeŋ]. It has been noticed that mastering this sound with the help of a consultant teacher is not at all difficult. And if you have the opportunity to check your pronunciation, do not neglect this opportunity.
yana - new
u - right
yangyr - rain
mon - chant
[h] = [h] - pharyngeal sound. It is formed in the pharynx and pronounced with a breath. There is a sound close to it in English: hat, hand, hare. In Russian, the closest sound can be considered [x] in the words robe, chill, if you pronounce it without a guttural overtone. It must be remembered that the Tatar [һ] is of more posterior, pharyngeal origin.
hava - air
һәykәl - a monument
һөnәr - profession
һөҗүm - attack
Lessons. Pronunciation of letters
Tatar alphabet spell with pronunciation
Tatar writing - writing of the Tatar language. Different writing systems were used at different times:
Arabic script - until 1927; a few Tatars of China still use the Arabic script
Latin - in 1927-1939; attempts were made to revive the Latin alphabet at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries; Tatars of Turkey, Finland, Czech Republic, Poland, USA and Australia use the Tatar Latin alphabet at present
Cyrillic - from 1939 to the present; baptized Tatars have been using the Cyrillic alphabet since the 19th century.
State Council Republic of Tatarstan adopted the law 1-ZRT "On the use of the Tatar language as the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan" (December 24, 2012.)
According to the law, the Cyrillic alphabet remains the official alphabet, however, the use of the Latin and Arabic alphabets when citizens apply to government bodies and the Latin alphabet for transliteration has become acceptable. Cyrillic alphabet is used in the official responses of state bodies, however, the possibility of duplicating the Cyrillic text in Latin or Arabic is provided.
The correspondence of Cyrillic letters to Latin and Arabic letters is specified in the appendix to the law.
Why do we need Latin?
(suzlek.ru, shortened and edited by KhayR)
Many Turkic peoples have switched or are in the process of switching to the Latin alphabet. The Tatar language also belongs to the latter. The transition to the Latin alphabet, at least partial, is inevitable. I will try to explain why the Latin script is ideal for the Tatar language.
Firstly, the Latin alphabet adequately reflects the pronunciation of the language. In such words as “sәgat” [sәғәt], “dikkat” [diққәt], “tankyit” [tәnқit], people who are accustomed to the Russian pronunciation of words, of which the vast majority, will pronounce these words with a soft “t”. Although, as people who know the language know, there is no “t” sound in the Tatar language, as in most European languages! The soft sign in the word "sәgat" softens the previous "a", which in turn conveys the hard sound "ғ" (гъ). This sound does not exist in Russian.
In a strange way, the letters denoting the sounds “қ” and “ғ” were not introduced into the Tatar language, as was done in other Turkic languages: Bashkir, Kazakh, Uzbek, etc. The non-introduction of these sounds and, consequently, confusion in the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet was carried out deliberately in the late 30s of the XX century. The decision to switch the Tatar language to Cyrillic was not thought out and approved by the Tatar intelligentsia. Ardent supporters of the Cyrillic alphabet explain the absence of these letters as a clever use of consonants without the introduction of additional diacritics. However, this explanation is at least stupid. Also, a separate letter was not introduced, reflecting the labial sound "v" (w). Therefore, in the words "kotlau" and "kotlavy" the letter "y" alternates with "v". This, in turn, contradicts the rather strict rule of agglutination of the Tatar and Turkic languages in general. Here, the desire of the Cyrillicists (who initiated the Cyrillic alphabet and continue to use it) is manifested not to introduce another letter and thus “pull” the Tatar language to Russian, to dissolve Tatar in Russian. Let's list a few more blunders of the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet. In the words “yash” [yәsh], “yam” [yәm], the letter “b” says that “I” in this word is read as “yә”, and not “ya”. In the word “yashe”, a soft sign is not put, since with it it will be read in the Russian manner as yashye [yashye], which is generally not true! Here again, the strict rules of agglutination are not followed. This “addition” of the word with a soft sign is explained by the fact that the letter “ya” at the beginning of a word or after a soft or hard sign or a vowel denotes two sounds “ya” or “ya”, depending on whether the word is soft or hard, according to the rule of synharmonism, which is strictly observed. In the words "yaulyk" [yawlyk], "yabalak" [yabalak] and others, the letters "a", "y", "y", "o" speak of the hardness of the word. In the words “yaki” [yәki], “yaisә” [yәisә], the letters “ә”, “ү”, “i”, “ө”, “e”, “e” speak about the softness of the word. In the word “yash”, the letter “b” speaks of softness, because there are no other soft letters in the word, unlike the single-root word “yash”. Similarly, the letter “u” can sound like “yu” or “yu”. The letter “ё” is found only in Russian borrowings. In the words “yort”, “yok”, “yomran”, the letter combination is not conveyed by the letter “yo” like the letters “ya” and “yu”, for example, as “yort”, “yok”, “emran”, which is more logical for transcribing transcription. This phenomenon can also be explained: in Russian words, the emphasis is always placed on the letter “ё” and this can confuse the Russian-speaking reader, because in the vast majority of words in the Tatar language, the stress is on the last syllable.
The letter "e" at the beginning of the word, after the letters "b", "b" and vowels, conveys two sounds "yy" or "ye" as in the words "avyraerga" [awyrayyrga], "buencha" [buyyncha], "eget" [yeget] according to the basic rules of agglutination and synharmonism. Unlike the letters "u" and "ya", the letter "e" is found between consonants in Tatar words (non-borrowings): "sәlәt", and not "salat", "suz", not "suz", but "eget", not "eget". In order to convey the neutral letter “e”, the soft letter “e” is used at the beginning of words, as in the words “esh”, “et”, “ez”. In the word "ate" [yyl], the softness or hardness of the word is not clear (you just need to know the pronunciation).
Another blunder is associated with the use of "ь" and "ъ". In Russian, as you know, "b" is used to convey the sound "y" between the prefix and the root: "congress", "conjuncture", "adjutant". In the Tatar language, there is no such thing as a prefix! But still, “b” is used: in words to separate two-root words with a solid first root and an ioted second: “ashyaulyk” [ashyaulyk], “yanyozar” [yanyozәr]. "b" is used similarly, but in the case of the first soft root: "bishyallyk" [bishyyllyk]. "b" is also used to convey the sound "y" such as "donya" [donya]. "Ъ" is also used to emphasize the sounds "қ" and "ғ": "dikkat", "әg'za" [әғza], "ig'lan" [iglan]. "b" is also used to emphasize the soft sound "k" in the word "pak" [pak].
In the words “avyraerga” [awyrayyrga], “avyraya” [awyraya], “buencha” [buyyncha], the use of the letters “e” and “ya” illogically reflect the strict agglutination of the language: “avyr-ay-yrga”, “avyr-ay-a”, “buy-yn-cha”
It was this Cyrillic alphabet that was imposed on us by the communist regime in the late 1930s. Ardent Cyrillicists (with a sufficient level of knowledge of the Tatar language), of course, recognize all these mistakes, but they continue to persistently reject the Latinization of the Tatar language, seeing in something new, more logical, but unusual, claims to isolation, separatism.
Is it possible to use Cyrillic for the Tatar language? Of course you can. Generally speaking, any language can use any graphics. For the Tatar language, it is also possible to use the Cyrillic alphabet, but without “pulling by the ears” the rules for pronouncing Tatar words to the rules for pronouncing Russian words, using the same alphabet, that is, without similar blunders that are given above. Namely, the introduction of the letters (possibly with additional diacritics) “қ”, “ғ”, “w”, the non-use of the iotized letters “u”, “ya”, “ё”, the use of one of the letters “e” or “e”. Thus, we get rid of the letters "b", "b". The use of excluded letters is possible only in Russian borrowings: “brush”, “cement”, “wax” (it is better, of course, to replace these words with others altogether).
In some mystical way, there are no iotized letters in the Latin alphabet, there are 2 letters that can be denoted as “k” - “k” and “қ” - “q”, there are 2 letters for designating two different sounds “v” - “v”, “w”. To designate the sounds "ғ", "ә", "ө", "h", "sh", "ү", "ң", "җ" we can use diacritics. The result is an alphabet with 26 Latin letters and 8 letters with diacritics. In total, we get 34 letters with the correct display of all Tatar sounds and a one-to-one correspondence between the spelling and transcription of the word instead of 39 Cyrillic letters with a very "cunning" use of letter combinations. Ardent Cyrillicists, of course, will object: in English, French, there is no unambiguous correspondence between pronunciation and spelling, as evidenced by transcription in dictionaries. The answer to this question is this: English, French and ideographic writing has a centuries-old tradition and, according to linguists, is not an advantage of the language, but rather a disadvantage.
Why not return to Arabic script or even deeper - to runic writing? Well, firstly, the runic is not formalized - there is no single runic alphabet. Secondly, the Arabic script also does not reflect the transcription of the Tatar word. It is known that in the Arabic language there is no concept of synharmonicity and there is no difference in the softness and hardness of the vowels "a" - "ә", "o" - "ө", "y" - "ү". Also, the sounds "v", "w", "y", "ү" are written the same way. In order to distinguish them, various additional elements were used, such as “hamza”, “fatha”, “damma”, “kasra”. Moreover, different writers in different ways. The reader had to determine the softness or hardness of the word by context.
The Latin alphabet is, first of all, a window into the global information space in the era of globalization, in the era of the Internet. The Tatar language in it becomes more attractive for study, development, distribution. Our language does not need to be in the shadow of the intricate and complex Russian language. A few more advantages of using the Latin alphabet, which are silent. The alphabet makes the language more modern, the words become 20-30% shorter, which becomes essential for printed publications, and most importantly, reflects the spirit of the language, the mentality of native speakers.
Latin alphabets
(I took some parts from the site suzlek.ru - KhayR)
There are many variants of alphabets for the Tatar language. However, many of them differ only in the spelling of some letters. Therefore, it makes no sense to write about each of them.
The first Tatar Latin alphabet was Yanalif, created on the basis of the Turkish alphabet (one of the first versions of the common Turkic alphabet).
Yanalif-2 was adopted on September 15, 1999 and was based on the Yanalif alphabet. However, already on November 16, 2004, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation banned its use (Nonsense! How can you tell a foreign people which alphabet to use?!). In 2000, several brochures and books with titles such as "Tatar telenén spelling" were published, which describe the principles and rules of spelling of the Tatar Latin alphabet. Despite the fact that Yanalif-2 has been officially approved, unfortunately, it is not included in the standard Windows layout, unlike Tatar Cyrillic. Moreover, the letter "n with tails" was added to Unicode only from version 6.0, i.e. in 2010 year! And until now, this letter is present in a very small number of fonts.
Zamanalif was recommended for use in IT. To the advantages of this alphabet, I would single out the guaranteed display of this graphics in browsers, smartphones and a one-to-one correspondence between Zamanalif and Yanalif-2. However, the excessive presence of additional diacritics in the words is not very convenient for reading. Also, not all characters are present in standard keyboard layouts, which is a significant drawback of this alphabet created for IT.
The idea of using the correct Latin alphabet without installing additional programs, keyboards or layouts, using only 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, is not new. This idea is used in various European languages, as well as in Turkic ones. For the Tatar language, it was first proposed in the alphabet Inalif. In this alphabet, in order to designate the letter “ı”, “y” is used, as in the Latin spelling of Russian surnames, where “y” is present, “j” is used to designate “y”, as in the pre-war Yanalif, further, “zh” is used to designate “j” in the English manner. "j" is rarely used, as it is a loanword from Russian, so "zh" does not lengthen the word much. In order to denote such letters as “ә”, “ө”, “ь”, their morphologically similar letters are used with an apostrophe after them: “a’”, “o’”, “u’”, respectively. Here the apostrophe seems to soften the letters "a", "o", "u". In order to designate the letters "z", "ş", "x", the letter combinations "ch", "sh", "kh" are used, respectively, in the English manner. Similarly, in order to denote the letter "ğ", the letter combination "gh" is used. The use of "h" for such letter combinations does not cause ambiguity, since in the Tatar language "h" is rarely used (borrowed from Farsi) and at the beginning or end of words or between vowels. In order to denote "ŋ", the letter combination "ng" is used. However, this letter combination can be misunderstood by people who do not know the language well: "to'nge" means the word "tөnge", not "tөŋe", "singa" means the word "siŋa", not "singa". This shortcoming is corrected by the modified alphabet Inalif2(suzlek.ru): it uses the letter combination “n’” to denote the letter “ŋ”, which cannot be ambiguously interpreted. Also in this alphabet, in order to designate the letter “x”, the usual “x” is used instead of “kh”, to designate the letter “y”, the usual “y” is used instead of “j”, to designate the letter “ı”, the close spelling “i’” is used, instead of “y”, to designate the letter “j”, the usual “j” is used instead of “zh”. That is, the Inalif2 alphabet is as close as possible to the official Yanalif-2, so that the user does not get confused in writing the letters “x”, “y”, “j” out of habit. Inalif2, likeinalif,primarily intended for printing on a computer, andnot for reading. Inalif2 also has disadvantages. For example, "һәmзә" is not defined at all. The creator of suzlek.ru told me that this sound should be written as "'". However, I noticed that there may be confusion. For example, "maemai" - "ma" may". According to the above rules, people who do not know the language can read this word as "may" / " a""="ә "/.
There is also an alphabet Diphthong imlәse or dialif. It is also an analogue of Inalif and is not worthy of separate consideration, unlike Inalif2. And I mention it only because it is included in the article on Tatar writing on the Wikipedia website.
On December 24, 2012, a new law on the status of the Tatar language in the Republic of Tajikistan was approved, which adopted new alphabets based on Latin and Arabic scripts. They will be used in conjunction with Cyrillic. In fact, the new Latin alphabet is a complete copy Common Turkic alphabet. It contains all the best features of the previously used official Yanalif-2 and the popular Zamanalif.
Common Turkic alphabet
The common Turkic alphabet with minor changes is used by Azerbaijani (1991, with a change of one letter in 1992), Gagauz (1996), Crimean Tatar (1992, officially since 1997) and Tatar (since 2012) languages.